10 Best Herbal Decoctions For Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Herbal decoctions for irritable bowel syndrome are a natural remedy made by steeping herbs in hot water to create a tea-like infusion.

These decoctions help alleviate symptoms of IBS, such as abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea or constipation, by soothing the digestive tract and promoting regular bowel movements. Examples of herbal decoctions that can provide relief include peppermint, chamomile, and fennel teas, which calm the gut, reduce inflammation, and regulate digestion.

For example, drinking a warm cup of peppermint tea before meals can ease symptoms and improve overall quality of life for individuals with IBS, allowing them to enjoy their favorite foods without discomfort and embarrassment.

The following article describes in detail the most important decoctions for irritable bowel syndrome, including medicinal properties, parts of herbs to use, and recipes for preparations.

1. Peumus boldus

Chilean boldo decoctions helps with irritable bowel syndrome because it has anti-inflammatory properties that soothe the digestive tract, reducing inflammation and discomfort associated with IBS.

The decoction's flavonoids and terpenes also relax the muscles in the intestines, alleviating cramping and spasms common in IBS patients. Additionally, boldo's antioxidant compounds help regulate gut motility, improving digestion and reducing symptoms of bloating and abdominal pain.

By promoting a balanced gut environment, Chilean boldo decoctions can bring relief to those suffering from IBS symptoms.

Medicinal Constituents

The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Peumus boldus decoctions that help with irritable bowel syndrome.

• Boldine: Acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the gut, which can contribute to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms.
• Flavonoids: Exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, helping to reduce inflammation and improve gut barrier function, which can alleviate IBS symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhea.
• Phenolic acids: Possesses anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, helping to reduce gut inflammation and prevent bacterial overgrowth, which can contribute to IBS symptoms such as bloating and abdominal pain.

Parts Used

The list below shows the primary parts of chilean boldo used to make decoctions for irritable bowel syndrome.

• Leaves: The leaves of Peumus boldus are used due to their high concentration of bioactive compounds that have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can help alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.
• Barks: The barks of Peumus boldus are used because they contain compounds that have a soothing effect on the digestive system and can help reduce inflammation and improve bowel motility.
• Roots: The roots of Peumus boldus are used due to their ability to reduce inflammation and improve digestion, making them a potential treatment for irritable bowel syndrome symptoms.

Quick Recipe

The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic chilean boldo for irritable bowel syndrome.

1. Gather 2-3 grams of dried boldus leaves and 1 liter of water for decoction preparation.
2. Boil the water for 5-10 minutes to reach a rolling boil before adding the boldus leaves.
3. Add the dried boldus leaves to the boiling water and let it steep for 10-15 minutes.
4. Strain the decoction through a fine mesh to remove the boldus leaves and discard the solids.
5. Allow the decoction to cool before serving or storing it in the refrigerator for up to 24 hours.

2. Glycyrrhiza glabra

Licorice decoctions helps with irritable bowel syndrome because it contains flavonoids and glycyrrhizin, which have anti-inflammatory properties that soothe the digestive tract.

The decoction also increases the production of mucus in the stomach and small intestine, helping to protect and heal the lining of the gut.

Additionally, licorice root has been shown to reduce inflammation in the gut, alleviate symptoms such as bloating, cramping, and diarrhea, and regulate bowel movements, providing relief for individuals suffering from irritable bowel syndrome.

Medicinal Constituents

The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Glycyrrhiza glabra decoctions that help with irritable bowel syndrome.

• Glycyrrhizin: Glycyrrhizin helps with IBS by reducing inflammation in the gut and promoting the healing of the intestinal mucosa, thereby alleviating symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain and diarrhea.
• Liquiritin: Liquiritin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which help to soothe the digestive tract, reduce inflammation, and improve the integrity of the gut lining, all of which contribute to relief from IBS symptoms.
• Isoliquiritigenin: Isoliquiritigenin exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, which may help to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the gut, thereby alleviating symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements.

Parts Used

The list below shows the primary parts of licorice used to make decoctions for irritable bowel syndrome.

• Roots: They are the primary source of glycyrrhizin, a compound that helps alleviate IBS symptoms by reducing inflammation and improving gut motility.
• Leaves: They contain a smaller amount of glycyrrhizin compared to roots but may still provide some relief from IBS symptoms due to their anti-inflammatory properties.
• Rhyzomes: They also contain glycyrrhizin and may offer similar benefits to roots in treating IBS, although their use is less documented than that of roots.

Quick Recipe

The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic licorice for irritable bowel syndrome.

1. Gather 30-60 grams of dried roots of glycyrrhiza glabra and rinse them under running water.
2. Boil 1 liter of water in a saucepan and add the rinsed roots of glycyrrhiza glabra.
3. Simmer the mixture for 10-15 minutes to allow the roots to release their medicinal properties.
4. Strain the decoction through a cheesecloth or a fine-mesh sieve into a large bowl.
5. Allow the decoction to cool and then store it in a sealed container in the refrigerator.

3. Zingiber officinale

Ginger decoctions helps with irritable bowel syndrome because of its natural anti-inflammatory properties, which help to soothe and calm the digestive system.

The decoction's active compounds, such as gingerol and shogaol, work to reduce inflammation in the gut, alleviating symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating, and discomfort. Additionally, ginger's natural antimicrobial properties help to regulate the balance of gut bacteria, promoting a healthier digestive environment and reducing symptoms of IBS.

As a result, many people find that ginger decoctions provide relief from their IBS symptoms, allowing them to experience improved digestion and overall well-being.

Medicinal Constituents

The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Zingiber officinale decoctions that help with irritable bowel syndrome.

• Gingerols: These compounds, specifically 6-gingerol and 8-gingerol, have anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce inflammation and pain in the digestive tract associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
• Shogaols: Similar to gingerols, shogaols have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, which can help alleviate IBS symptoms such as abdominal pain and discomfort.
• Zingiberene: This sesquiterpene has spasmolytic and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help relax the muscles in the digestive tract and reduce inflammation, thereby providing relief from IBS symptoms.

Parts Used

The list below shows the primary parts of ginger used to make decoctions for irritable bowel syndrome.

• Rhyzomes: Rhyzomes are the most used part of Zingiber officinale for decoctions related to irritable bowel syndrome because they contain gingerols and shogaols, which have anti-inflammatory properties that help soothe digestive issues.
• Roots: Roots of Zingiber officinale are used due to their high concentration of gingerols, which have a calming effect on the digestive system and help alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.
• Leaves: Leaves of Zingiber officinale are used for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which help reduce inflammation and promote digestion in individuals suffering from irritable bowel syndrome.

Quick Recipe

The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic ginger for irritable bowel syndrome.

1. Harvest 2-3 grams of fresh zingiber officinale rhizomes or 1-2 teaspoons of dried powder from a trusted source.
2. Clean the rhizomes under cold running water to remove any dirt or debris from the surface.
3. Cut the rhizomes into small pieces and add them to a saucepan with 500 milliliters of water.
4. Bring the mixture to a boil over high heat then reduce the heat to a simmer for 5-7 minutes.
5. Strain the decoction through a cheesecloth or a fine-mesh sieve into a clean container discarding the solids.

4. Aloe vera

Aloe decoctions helps with irritable bowel syndrome because they soothe and calm the digestive tract, reducing inflammation and spasms that can exacerbate symptoms.

The anti-inflammatory compounds present in aloe vera gel have been shown to decrease muscle contractions and improve gut motility, allowing for smoother digestion and reduced discomfort.

Additionally, aloe's antimicrobial properties help maintain a healthy balance of gut bacteria, further alleviating IBS symptoms and promoting overall gastrointestinal well-being.

Medicinal Constituents

The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Aloe vera decoctions that help with irritable bowel syndrome.

• Anthraquinones: These glycosidic compounds help alleviate IBS symptoms by stimulating bowel movements and reducing inflammation in the gut.
• Glucomannans: These soluble fiber polysaccharides help soothe the gut and reduce symptoms of IBS by absorbing water and forming a protective gel-like layer in the intestines, reducing inflammation and improving gut motility.
• Acemannan: A polysaccharide component of Aloe vera, acemannan has anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the gut, contributing to the alleviation of IBS symptoms.

Parts Used

The list below shows the primary parts of aloe used to make decoctions for irritable bowel syndrome.

• Leaves: The gel extracted from the leaves of Aloe vera is commonly used to create decoctions for IBS due to its anti-inflammatory and soothing properties.
• Leaves (aloe vera gel's outer layer): The outer layer of the Aloe vera gel, also known as the 'aloin-free' or 'aloin-free gel' has also been used in some IBS treatments due to its soothing properties and its ability to reduce inflammation.
• Leaves (aloe vera gel's inner layer): The inner layer of the Aloe vera gel has been used in some IBS treatments due to its ability to reduce inflammation and its soothing properties.

Quick Recipe

The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic aloe for irritable bowel syndrome.

1. Choose fresh aloe vera leaves with a green color and no signs of decay from organic sources.
2. Wash the aloe vera leaves thoroughly with filtered water to remove dirt and debris.
3. Chop the aloe vera leaves into small pieces to facilitate the extraction of the gel.
4. Combine one cup of the chopped aloe vera pieces with three cups of filtered water in a saucepan.
5. Simmer the mixture over low heat for 30 to 40 minutes to extract the beneficial properties.

5. Taraxacum officinale

Dandelion decoctions helps with irritable bowel syndrome because it stimulates digestion, reduces inflammation, and soothes the gut lining.

The bitter compounds in dandelion root and leaves stimulate the production of digestive enzymes, improving nutrient absorption and reducing symptoms like bloating and abdominal pain.

Additionally, dandelion's anti-inflammatory properties help to calm the gut and reduce irritation, making it an effective natural remedy for alleviating irritable bowel syndrome symptoms.

Medicinal Constituents

The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Taraxacum officinale decoctions that help with irritable bowel syndrome.

• Taraxasterol: A triterpenoid saponin that helps alleviate IBS symptoms by reducing inflammation in the gut and improving gut motility.
• Taraxasterol acetate: A triterpenoid saponin that may help soothe IBS symptoms by reducing oxidative stress and modulating the gut microbiome.
• Phloroglucinol derivatives: A class of phenolic compounds that may help alleviate IBS symptoms by exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, thereby reducing gut inflammation and promoting a balanced gut microbiome.

Parts Used

The list below shows the primary parts of dandelion used to make decoctions for irritable bowel syndrome.

• Roots: Roots are used due to their high content of inulin, a prebiotic that helps regulate gut bacteria and alleviate IBS symptoms.
• Leaves: Leaves are used because of their rich content of flavonoids and terpenoids, which have anti-inflammatory and soothing effects on the digestive system.
• Flowers: Flowers are used for their anthocyanin content, which may help reduce inflammation and modulate gut microbiota, providing relief from IBS symptoms.

Quick Recipe

The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic dandelion for irritable bowel syndrome.

1. Harvest 25-50 fresh leaves and flowers of taraxacum officinale in the morning after the dew has dried.
2. Rinse the leaves and flowers with cold water to remove any dirt or debris thoroughly.
3. Chop the leaves and flowers into small pieces and transfer them to a heat-resistant glass container.
4. Steep 1 teaspoon of the chopped taraxacum officinale in 250ml of boiling water for 5-7 minutes.
5. Strain the decoction through a cheesecloth or a fine-mesh sieve into a clean glass container.

6. Berberis vulgaris

Barberry decoctions helps with irritable bowel syndrome because of its unique combination of berberine, which has natural antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.

It has been shown to reduce inflammation in the gut, alleviate symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea, and regulate bowel movements. Additionally, barberry's antispasmodic effects help relax the muscles in the digestive tract, reducing cramping and spasm.

This natural remedy can provide relief from IBS symptoms without harsh medication or surgery.

Medicinal Constituents

The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Berberis vulgaris decoctions that help with irritable bowel syndrome.

• Berberine: Berberine has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties that help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, such as abdominal pain and diarrhea.
• Vasaka alkaloids: Vasaka alkaloids, including berberine and palmatine, have antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effects, which help relax the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing spasms and cramps associated with irritable bowel syndrome.
• Flavonoids: Isoquercitrin, a flavonoid present in Berberis vulgaris, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that help protect the gastrointestinal tract from oxidative stress and inflammation, which are often underlying factors in irritable bowel syndrome.

Parts Used

The list below shows the primary parts of barberry used to make decoctions for irritable bowel syndrome.

• Roots: They are used due to their high content of berberine, a compound with anti-inflammatory properties that helps alleviate IBS symptoms.
• Barks: They are used due to their berberine content, which has been shown to reduce inflammation and alleviate IBS symptoms.
• Fruits: They are used due to their high content of anthraquinone glycosides, which have been shown to have a laxative effect and help manage IBS symptoms.

Quick Recipe

The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic barberry for irritable bowel syndrome.

1. Harvest 30-60 grams of fresh berberis vulgaris roots or 60-120 grams of dried roots.
2. Wash the harvested roots thoroughly with cold running water to remove dirt and debris.
3. Chop the cleaned roots into small pieces to increase their surface area for infusion.
4. Combine the chopped roots with 1 liter of boiling water in a saucepan and let it simmer for 15-30 minutes.
5. Strain the decoction through a cheesecloth or fine-mesh sieve into a bowl to remove the solids.

7. Foeniculum vulgare

Fennel decoctions helps with irritable bowel syndrome because of its natural anti-inflammatory properties, which soothe the digestive tract and reduce inflammation.

The herb's carminative effects help to ease bloating, cramps, and gas, promoting regular bowel movements and alleviating symptoms such as abdominal pain and discomfort.

Additionally, fennel's fiber content helps regulate bowel habits and improve digestion, making it a natural remedy for managing IBS symptoms.

Medicinal Constituents

The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Foeniculum vulgare decoctions that help with irritable bowel syndrome.

• Anethole: A terpene with anti-inflammatory and carminative properties, which may help alleviate IBS symptoms by reducing inflammation and gas in the digestive system.
• Foeniculin: A phenolic compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may help protect the gut from oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby reducing IBS symptoms.
• Limonene: A terpene with anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective properties, which may help protect the gut lining from inflammation and damage, and alleviate symptoms of IBS such as abdominal pain and diarrhea.

Parts Used

The list below shows the primary parts of fennel used to make decoctions for irritable bowel syndrome.

• Leaves: Used for decoctions for irritable bowel syndrome due to their high content of volatile oils that help soothe digestive issues.
• Seeds: Used for decoctions due to their carminative properties, which help alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome by reducing gas and bloating.
• Buds: Used for decoctions as they contain a high concentration of volatile oils that may help calm digestive issues and reduce inflammation in the gut.

Quick Recipe

The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic fennel for irritable bowel syndrome.

1. Gather 2-4 teaspoons of dried foeniculum vulgare seeds and place them in a heat-resistant container.
2. Combine the dried foeniculum vulgare seeds with 1 cup of boiling water in a saucepan.
3. Reduce heat to a simmer and allow the mixture to steep for 10-15 minutes.
4. Strain the decoction through a cheesecloth or a fine-mesh sieve into a clean container.
5. Discard the solids and store the decoction in the refrigerator for up to 3 days.

8. Cichorium intybus

Chicory decoctions helps with irritable bowel syndrome because it has a soothing effect on the digestive system.

The inulin content in chicory root acts as a prebiotic, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut and improving gut motility. This can help alleviate symptoms such as bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea that are common in IBS patients.

Additionally, the anti-inflammatory properties of chicory may also reduce inflammation and discomfort in the digestive tract, leading to improved overall bowel function and reduced symptom severity.

Medicinal Constituents

The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Cichorium intybus decoctions that help with irritable bowel syndrome.

• Chlorogenic acid: This phenolic compound helps alleviate IBS symptoms by reducing inflammation and modulating the gut microbiota, which can contribute to IBS development.
• Caffeic acid: As a phenolic compound, caffeic acid exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may help soothe the gut, reduce inflammation, and alleviate IBS symptoms.
• Luteolin: This flavonoid compound has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the gut, thereby alleviating IBS symptoms.

Parts Used

The list below shows the primary parts of chicory used to make decoctions for irritable bowel syndrome.

• Roots: They are used for decoctions as they contain inulin, a prebiotic that helps regulate gut bacteria and alleviate symptoms of IBS.
• Leaves: They are used for decoctions as they have anti-inflammatory properties that can help soothe digestive issues and reduce inflammation in the gut.
• Seeds: They are used for decoctions as they are a source of inulin and other fiber-rich compounds that can help promote regular bowel movements and reduce IBS symptoms.

Quick Recipe

The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic chicory for irritable bowel syndrome.

1. Harvest fresh or dried cichorium intybus leaves and roots in the morning after the dew has evaporated.
2. Weigh 30-60 grams of the plant material and chop it into smaller pieces for easier infusion.
3. Combine the chopped cichorium intybus with 1 liter of boiling water and let it steep for 10-15 minutes.
4. Strain the decoction through a cheesecloth or a fine-mesh sieve into a clean container to remove solids.
5. Store the prepared decoction in the refrigerator for up to 24 hours or freeze for later use.

9. Matricaria chamomilla

Chamomile decoctions helps with irritable bowel syndrome because its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties can calm irritated bowels, reducing symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea.

The apigenin content in chamomile has been shown to relax the muscles in the digestive tract, allowing for smoother digestion and reduced spasms.

Additionally, chamomile's antimicrobial properties may help reduce gut inflammation and promote a healthy balance of gut bacteria, leading to improved overall digestive function and alleviation of IBS symptoms.

Medicinal Constituents

The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Matricaria chamomilla decoctions that help with irritable bowel syndrome.

• Apigenin: Apigenin is a flavonoid that helps with irritable bowel syndrome by reducing inflammation and modulating the gut-brain axis, promoting relaxation and alleviating symptoms of anxiety and stress.
• Chamazulene: Chamazulene is a sesquiterpene that helps with irritable bowel syndrome by exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the gut, leading to alleviated symptoms.
• Luteolin: Luteolin is a flavonoid that helps with irritable bowel syndrome by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, which can help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.

Parts Used

The list below shows the primary parts of chamomile used to make decoctions for irritable bowel syndrome.

• Flowers: They contain apigenin and other flavonoids, which have anti-inflammatory and soothing properties that can help alleviate symptoms of IBS.
• Leaves: They have a mild sedative effect, which can help to calm the digestive system and reduce symptoms of IBS such as cramping and bloating.
• Seeds: They contain a compound called matricarin, which has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties that can help to soothe the digestive tract and reduce inflammation associated with IBS.

Quick Recipe

The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic chamomile for irritable bowel syndrome.

1. Harvest 1/4 cup of fresh matricaria chamomilla flowers or 2 tablespoons of dried flowers.
2. Rinse the flowers gently with cold water to remove any dirt or debris.
3. Combine the flowers with 2 cups of boiling water in a heat-resistant cup.
4. Steep the mixture for 5-10 minutes or 20-30 minutes for dried flowers.
5. Strain the decoction using a fine-mesh sieve or cheesecloth to remove the flowers.

10. Passiflora incarnata

Maypop decoctions helps with irritable bowel syndrome because of its unique combination of flavonoids, terpenes, and saponins.

The flavonoids work to reduce inflammation in the digestive tract, while the terpenes help to relax the muscles in the gut, alleviating spasms and cramping. The saponins, on the other hand, have been shown to stimulate the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, promoting a healthy balance of microflora in the intestines.

This holistic approach can lead to improved digestion, reduced symptoms, and overall relief for those suffering from IBS.

Medicinal Constituents

The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Passiflora incarnata decoctions that help with irritable bowel syndrome.

• Flavonoids: Flavonoids present in Passiflora incarnata decoctions, such as kaempferol and quercetin, help alleviate irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms by exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the gut.
• Alkaloids: Harmane and other alkaloids in Passiflora incarnata decoctions have been found to possess anxiolytic and antispasmodic properties that can help alleviate IBS symptoms, such as anxiety, abdominal pain, and bowel irregularities.
• Isoflavones: Cycloastragenol and other isoflavones present in Passiflora incarnata decoctions have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the gut, thereby alleviating IBS symptoms.

Parts Used

The list below shows the primary parts of maypop used to make decoctions for irritable bowel syndrome.

• Roots: Roots: The root system of Passiflora incarnata is commonly used due to its high concentration of bioactive compounds that help alleviate irritable bowel syndrome symptoms.
• Leaves: Leaves: Passiflora incarnata leaves are used to make decoctions due to their antispasmodic properties, which help reduce muscle spasms in the digestive tract.
• Fruits: Fruits: The fruits of Passiflora incarnata are used to make decoctions because they contain flavonoids and other compounds that help soothe digestive issues and reduce inflammation.

Quick Recipe

The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic maypop for irritable bowel syndrome.

1. Harvest fresh or dried passiflora incarnata flowers and leaves in the morning after dew has dried for optimal potency.
2. Chop 20-30 grams of passiflora incarnata flowers and leaves into small pieces to increase surface area for infusion.
3. Combine chopped herbs with 1 liter of boiling water in a heat-resistant container for a standard decoction.
4. Steep the mixture for 10-20 minutes to allow the herbal compounds to infuse into the water.
5. Strain the decoction through a cheesecloth or fine-mesh sieve into a clean container for consumption.

What is the best combination of herbal decoctions to use for irritable bowel syndrome?

The best combination of herbal decoctions that help with irritable bowel syndrome is a blend of Peppermint, Ginger, and Fennel.

Peppermint soothes digestive issues and calms the gut, while Ginger reduces inflammation and alleviates cramps. Fennel supports the digestive system, reduces bloating, and eases gas and discomfort. This synergistic blend of herbs works together to relax the muscles, ease spasms, and promote a balanced gut environment, providing relief from irritable bowel syndrome symptoms.

Regular consumption can lead to improved digestion and reduced discomfort.

What ailments similar to irritable bowel syndrome are treated with herbal decoctions?

Ailments similar to irritable bowel syndrome that are treated with herbal decoctions are inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

Other conditions that may be addressed through herbal remedies include diverticulitis, constipation, diarrhea, and chronic gastritis.

Herbal decoctions may also provide relief for symptoms of bloating, abdominal pain, and cramping associated with these conditions.