By Leen Randell

Updated: Oct 21, 2024

What to know about Solanum nigrum before using it medicinally

Solanum nigrum, commonly known as black nightshade, is a medicinal herb widely used to treat various health conditions, including fever, digestive issues, and respiratory problems.

Its main health benefits include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, which contribute to its therapeutic potential. The herb exhibits a range of therapeutic properties, including anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory activities, making it a valuable natural remedy. Bioactive compounds such as solanine, solanidine, and flavonoids have been identified in Solanum nigrum, which are responsible for its medicinal properties.

Traditionally, the herb is prepared as a tea or infusion, and it is also used in combination with other herbs to create a natural remedy for various health issues.

The following article explains in detail what are the medicinal uses of Solanum nigrum, its health benefits, therapeutic properties, bioactive compounds, used parts, and herbal preparation. It also warns you about the potential side effects of this plant and what precautions to take before using it for medicinal purposes.

ARTICLE SUMMARY: The table below summarizes the most crucial information about Solanum nigrum provided in the article below, which is useful if you are in a hurry and don't have time to dig deep into the very detailed content that follows.

BONUS CHEATSHEET: The cheatsheet below illustrates the most important medicinal aspects of Solanum nigrum. Feel free to download it, print it, and reference it when you need a quick reminder.

What are the main medicinal uses of Solanum nigrum?

The main medicinal uses of Solanum nigrum are the relief of diarrhea, fever, and skin infections due to its antidiarrheal, antipyretic, and antimicrobial properties, which are attributed to the presence of solanine, solasonine, and solasodine.

Solanum nigrum is also used to treat inflammation, specifically arthritis, thanks to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, which are attributed to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Additionally, it has been used to prevent and treat cancer due to its cytotoxic and anti-tumor properties, which are attributed to the presence of glycoalkaloids and phenolic compounds. Furthermore, it is used to alleviate dyspepsia, diabetes, rheumatism, chronic cough, and asthma, with its anti-diabetic, anti-rheumatic, and anti-asthmatic properties being attributed to the presence of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and saponins.

The plant's antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties are also responsible for its protective effects against various diseases.

The following illustration give a summary of the main medicinal uses of Solanum nigrum.

The list below provide more details on why Solanum nigrum is used to alleviate the health conditions mentioned in the illustration above.

• Asthma: It is used for its bronchodilatory properties, which help to relax airway muscles and make breathing easier, thereby alleviating asthma symptoms.
• Diarrhea: The berries of this plant are used to treat diarrhea due to their astringent properties, which help to reduce fluid loss and alleviate symptoms.
• Diabetes: It has been used to treat diabetes due to its ability to regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.
• Hypertension: The plant is used to treat hypertension due to its vasodilatory properties, which help to reduce blood pressure by relaxing blood vessel muscles.
• Eczema: It is used topically to treat eczema due to its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties, which help to reduce inflammation and prevent infection.
• Gastritis: The plant is used to treat gastritis due to its anti-inflammatory and protective properties, which help to soothe the stomach lining and prevent further irritation.
• Cancer: It has been studied for its potential anticancer properties, which may help to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis (cell death).
• Rheumatism: The plant is used to treat rheumatism due to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, which help to reduce pain and inflammation associated with the condition.
• Inflammation: It is used to treat inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce swelling and alleviate symptoms.
• Dyspepsia: The plant is used to treat dyspepsia due to its carminative and anti-inflammatory properties, which help to alleviate symptoms such as bloating and indigestion.

The table that follows gives an overview of what are the most common health conditions that are treated with Solanum nigrum, in each of the major medicinal systems.

Modern Western Medicine

In modern western medicine, Solanum nigrum is used to treat diabetes, specifically type 2, through its insulin-sensitizing properties and antioxidant activity, which has been shown to improve glycemic control and reduce oxidative stress.

The plant's anti-inflammatory compounds are effective in reducing inflammation, a key factor in various chronic diseases, including cancer, where it has been found to inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Additionally, the antioxidant and vasodilatory effects of Solanum nigrum have been used to manage hypertension, while its anti-allergic properties have been beneficial in treating asthma. The plant's stomach-soothing and anti-ulcer properties have made it useful in treating gastritis, and its anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic compounds have helped alleviate rheumatism and arthritis, respectively.

Furthermore, Solanum nigrum's antimicrobial properties have been effective in treating diarrhea, gastroenteritis, and urinary tract infections, as well as skin infections and ulcers, while its anti-inflammatory and anti-irritant properties have helped alleviate eczema, digestive issues, hepatitis, dyspepsia, gout, skin irritation, and high blood pressure.

Traditional Chinese Medicine

In traditional chinese medicine, Solanum nigrum is used to treat various health conditions, including diarrhea, dyspepsia, and rheumatism, due to its anti-inflammatory properties.

The plant's antiseptic and antibacterial properties make it effective against gastroenteritis, while its antiviral properties are utilized to treat fever and influenza. Additionally, Solanum nigrum has been used to combat cancer, eczema, and skin ulcers, as well as inflammation, hypertension, and gastritis, which are often associated with these conditions. Its antimalarial properties make it effective against malaria, and its antifungal properties are used to treat skin rashes caused by insect bites.

Furthermore, the plant has been used to alleviate cough, tuberculosis, arthritis, and other respiratory issues, such as asthma, as well as diabetes.

Ayurvedic Medicine

In ayurvedic medicine, Solanum nigrum is used to treat various health conditions, including diabetes, which is managed by its ability to reduce blood sugar levels through the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzymes.

The plant's antihypertensive properties also make it effective in treating hypertension, reducing blood pressure in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory effects make it useful in the management of asthma, and its antioxidant properties contribute to its cancer-preventive effects.

Solanum nigrum is also used to treat gastritis, skin infections, inflammation, diarrhea, rheumatism, eczema, gastroenteritis, arthritis, fungal infections, digestive issues, ulcers, kidney stones, hepatitis, hyperlipidemia, and psoriasis, and its antiseptic and antimicrobial properties make it effective in treating urinary tract infections.

Unani Medicine

In unani medicine, Solanum nigrum is used to treat various health conditions, including diarrhea, asthma, and eczema, which are managed through its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties.

It is also employed to alleviate fever, diabetes, and hypertension by regulating blood sugar levels and blood pressure. Additionally, Solanum nigrum is used to treat gastritis and dyspepsia through its carminative properties, and gastroenteritis by reducing inflammation in the digestive tract. Furthermore, it is utilized to manage rheumatism, inflammation, and skin infections by reducing pain and inflammation, and to treat ulcers, skin cancers, and warts by inhibiting cell growth.

Its therapeutic applications also extend to cough, urticaria, jaundice, arthritis, and skin infections, making it a valuable herb in unani medicine.

Homeopathic Medicine

In homeopathic medicine, Solanum nigrum is used to treat a variety of health conditions, including hypertension, which is alleviated through its antioxidant properties that help regulate blood pressure.

Diabetes management is also facilitated by Solanum nigrum, as it contains solasonine, a compound that stimulates the pancreas to produce insulin. Its antifungal and antibacterial properties make it effective in treating conditions like eczema, asthma, gastritis, and ulcers, by reducing inflammation and promoting tissue repair. Additionally, Solanum nigrum has been found to exhibit anti-cancer properties, which aid in the treatment of cancer, as well as rheumatism, and diarrhea.

Furthermore, it has been used to alleviate fever, influenza, dyspepsia, arthritis, leukemia, psoriasis, malaria, osteoporosis, infections, and gout, while also exhibiting anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic properties that aid in the treatment of inflammation, ulcers, and gastritis.

What are the primary health benefits of Solanum nigrum?

Solanum nigrum reduces inflammation by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes, such as COX-2 and LOX, thereby alleviating symptoms of conditions like arthritis.

Solanum nigrum prevents cell damage by scavenging free radicals and protecting against oxidative stress, which is crucial in maintaining cellular integrity and function. Solanum nigrum fights bacterial infections by exhibiting antimicrobial properties, particularly against E. coli and S. aureus, due to its phenolic compounds and terpenoids. Solanum nigrum lowers blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin-converting enzyme, thereby reducing vasoconstriction and increasing vasodilation.

Solanum nigrum also treats fungal infections, improves digestive health, reduces cancer risk, relieves respiratory issues, and boosts immune system by modulating the immune response and regulating the production of cytokines and other immune molecules.

The following illustration give a summary of the primary health benefits of Solanum nigrum.

The list below provides more details on why Solanum nigrum offers the health benefits mentioned in the illustration above.

• Reduces Inflammation: This benefit is attributed to the presence of flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds in the plant, which have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties, thereby reducing inflammation and alleviating associated symptoms.
• Prevents Cell Damage: The antioxidant properties of the plant's polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, help in neutralizing free radicals and preventing cell damage, thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress and damage.
• Fights Bacterial Infections: The plant's polyphenolic compounds have been shown to exhibit antimicrobial activity, particularly against certain bacteria, thereby helping to fight bacterial infections and prevent the spread of disease.
• Lowers Blood Pressure: The plant's flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds have been shown to have vasodilatory effects, thereby helping to lower blood pressure and improve cardiovascular health.
• Reduces Oxidative Stress: The antioxidant properties of the plant's polyphenolic compounds help in neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, thereby protecting cells from damage and promoting overall health.
• Treats Fungal Infections: The plant's polyphenolic compounds have been shown to exhibit antifungal activity, thereby helping to treat fungal infections and prevent the spread of disease.
• Improves Digestive Health: The plant's polyphenolic compounds have been shown to have prebiotic properties, thereby helping to improve digestive health by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and enhancing nutrient absorption.
• Reduces Cancer Risk: The plant's polyphenolic compounds have been shown to have anticancer properties, thereby helping to reduce the risk of certain types of cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells.
• Relieves Respiratory Issues: The plant's flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory effects, thereby helping to relieve respiratory issues such as asthma and bronchitis.
• Boosts Immune System: The plant's polyphenolic compounds have been shown to have immunomodulatory effects, thereby helping to boost the immune system by promoting the production of white blood cells and activating immune cells to fight off infections.

The table that follows gives an overview of what are the primary health benefits of Solanum nigrum for each of the major body system.

Circulatory System

Solanum nigrum lowers blood pressure through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in blood vessels, thus preventing the onset of hypertension.

This plant improves cardiac output by stimulating the production of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator that increases blood flow and reduces the workload on the heart. Solanum nigrum reduces inflammation by containing flavonoids and phenolic acids that inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes, thereby reducing inflammation and its associated cardiovascular risks. Additionally, it enhances vasodilation through its ability to relax blood vessels and improve circulation flow, which boosts red blood cell production and increases oxygenation of the body's tissues.

By regulating heart rate, fighting blood clots, protecting against strokes, and improving circulation flow, Solanum nigrum effectively maintains a healthy circulatory system and reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

The medicinal benefits of Solanum nigrum on the circulatory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Varicose veins
• Hypertension
• Atherosclerosis
• Diabetes
• Circulatory fatigue

Digestive System

Solanum nigrum soothes digestive issues with its anti-inflammatory properties, reducing irritation and inflammation in the digestive tract.

Solanum nigrum relieves inflammatory response by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines, thereby alleviating inflammation and discomfort. Solanum nigrum improves gut health by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and preventing the adhesion of pathogens to the intestinal lining. Solanum nigrum cures diarrhea episodes due to its antimicrobial and anti-diarrheal properties, which combat pathogens and restore the balance of gut bacteria.

Solanum nigrum treats ulcerative colitis and reduces inflammation levels, eases abdominal pain, prevents bacterial growth, fights parasitic infections, and heals gut lining damage with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

The medicinal benefits of Solanum nigrum on the digestive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Gastroenteritis
• Ulcers
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Hepatitis
• Colitis

Endocrine System

Solanum nigrum regulates blood sugar by inhibiting the activity of alpha-glucosidase enzymes, thereby slowing down carbohydrate digestion and absorption.

Balancing hormonal levels is achieved through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which modulate the production and secretion of hormones. Solanum nigrum stimulates thyroid function by increasing the production of thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), through its adaptogenic and thyroid-stimulating properties. Improving insulin sensitivity is facilitated by its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which enhance insulin signaling pathways and glucose uptake in cells.

Solanum nigrum reduces cortisol levels through its adaptogenic and anxiolytic properties, promoting relaxation and reducing stress-induced cortisol production, while also supporting pancreatic function, enhancing adrenal function, promoting a metabolic rate, stabilizing thyroid hormones, and regenerating pancreatic cells through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties.

The medicinal benefits of Solanum nigrum on the endocrine system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Type 2 diabetes
• Hypertension
• Hyperlipidemia
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Thyroid dysfunction

Integumentary System

Solanum nigrum protects skin from damage and promotes healthy cell growth, thanks to its antioxidant properties that neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative stress.

This plant heals wounds rapidly by stimulating collagen production and enhancing tissue repair, a process facilitated by its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Solanum nigrum reduces inflammation, preventing the formation of scar tissue and promoting the natural healing process, due to its anti-inflammatory compounds that inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes. The plant's antifungal properties fight fungal infections, while its astringent and antibacterial properties treat acne, a condition characterized by clogged pores and excessive oil production.

Solanum nigrum cures eczema, removes toxins, soothes irritations, prevents scarring, and fades blemishes, all due to its collective antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties that promote skin health and protect it from environmental stressors.

The medicinal benefits of Solanum nigrum on the integumentary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Acne
• Eczema
• Psoriasis
• Warts
• Skin tags
• Hyperpigmentation
• Sunburn

Lymphatic System

Solanum nigrum stimulates lymph flow by exerting a vasodilatory effect, which increases the circulation of lymphatic fluid, and its antioxidant properties enhance lymphocyte activity, regulating the immune response.

The antimicrobial properties of Solanum nigrum boost immune response, preventing the invasion of pathogens. Solanum nigrum reduces toxin load by activating the body's natural detoxification process, which involves the breakdown and elimination of harmful substances. The plant's anti-inflammatory properties enhance lymph node function, facilitating the proper functioning of the immune system.

Solanum nigrum improves fluid dynamics by stimulating the movement of lymphatic fluid, while its immunomodulatory properties increase interferon production, promoting the activation of white blood cells, and its antioxidant activity increases production of interferon and promotes antioxidant activity.

The medicinal benefits of Solanum nigrum on the lymphatic system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Lymphedema
• Lymphadenitis
• Erysipelas
• Cellulitis
• Lymphangitis
• Lymphocytosis

Musculoskeletal System

Solanum nigrum reduces joint inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes.

Relieving muscle tension is facilitated by the plant's antioxidant and flavonoid content, which helps to reduce muscle fatigue and promote relaxation. Solanum nigrum also soothes arthritis pain through its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, which reduce pain and inflammation in the joints. Preventing bone loss is achieved by the plant's ability to stimulate collagen production, which is essential for maintaining bone density and structure.

The plant protects joints from damage and treats muscle spasms through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and alleviates osteoporosis symptoms by improving bone density, which reduces the risk of fractures and bone deformities, and relieves fibromyalgia symptoms by reducing muscle tension and promoting relaxation.

The medicinal benefits of Solanum nigrum on the musculoskeletal system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Arthritis
• Fibromyalgia
• Muscle spasm
• Tendinitis
• Gout

Nervous System

Solanum nigrum reduces anxiety through its anxiolytic and sedative properties, which are attributed to the presence of flavonoids and alkaloids that exert a calming effect on the nervous system.

This plant boosts focus by containing neuroprotective compounds that prevent neuronal damage and promote neural plasticity. Furthermore, Solanum nigrum improves concentration by regulating the activity of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin, thereby enhancing cognitive processing. Additionally, it enhances memory through its antioxidant properties, which protect against oxidative stress and inflammation that can impair memory function.

Solanum nigrum regulates stress by exerting anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, stimulates relaxation through its sedative and anxiolytic properties, eases tension by regulating the activity of neurotransmitters, improves mood through its antidepressant properties, suppresses depression by increasing the production of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, and increases alertness by containing stimulatory compounds that promote neural activity.

The medicinal benefits of Solanum nigrum on the nervous system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Anxiety
• Neuralgia
• Insomnia
• Tremors
• Epilepsy
• Multiple sclerosis
• Alzheimer

Reproductive System

Solanum nigrum stimulate ovulation by containing flavonoids and alkaloids with estrogenic properties that enhance follicular growth and maturation, resulting in increased ovulation rates.

The plant regulate menstrual cycles due to the presence of phenolic compounds and saponins, which modulate hormonal balances and alleviate menstrual irregularities. Solanum nigrum reduce fertility issues in both males and females by exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which protect reproductive cells from oxidative stress and inflammation. The plant improve sperm quality and count by containing antioxidant-rich compounds that neutralize free radicals and maintain sperm viability.

Additionally, Solanum nigrum balance hormones, prevent abortions, strengthen the uterus, enhance fecundity, and support pregnancy due to its rich content of bioactive compounds that regulate hormonal homeostasis, prevent implantation failures, and promote fetal development.

The medicinal benefits of Solanum nigrum on the reproductive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Fibroids
• Endometriosis
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Infertility
• Menstrual pain
• Hirsutism

Respiratory System

Solanum nigrum reduces inflammation by containing anti-inflammatory flavonoids and terpenoids, which help to alleviate swelling and pain in the respiratory system.

Eases congestion due to its expectorant properties, which help to loosen and clear mucus from the airways, making breathing easier. Solanum nigrum fights infections with its antimicrobial and antifungal properties, which inhibit the growth of pathogens and reduce the risk of respiratory infections. The plant relaxes airways by producing smooth muscle relaxants, allowing for more efficient airflow and gas exchange.

Solanum nigrum opens airways by increasing the production of surfactant, a substance that reduces surface tension and facilitates easier breathing, while also cleans lungs by reducing oxidative stress and promoting the removal of toxic substances.

The medicinal benefits of Solanum nigrum on the respiratory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Asthma
• Pneumonia
• Cough
• Influenza
• Bronchitis
• Tuberculosis
• Tonsillitis
• Sinusitis

Urinary System

Solanum nigrum prevents kidney damage through its antioxidant properties, which neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress on kidney cells.

Solanum nigrum reduces urinary tract infections due to its antimicrobial properties, which inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms that cause infections. Solanum nigrum treats bladder stones by dissolving them with its diuretic properties, which increase urine production and help flush out stone-forming substances. Solanum nigrum cures prostate inflammation by reducing inflammation with its anti-inflammatory properties, which also relieve urinary retention by relaxing the muscles in the urinary tract.

Solanum nigrum removes kidney stones by breaking down stone-forming crystals with its chelating properties, which also heals urinary tract lesions by promoting tissue repair and prevents urinary incontinence by strengthening the muscles in the urinary tract.

The medicinal benefits of Solanum nigrum on the urinary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Kidney stones
• Urinary tract infection
• Prostatitis
• Enuresis
• Cystitis
• Nephrolithiasis

What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Solanum nigrum?

The therapeutic properties of Solanum nigrum are attributed to its antimicrobial activity, which is mainly due to the presence of saponins and flavonoids.

This plant has been found to possess antioxidant properties, thereby reducing oxidative stress and protecting against cellular damage, and it also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, which help in alleviating conditions such as arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, Solanum nigrum has been reported to have anti-diabetic properties, making it a potential natural remedy for managing diabetes. Additionally, it displays anticancer properties through the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, and its antibacterial and antifungal activities make it effective against various pathogens, while its analgesic properties help in relieving pain, and the presence of volatile oils also contributes to its anticough activity, providing relief from respiratory issues.

The bioactive compounds responsible for these properties include flavonoids, saponins, and volatile oils, which are present in various parts of the plant.

The following illustration give a summary of the dominant therapeutic properties of Solanum nigrum.

The list below provides more details on why Solanum nigrum has the therapeutic properties mentioned in the illustration above.

• Antimicrobial: Solanum nigrum has been found to possess antimicrobial properties, which help in inhibiting the growth of various microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
• Antioxidant: The plant Solanum nigrum contains antioxidants that help in scavenging free radicals, thus protecting the body from oxidative stress and cell damage.
• Anti-Inflammatory: Solanum nigrum has anti-inflammatory properties that help in reducing inflammation and alleviating conditions such as arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.
• Anti-Diabetic: Studies have shown that Solanum nigrum extracts possess anti-diabetic properties, which help in managing blood sugar levels and alleviating symptoms of diabetes.
• Anticancer: The plant Solanum nigrum has been found to possess anticancer properties, which help in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells and preventing the development of various types of cancer.
• Antibacterial: Solanum nigrum has been found to exhibit antibacterial properties, which help in inhibiting the growth of various bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
• Antifungal: The plant Solanum nigrum has been found to possess antifungal properties, which help in inhibiting the growth of various fungi, including Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.
• Analgesic: Solanum nigrum has been found to possess analgesic properties, which help in alleviating pain and reducing inflammation.
• Anticough: The plant Solanum nigrum has been found to possess antitussive or anticough properties, which help in relieving cough and other respiratory symptoms.

What are the major healing constituents of Solanum nigrum?

The healing constituents of Solanum nigrum are flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol which have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Saponins present in the plant have been found to possess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Alkaloids including solanine and solamargine have been reported to possess antiviral and anticancer properties. Glycosides like solasodine and soladulcide have been found to exhibit antiviral and anticancer activities.

Phenolic acids including chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid have been reported to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which contribute to the plant's overall healing effects.

The following illustration give a summary of the major healing consitutents of Solanum nigrum.

The list below provides more details on what are the major healing constituents of Solanum nigrum and why they are important for health.

• Flavonoids: Quercetin and kaempferol, found in Solanum nigrum, are flavonoids known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
• Saponins: Saponins are a type of bioactive compound found in Solanum nigrum, with properties including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, as well as antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.
• Alkaloids: Solanum nigrum contains solamargine and solasonine, two glycoalkaloids, which are toxic and have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
• Glycosides: A type of compound found in Solanum nigrum, characterized by their water solubility, sweet taste, and ability to break down into simpler sugars and aglycones.
• Phenolic acids: Phenolic acids from Solanum nigrum are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, with a potential to scavenge free radicals and exert inhibitory effects on certain enzymes and microorganisms.
• Sterols: Sterols from Solanum nigrum have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.
• Coumarins: Coumarins are a class of organic compounds found in Solanum nigrum, possessing anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.
• Phenolic Acids: Phenolic Acids, found in Solanum nigrum, have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, as well as the ability to scavenge free radicals and modulate the immune system.
• Triterpenoids: Triterpenoids are a class of compounds found in Solanum nigrum that possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties.
• Anthocyanins: A type of powerful antioxidant that has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and free radical-scavenging properties.

The table that follows estimates the relative concentrations of the main medicinal constituents contained in Solanum nigrum and lists the most relevant medicinal properties of each constituent based on the corresponding concentrations.

What are the most used parts of Solanum nigrum in medicine?

The most used parts of Solanum nigrum for medicinal purposes are leaves and fruits.

The leaves of Solanum nigrum contain flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, which are used to treat fever, rheumatism, and skin conditions. The fruits of Solanum nigrum are rich in flavonoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids, showing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, used to treat various health conditions, including fever, cough, and skin diseases. The bioactive compounds in both parts contribute to their antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, making them valuable in traditional medicine.

The leaves and fruits of Solanum nigrum have been traditionally used to treat various health conditions due to their pharmacological properties.

The following illustration give a summary of the most used parts of Solanum nigrum in medicine.

The list below provides more details on what are the most used parts of Solanum nigrum in medicine and why.

• Leaves: The leaves of this plant contain major bioactive compounds such as chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid, and solanine, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, providing primary health benefits including the treatment of fever, diarrhea, and respiratory infections, as well as the management of hypertension, diabetes, and cancer prevention.
• Fruits: The fruits of this plant contain major bioactive compounds such as solanine, solanidine, and solanumine, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, providing primary health benefits including the treatment of fever, diarrhea, and respiratory infections, as well as the management of hypertension, diabetes, and cancer prevention, and are also used to improve digestion and relieve gastrointestinal disorders.

The table that follows gives a more complete list of healing constituents found in each part of Solanum nigrum mentioned above.

What are the most common medicinal preparations of Solanum nigrum?

The most common herbal preparation of Solanum nigrum for medicinal purposes are tincture, which is used to treat fever, rheumatism, and skin conditions due to its antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic properties.

A decoction, made by boiling the plant, is used as a treatment for stomach problems, diarrhea, and kidney issues. For digestive and skin issues, a suppository is prepared by mixing the plant's extract with a base, providing localized relief. Solanum nigrum is also used in the preparation of a salve, which is applied topically to treat wounds, burns, and skin irritations.

The tea made from the leaves and stems of the plant is used to treat fever, cough, and respiratory issues, while a poultice is applied directly to the affected area to reduce inflammation and promote healing.

The following illustration give a summary of the most common medicinal preparations of Solanum nigrum.

The list below provides more details on what are the most common medicinal preparations of Solanum nigrum and what are their main uses.

• Tincture: Tincture made from this plant is used to treat fever, cough, diarrhea and as an antiseptic to prevent infections, particularly in infants and young children.
• Decoction: Decoction made from this plant is used to treat fever, diarrhea, and various skin conditions, including eczema and acne.
• Salve: Salve made from this plant is topically applied to treat burns, wounds, and skin irritations, as well as to reduce inflammation and promote healing.
• Tea: Tea made from this plant is used to treat fever, inflammation, and infections due to its antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
• Poultice: Poultice made from this plant is used to treat skin infections, wounds, and eczema by reducing inflammation and promoting healing.

The table that follows shows what are the most used parts of Solanum nigrum for each medicinal preparation.

Tincture

Solanum nigrum tincture is used to treat a range of health issues, including digestive problems, ulcers, diabetes, inflammation, fungal infections, hepatitis, gastritis, cancer, asthma, and HIV.

This preparation is commonly used in traditional medicine and is widely available. The common effect of Solanum nigrum tincture is its ability to reduce inflammation and improve digestion. It is made from the fruits, leaves, and seeds of the Solanum nigrum plant, which are combined to create a concentrated extract.

The preparation process requires careful attention to detail, as the plant's active compounds can be difficult to extract and preserve, making it a challenging task to produce a high-quality tincture.

Below you find an image of Solanum nigrum tincture.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Solanum nigrum tincture.

1. Gather 1 part of fresh Solanum nigrum fruits, leaves, and seeds, and clean them thoroughly.
2. Combine the cleaned Solanum nigrum parts in a clean glass jar, ensuring the fruits, leaves, and seeds are evenly distributed.
3. Cover the jar with a lid and let it macerate in a cool, dark place for 2-6 weeks, shaking the jar occasionally.
4. After the maceration period, strain the mixture through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into a clean glass container, discarding the solids.
5. Store the Solanum nigrum tincture in a cool, dark place, away from direct sunlight and heat sources.

Decoction

Solanum nigrum decoction is a herbal preparation used to treat various health conditions, including diarrhea, dysentery, eczema, fever, influenza, rheumatism, sore throat, and urticaria.

This preparation is widely used due to its effectiveness in alleviating symptoms associated with these conditions. The common effect of this decoction is its ability to reduce inflammation and promote healing. Solanum nigrum decoction is made from a combination of leaves, fruits, roots, and stems of the plant, which are typically harvested and then boiled in water to create the decoction.

The preparation process is moderately difficult, requiring some skill and attention to detail to ensure the correct proportion of ingredients and adequate boiling time.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Solanum nigrum decoction.

1. Gather fresh Solanum nigrum leaves, fruits, roots, and stems for the decoction.
2. Wash and clean the collected Solanum nigrum parts thoroughly to remove any dirt or impurities.
3. Combine the Solanum nigrum leaves, fruits, roots, and stems in a pot and add a sufficient amount of water.
4. Bring the mixture to a boil, then reduce the heat and let it simmer for an extended period to allow the active compounds to infuse.
5. Strain the decoction through a cheesecloth or a fine-mesh sieve into a clean container, discarding the solids, and store the liquid for future use.

Salve

Solanum nigrum salve is a herbal preparation used to treat various skin conditions including warts, eczema, psoriasis, burns, fungal infections, acne, herpes, and insect bites.

It's a common remedy due to its effectiveness. The common effect of Solanum nigrum salve is its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties, which help to reduce pain, swelling, and prevent infection. This preparation is typically made with the leaves, fruits, and seeds of the Solanum nigrum plant.

However, making Solanum nigrum salve is challenging as it requires precise proportioning of the plant extracts and careful processing to achieve the desired therapeutic properties.

Below you find an image of Solanum nigrum salve.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Solanum nigrum salve.

1. Gather Solanum nigrum leaves, fruits, and seeds, and clean them thoroughly.
2. Dry the Solanum nigrum leaves, fruits, and seeds in a warm, dark place for several weeks.
3. Infuse the dried Solanum nigrum leaves, fruits, and seeds in a carrier oil, such as coconut oil or olive oil, for several weeks, shaking the mixture regularly.
4. Strain the infused oil through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into a clean container, discarding the solids.
5. Mix the infused oil with beeswax and any other desired additives, such as vitamin E oil or essential oils, and melt the mixture in a double boiler, stirring until it reaches the desired consistency.

Tea

Solanum nigrum tea, also known as black nightshade tea, is a traditional herbal remedy used to treat various health conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, fever, gastroenteritis, digestive issues, inflammation, skin conditions, asthma, anemia, and cancer.

It's one of the most widely used herbal teas globally, with its leaves, fruits, and seeds being the primary ingredients. The preparation is made by infusing these plant parts in hot water, making it easy to brew at home.

In fact, the simplicity of preparation is one of the reasons for its widespread use.

Below you find an image of Solanum nigrum tea.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Solanum nigrum tea.

1. Gather fresh or dried leaves, fruits, and seeds of Solanum nigrum for the herbal tea.
2. Rinse the leaves, fruits, and seeds with clean water to remove any impurities.
3. Combine the leaves, fruits, and seeds in a pot and add enough water to cover the mixture.
4. Bring the water to a boil and then reduce the heat to simmer for 5-7 minutes.
5. Strain the tea and discard the solids, then let it cool before serving.

Poultice

Solanum nigrum poultice is a traditional herbal remedy used to treat various skin conditions, including skin ulcers, warts, boils, abscesses and fungal infections, such as psoriasis.

It is a common preparation in many cultures, often applied topically to affected areas. The poultice has a general effect of reducing inflammation and promoting wound healing. It is typically made from the leaves, stems and fruits of the Solanum nigrum plant, which are crushed and mixed with water to form a paste.

The preparation is moderately difficult to make, requiring some effort to extract the active compounds from the plant material, but the end result can be an effective and natural treatment for a range of skin problems.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Solanum nigrum poultice.

1. Gather a handful of fresh Solanum nigrum leaves, stems, and fruits.
2. Wash the gathered parts thoroughly with clean water, then pat them dry.
3. Chop the leaves, stems, and fruits into small pieces to facilitate blending.
4. Blend the chopped Solanum nigrum parts into a smooth paste using a mortar and pestle.
5. Apply the resulting paste to the affected area as a poultice and secure with a cloth or bandage.

What are the possible side effects of Solanum nigrum if used improperly?

The possible side effects of improperly using Solanum nigrum are vomiting, which can be severe and even lead to dehydration.

Abdominal pain may also occur due to irritation of the digestive tract. Dizziness can be a symptom of excessive consumption or incorrect preparation of the plant. A headache may be experienced due to the presence of toxic compounds.

Nausea, diarrhea, and stomach ulcers can arise from prolonged exposure to Solanum nigrum's toxic alkaloids. In severe cases, kidney damage can occur due to the plant's nephrotoxic properties, potentially leading to kidney failure. The improper use of Solanum nigrum may also result in hypotension, a condition characterized by abnormally low blood pressure.

Furthermore, an allergic reaction to the plant's sap or leaves can cause a range of symptoms, including skin irritation and respiratory problems.

The most common side effects Solanum nigrum gives people when used improperly are listed below, along with a brief explanation.

• Vomit: Ingestion of Solanum nigrum can cause severe gastrointestinal irritation leading to vomiting in humans and animals.
• Abdominal Pain: Ingestion of Solanum nigrum causes gastrointestinal irritation, leading to abdominal pain.
• Dizziness: Excessive consumption of Solanum nigrum causes a drop in blood pressure leading to dizziness.
• Headache: Solanum nigrum extracts cause headache due to solanine toxicity.
• Nausea: Symptoms include stomach discomfort and vomiting.
• Diarrhea: Solanum nigrum contains solanine which can cause gastrointestinal disturbances, including diarrhea.
• Stomach Ulcers: Solanum nigrum contains solanine, a glycoalkaloid that induces gastric mucosal damage leading to stomach ulcers.
• Kidney Damage: Prolonged consumption of Solanum nigrum may cause oxalate nephropathy, leading to kidney damage due to excessive oxalate accumulation.
• Hypotension: Solanum nigrum extracts cause a decrease in blood pressure in humans.
• Allergic Reaction: Contact with the plant's sap causes skin irritation, itching, and blistering.

What are the precautions to take before using Solanum nigrum medicinally?

The precautions to take before using Solanum nigrum medicinally are to consult a healthcare professional to determine the suitability of the plant for your condition, use it under expert guidance to ensure proper dosing and preparation.

Avoid self-medication, as it can lead to adverse reactions, and monitor vital signs for any signs of distress. Start with low doses to assess tolerance and be aware of potential interactions with other medications, particularly those affecting blood pressure and kidney function. Report side effects promptly to your healthcare provider, as some effects may be dose-dependent, and avoid long-term use, as it can lead to dependency or toxicity.

Pregnant women should use the plant with caution, as it may stimulate uterine contractions, and breastfeeding women should also exercise caution, as the plant's active compounds may be excreted in breast milk.

The most important precautions you must take before using Solanum nigrum for medicinal purposes are listed below, along with a brief explanation.

• Consult A Healthcare Professional: Pregnant women should consult a healthcare professional due to insufficient data on the safety of Solanum nigrum during pregnancy.
• Use Under Expert Guidance: Administration should be supervised by qualified healthcare professionals to minimize the risk of adverse effects.
• Avoid Self-Medication: Solanum nigrum extracts may cause liver damage when taken internally without medical supervision.
• Monitor Vital Signs: Monitor vital signs, especially in patients with kidney or liver disease, due to the plant's potential toxicity.
• Start With Low Doses: Initiate treatment with small amounts to assess tolerance and potential side effects.
• Be Aware Of Interactions: Solanum nigrum may interact with certain medications such as blood thinners, diabetes medications, and high blood pressure medications.
• Report Side Effects Promptly: Report any side effects, such as allergic reactions, to a healthcare provider immediately.
• Avoid Long-Term Use: Prolonged consumption of Solanum nigrum may lead to solanine toxicity due to the plant's natural accumulation of glycoalkaloids.
• Pregnant Women Use With Caution: Due to potential teratogenic effects, pregnant women should exercise caution when using Solanum nigrum.
• Breastfeeding Women Use With Caution: Solanum nigrum may interfere with infant thyroid function due to goitrin content.

Are there scientific studies that prove the medical effectiveness of Solanum nigrum?

Yes, there are several scientific studies that prove the medicianl effectiveness of Solanum nigrum. Here are some studies that are worthy of notice.

According to a study published by "Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)", Solanum nigrum has shown promising results in its ability to induce oxidative stress-mediated apoptotic cell death in breast cancer cells. The water extract of Solanum nigrum was found to upregulate proapoptotic genes and downregulate antiapoptotic genes, leading to increased expressions of apoptotic markers. This suggests that Solanum nigrum may have antiproliferative effects and apoptosis-inducing properties, making it a potential non-toxic anticancer agent.

In another study published by "Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)", the aqueous extract of Solanum nigrum showed significant anticancer properties in human breast cancer cells, causing 43% cytotoxicity and inhibiting cell migration. Additionally, the extract suppressed the activities of key enzymes involved in cancer cell metabolism, such as hexokinase and pyruvate kinase, by about 30% and 40%, respectively. Furthermore, the study revealed that Solanum nigrum's antitumor function involved the regulation of multiple genes involved in various diseases and disorders, highlighting its potential as a cancer treatment option.

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