What to know about Lepidium meyenii (maca) before using it medicinally

Lepidium meyenii, commonly known as maca, is a herb renowned for its ability to improve vitality and energy levels in individuals.

This Peruvian native is relatively easy to cultivate in temperate climates and requires minimal maintenance, making it a favorite among gardeners and farmers. From a botanical standpoint, maca belongs to the Brassicaceae family and is characterized by its taproot, which can grow up to 3 feet in length.

Its historical significance can be seen in the traditional medicine practices of the indigenous people of the Andes, who have used it for centuries to enhance fertility and overall well-being.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Lepidium meyenii.

What are the medicinal properties of Lepidium meyenii?

Lepidium meyenii helps with hormonal balance, fertility, and energy levels. Its medicinal properties also include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and adaptogenic effects. It has been traditionally used to alleviate symptoms of menopause and improve sexual function.

The active constituents of Lepidium meyenii responsible for its medicinal properties include macamides, macaenes, and alkaloids. These compounds have been shown to have a range of biological activities, including estrogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects.

The edible roots of Lepidium meyenii are the most commonly used for medicinal purposes. They contain the highest concentration of bioactive compounds and are rich in carbohydrates, fiber, and minerals. The roots are typically dried and powdered for use in capsules or teas.

Improper use of Lepidium meyenii may cause side effects such as thyroid problems, stomach upset, and allergic reactions. High doses may also interact with certain medications, including thyroid hormones and blood thinners. Caution is advised when using maca, especially for individuals with pre-existing medical conditions.

Precautions when using Lepidium meyenii medicinally include consulting with a healthcare professional, especially for pregnant or breastfeeding women, and individuals with thyroid disorders. It is also essential to follow recommended dosages and start with low doses to monitor for side effects.

What are the horticulural aspects of Lepidium meyenii?

Lepidium meyenii grow in the high-altitude Andean regions of South America, typically between 2,500 to 4,000 meters above sea level. It thrives in a cool, dry climate with moderate temperatures and high levels of ultraviolet radiation. Soils should be rich in organic matter and have good drainage.

For successful planting, choose a well-draining location and plant the seeds in the fall or early winter, about 1-2 cm deep and 10-15 cm apart. Water consistently, but avoid overwatering, which can lead to root rot. Fertilize with a balanced fertilizer once a month.

Harvesting maca is typically done 6-9 months after sowing, when the roots are fully developed. Carefully dig up the roots, making sure not to damage them. Cut the roots into smaller pieces, allowing them to dry for a few days before storing.

Maca is susceptible to pests like aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites, which can cause significant damage. It's also prone to diseases like powdery mildew and root rot, often caused by overwatering or poor soil conditions. Regular monitoring and good agricultural practices can help minimize these issues.

What are the botanical aspects of Lepidium meyenii?

Lepidium meyenii is a perennial plant that belongs to the Brassicaceae family. It has a thick, fleshy stem, and its leaves are dark green, lance-shaped, and alternate on the stem. The flowers are small, yellow, and clustered at the tip of the stem.

The taxonomical classification of Lepidium meyenii is as follows: kingdom Plantae, family Brassicaceae, genus Lepidium, species L. meyenii. This plant is also known as Maca or Peruvian ginseng, although it is not a true ginseng. The botanical name was given by the German botanist Walpers in 1843.

Lepidium meyenii has several variants, including 'Red' (L. meyenii var. rubra), 'Yellow' (L. meyenii var. flavum), and 'Black' (L. meyenii var. nigra), which differ in their flower and root color. Other variants, such as L. meyenii var. atropurpureum and L. meyenii var. violaceum, have been reported in various regions.

Lepidium meyenii is native to the Andean region of South America, specifically in present-day Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. It grows at high altitudes, typically between 4,000 and 4,500 meters above sea level, where the climate is cool and humid. The plant is often found in rocky areas and meadows.

The life cycle of Lepidium meyenii is as follows: after flowering, the plant produces a seed capsule that splits open to release its seeds. The seeds germinate in the spring, producing new seedlings that grow into mature plants. The plant takes about 4-6 months to mature and produce new flowers.

What are the historical aspects of Lepidium meyenii?

Lepidium meyenii is a plant native to the Andean region of South America. Historically, it was cultivated for its edible roots and used as a staple food by the indigenous people of the Andes for over 2,000 years.

According to Andean mythology, maca was associated with the god of fertility, Inti. The mythological references to maca suggest that it was considered a sacred plant, able to enhance fertility and virility in both humans and animals.

In Andean culture, maca is often associated with symbols of strength, vitality, and fertility. It is often depicted in traditional Andean art as a powerful and sacred plant, revered for its medicinal and spiritual properties.

Historical texts, such as the 16th-century Spanish manuscript "Rituales de los Incas" by Martín de Murúa, mention maca as a medicinal plant used by the Incas to treat a range of ailments. Other texts, such as the 17th-century book "El arte de los curanderos" by Mateo de Soria, describe maca's use in traditional Andean medicine.

Historical artifacts, such as ceramics and textiles, often depict maca as a key part of Andean culture. Examples include the famous "Maca Vase" from the Moche civilization, which dates back to the 1st century AD and features a maca plant motif.