By Leen Randell
Updated: Jul 03, 2024
10 Best Herbal Tinctures For Diverticulitis
Herbal tinctures for diverticulitis are concentrated plant extracts made from herbs like marshmallow root, slippery elm, and turmeric, which have anti-inflammatory and soothing properties.
These tinctures help to alleviate symptoms of diverticulitis by reducing inflammation and pain in the digestive tract. By taking a few drops of these tinctures mixed with water or tea, individuals can experience relief from abdominal cramps, bloating, and diarrhea. For example, turmeric has been shown to reduce inflammation and improve digestion, while marshmallow root soothes the mucous membranes in the digestive tract, reducing irritation and discomfort.
As a result, people suffering from diverticulitis can enjoy improved quality of life with reduced symptoms and increased comfort.
The following article describes in detail the most important tinctures for diverticulitis, including medicinal properties, parts of herbs to use, and recipes for preparations.
- 1. Curcuma longa
- 2. Althaea officinalis
- 3. Glycyrrhiza glabra
- 4. Taraxacum officinale
- 5. Ulmus rubra
- 6. Hydrastis canadensis
- 7. Zingiber officinale
- 8. Mentha x piperita
- 9. Foeniculum vulgare
- 10. Matricaria chamomilla
- What is the best combination of herbal tinctures to use for diverticulitis?
- What ailments similar to diverticulitis are treated with herbal tinctures?
1. Curcuma longa
Turmeric tinctures helps with diverticulitis because of its potent anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce inflammation in the digestive tract.
The curcuminoids present in turmeric have been shown to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes, thereby reducing pain and discomfort associated with diverticulitis. Additionally, turmeric's antioxidant properties help to protect the gut lining from oxidative damage, promoting healing and reducing symptoms such as bloating and abdominal pain.
As a result, turmeric tinctures can provide relief for those suffering from this common digestive disorder.
Medicinal Constituents
The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Curcuma longa tinctures that help with diverticulitis.
- Curcumin: Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound, helps alleviate diverticulitis by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, which are key factors in the development and progression of the condition.
- Demethoxycurcumin: DMC, a curcuminoid, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce the severity of diverticulitis symptoms and promote healing.
- Beta-caryophyllene: BCP, a sesquiterpene, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which can help mitigate the symptoms of diverticulitis, such as abdominal pain and inflammation.
Parts Used
The list below shows the primary parts of turmeric used to make tinctures for diverticulitis.
- Rhyzomes: High in curcumin, a bioactive compound that has potent anti-inflammatory properties, which can help alleviate symptoms of diverticulitis.
- Roots: Rich in curcuminoids, including curcumin, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that may help reduce inflammation and promote healing in diverticulitis.
- Leaves: Containing essential oils and other compounds with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which can aid in reducing infection and inflammation in diverticulitis.
Quick Recipe
The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic turmeric for diverticulitis.
- Chop 500g of dried curcuma longa rhizomes into small pieces to increase surface area for extraction.
- Combine 500g of chopped rhizomes with 1l of 45% ethanol in a clean glass container.
- Steep the mixture in a cool dark place for 2 weeks to allow for slow extraction.
- Strain the liquid through cheesecloth into another container leaving behind the solids.
- Store the tincture in a dark glass bottle with a tight-fitting lid in a cool dark place.
2. Althaea officinalis
Marshmallow tinctures helps with diverticulitis because of its unique ability to soothe and protect the mucous membranes lining the digestive tract.
The tannins and mucilages in marshmallow root work together to form a protective barrier, reducing inflammation and irritation caused by diverticulitis. This natural remedy also increases water absorption and stool bulk, making bowel movements easier and less painful.
As a result, herbal marshmallow tinctures can provide relief from symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation often associated with diverticulitis.
Medicinal Constituents
The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Althaea officinalis tinctures that help with diverticulitis.
- Mucilages: Mucilages in Althaea officinalis help soothe and protect the inflamed mucous membranes in the digestive tract, reducing inflammation and promoting healing in diverticulitis.
- Polysaccharides: Polysaccharides, particularly pectin, in Althaea officinalis help regulate bowel movements, prevent constipation, and promote the healing of the intestinal lining, which can help manage diverticulitis symptoms.
- Flavonoids: Flavonoids in Althaea officinalis have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the digestive tract, alleviating symptoms of diverticulitis.
Parts Used
The list below shows the primary parts of marshmallow used to make tinctures for diverticulitis.
- Roots: The roots of Althaea officinalis are used for their high mucilage content, which helps soothe and protect the digestive tract.
- Leaves: The leaves of Althaea officinalis contain mucilages that help reduce inflammation and promote healing in the digestive tract.
- Stems: The stems of Althaea officinalis are also used for their mucilage content, which aids in soothing and protecting the digestive tract lining.
Quick Recipe
The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic marshmallow for diverticulitis.
- Harvest fresh roots of althaea officinalis in late summer or early fall for optimal potency.
- Clean and dry the harvested roots in a low-temperature oven for 2 hours at 150°f.
- Chop the dried roots into small pieces using a sharp knife for better extraction.
- Steep the chopped roots in a mixture of 80 proof vodka and distilled water in a 1:5 ratio for 2 weeks.
- Strain the mixture using a cheesecloth and transfer the tincture to dark glass bottles for storage.
3. Glycyrrhiza glabra
Licorice tinctures helps with diverticulitis because of its anti-inflammatory properties, which reduce swelling and pain in the digestive tract.
The tannins present in licorice root also help to soothe the mucous membranes lining the intestines, calming inflammation and discomfort.
Additionally, licorice's natural antibacterial properties can help to eliminate harmful bacteria that may exacerbate diverticulitis symptoms, promoting healing and reducing the risk of complications.
Medicinal Constituents
The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Glycyrrhiza glabra tinctures that help with diverticulitis.
- Glycyrrhizin: A triterpenoid saponin, glycyrrhizin has anti-inflammatory properties that may help reduce inflammation and pain associated with diverticulitis.
- Licopyranocoumarin: A phenolic compound, licopyranocoumarin has antioxidant properties that may help protect the gut mucosa from oxidative damage and promote healing of diverticulitis.
- Isoliquiritigenin: A flavonoid, isoliquiritigenin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that may help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, potentially alleviating diverticulitis symptoms.
Parts Used
The list below shows the primary parts of licorice used to make tinctures for diverticulitis.
- Roots: Glycyrrhiza glabra roots are used to make tinctures for diverticulitis due to their anti-inflammatory properties that help soothe and calm digestive issues.
- Seeds: Glycyrrhiza glabra seeds are used to make tinctures for diverticulitis because they contain compounds that have been shown to reduce inflammation and promote healing in the digestive tract.
- Rhyzomes: Glycyrrhiza glabra rhyzomes are used to make tinctures for diverticulitis due to their ability to regulate gut bacteria and alleviate symptoms associated with diverticulitis, such as abdominal pain.
Quick Recipe
The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic licorice for diverticulitis.
- Harvest glycyrrhiza glabra roots in late summer or early fall when the roots are fully mature.
- Clean and dry the glycyrrhiza glabra roots in a well-ventilated area with temperatures below 40 degrees celsius.
- Cut the dried glycyrrhiza glabra roots into small pieces and soak them in a 70 percent ethanol solution at a ratio of 1 part roots to 2 parts ethanol for 2 weeks.
- Strain the mixture through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into a glass container after the soaking period.
- Store the tincture in a dark glass bottle with a tight-fitting lid and keep it away from direct sunlight and heat.
4. Taraxacum officinale
Dandelion tinctures helps with diverticulitis because of its anti-inflammatory properties, which soothe the digestive tract and reduce swelling in the colon.
The herb's bitter compounds also stimulate digestion and improve bile flow, which can help dissolve gallstones and reduce symptoms like bloating and abdominal pain. Additionally, dandelion's antimicrobial properties may help combat bacterial overgrowth in the gut, a common contributor to diverticulitis flare-ups.
By addressing these underlying causes, herbal dandelion tinctures can provide natural relief from diverticulitis symptoms.
Medicinal Constituents
The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Taraxacum officinale tinctures that help with diverticulitis.
- Taraxasterol: A triterpenoid saponin, taraxasterol may help with diverticulitis by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the digestive tract, thereby alleviating symptoms.
- Luteolin: A flavonoid phenolic compound, luteolin may help with diverticulitis by exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can aid in reducing inflammation and promoting healing in the affected area.
- Inulin: A type of soluble dietary fiber, inulin may help with diverticulitis by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, supporting the integrity of the gut lining, and potentially reducing symptoms associated with diverticulitis.
Parts Used
The list below shows the primary parts of dandelion used to make tinctures for diverticulitis.
- Leaves: They are the primary part used due to their high concentration of flavonoids and other bioactive compounds that have anti-inflammatory properties beneficial for diverticulitis treatment.
- Roots: The roots of Taraxacum officinale are rich in saponins, which have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties that can help in managing diverticulitis symptoms.
- Seeds: The seeds of Taraxacum officinale contain prenylated flavonoids and other compounds that may help reduce inflammation and improve digestion, making them a potential component in tinctures for diverticulitis.
Quick Recipe
The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic dandelion for diverticulitis.
- Harvest the fresh leaves and roots of taraxacum officinale in the morning after the dew has evaporated.
- Cut the plant material into small pieces and use a 1 part plant to 2 parts 80 proof vodka ratio.
- Combine the plant material and vodka in a clean glass jar and store it in a cool dark place.
- Shake the jar vigorously every day for 2 weeks to ensure proper extraction and infusion.
- Strain the liquid through a cheesecloth or coffee filter into a separate container discarding the solids.
5. Ulmus rubra
Slippery elm tinctures helps with diverticulitis because it provides relief from inflammation, discomfort, and digestive issues often associated with this condition.
The mucilages present in slippery elm soothe and protect the mucous membranes lining the digestive tract, reducing irritation and discomfort caused by diverticular disease.
Additionally, slippery elm's anti-inflammatory properties help to alleviate symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation, allowing for a smoother digestion process and reduced risk of complications.
Medicinal Constituents
The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Ulmus rubra tinctures that help with diverticulitis.
- Flavonoids: These plant compounds may help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress associated with diverticulitis, promoting healing and recovery.
- Tannins: As astringent and anti-inflammatory agents, tannins may help soothe and protect the mucous membranes in the digestive tract, reducing inflammation and discomfort associated with diverticulitis.
- Phenolic acids: Phenolic acids like gallic acid have been shown to exhibit antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, which may help prevent infections and reduce inflammation in the digestive tract associated with diverticulitis.
Parts Used
The list below shows the primary parts of slippery elm used to make tinctures for diverticulitis.
- Barks: The barks of Ulmus rubra are used to make tinctures for their astringent and anti-inflammatory properties, which may help soothe digestive issues.
- Leaves: The leaves of Ulmus rubra are used to make tinctures for their anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties, which may help reduce inflammation and promote healing in the digestive tract.
- Roots: The roots of Ulmus rubra are used to make tinctures for their anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties, which may help soothe digestive issues and reduce inflammation.
Quick Recipe
The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic slippery elm for diverticulitis.
- Harvest fresh ulmus rubra leaves and twigs in late summer when the sap is flowing freely.
- Chop the harvested plant material into small pieces to increase its surface area for extraction.
- Combine 1 part of chopped plant material with 2 parts of 95% ethanol in a clean glass jar.
- Seal the jar and let it steep in a cool dark place for 2-3 weeks allowing the mixture to macerate.
- Strain the liquid through cheesecloth or a coffee filter into a separate container discarding the solids.
6. Hydrastis canadensis
Goldenseal tinctures helps with diverticulitis because of its potent antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
The bioactive compound berberine in goldenseal has been shown to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms associated with diverticulitis, such as abdominal pain and bloating. Additionally, berberine's ability to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria may help prevent infections that can exacerbate diverticulitis.
As a natural remedy, goldenseal tincture can be used in conjunction with traditional treatments to promote healing and reduce symptoms.
Medicinal Constituents
The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Hydrastis canadensis tinctures that help with diverticulitis.
- Alkaloids: Berberine has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce bacterial overgrowth and inflammation in the digestive tract, alleviating diverticulitis symptoms.
- Phenolic acids: Hydrastine exhibits antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help combat bacterial infections and reduce inflammation in the digestive tract, providing relief from diverticulitis.
- Isoquinoline alkaloids: Berberastine has antimicrobial properties that can help eliminate bacterial overgrowth in the digestive tract, reducing the severity of diverticulitis symptoms and promoting healing.
Parts Used
The list below shows the primary parts of goldenseal used to make tinctures for diverticulitis.
- Roots: The roots of Hydrastis canadensis contain berberine, a compound that has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it effective in treating diverticulitis.
- Leaves: The leaves of Hydrastis canadensis contain hydrastine, a compound that has been shown to have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce inflammation and combat infection in diverticulitis.
Quick Recipe
The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic goldenseal for diverticulitis.
- Harvest 1-2 pounds of fresh hydrastis canadensis roots in late summer or early fall when the plant is mature.
- Dry the roots in a warm dry place or using a food dehydrator at 95 degrees fahrenheit for 8 hours.
- Use a glass jar to mix 1 part dried roots with 2 parts 80 proof vodka and add 2 cups of 80 proof vodka.
- Steep the mixture in a cool dark place for 2-6 weeks shaking the jar every day to combine ingredients.
- Strain the liquid through a coffee filter into a clean glass bottle and discard the solids.
7. Zingiber officinale
Ginger tinctures helps with diverticulitis because of its anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce swelling and ease digestive discomfort.
The bioactive compounds in ginger, such as gingerol and shogaol, have been shown to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory molecules, thereby reducing inflammation and pain in the affected area.
Additionally, ginger's natural antibacterial and antifungal properties can help combat infections that often accompany diverticulitis, promoting a healthy gut environment and reducing symptoms.
Medicinal Constituents
The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Zingiber officinale tinctures that help with diverticulitis.
- Gingerols: Gingerols, specifically [6]-gingerol and [8]-gingerol, have anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms associated with diverticulitis.
- Shogaols: Shogaols, particularly [6]-shogaol, possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties that help manage pain and inflammation associated with diverticulitis.
- Zerumbone: Zerumbone is a sesquiterpene that exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which help reduce inflammation, prevent oxidative stress, and promote healing in the digestive tract during diverticulitis.
Parts Used
The list below shows the primary parts of ginger used to make tinctures for diverticulitis.
- Rhyzomes: The rhyzome of Zingiber officinale is commonly used due to its high concentration of bioactive compounds, including gingerols and shogaols, which have anti-inflammatory properties that can help alleviate diverticulitis symptoms.
- Roots: The roots of Zingiber officinale are also used to make tinctures for diverticulitis, as they contain a similar array of bioactive compounds to the rhyzome, which can help reduce inflammation and promote healing.
- Stems: While less commonly used, the stems of Zingiber officinale may also be used to make tinctures for diverticulitis, as they may contain smaller amounts of bioactive compounds that can contribute to the overall therapeutic effects.
Quick Recipe
The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic ginger for diverticulitis.
- Harvest 2-3 pounds of fresh zingiber officinale roots during the peak season.
- Clean and dry the roots thoroughly for 2-3 days in a warm dry place.
- Chop the dried roots into small pieces and fill a 1-quart glass jar with them.
- Cover the chopped roots with 80-100 proof vodka in a 1:5 ratio by volume and steep for 2-3 weeks.
- Strain the tincture through a cheesecloth into a clean dark glass bottle and discard the solids.
8. Mentha x piperita
Peppermint tinctures helps with diverticulitis because of its calming and soothing properties.
The menthol content in peppermint has a natural ability to relax the muscles in the digestive tract, reducing inflammation and spasms associated with diverticulitis. Additionally, peppermint's anti-inflammatory compounds help to reduce pain and discomfort caused by this condition.
By easing muscle contractions and inflammation, herbal peppermint tinctures can provide relief from symptoms of diverticulitis, promoting a healthier and more comfortable digestive system.
Medicinal Constituents
The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Mentha x piperita tinctures that help with diverticulitis.
- Caryophyllene: This sesquiterpene has anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce inflammation in the diverticula, alleviating symptoms and promoting healing.
- Limonene: A monoterpene with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, limonene may help combat bacterial overgrowth and inflammation in the digestive tract, contributing to the management of diverticulitis.
- Menthol: A monoterpenol with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, menthol can help alleviate pain and discomfort associated with diverticulitis, promoting a more comfortable and manageable condition.
Parts Used
The list below shows the primary parts of peppermint used to make tinctures for diverticulitis.
- Leaves: The leaves of peppermint are often used in tinctures for diverticulitis due to their high menthol content, which may help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms.
- Roots: The roots of peppermint contain a high concentration of menthone, which may help to reduce spasms and ease digestive discomfort associated with diverticulitis.
- Stems: The stems of peppermint may be used in tinctures to take advantage of their anti-inflammatory properties, which may help to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms of diverticulitis.
Quick Recipe
The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic peppermint for diverticulitis.
- Harvest 1 cup of fresh mentha x piperita leaves in the morning after dew has evaporated.
- Chop the leaves finely to release their oils and prepare them for extraction.
- Combine the chopped leaves with 2 cups of 80 proof vodka in a clean glass jar.
- Steep the mixture in a cool dark place for 2 to 3 weeks, shaking jar daily.
- Strain the liquid through a cheesecloth and discard the solids to obtain the tincture.
9. Foeniculum vulgare
Fennel tinctures helps with diverticulitis because of its natural anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce swelling and ease discomfort in the affected areas.
The tincture's antispasmodic properties also relax the muscles in the digestive tract, reducing cramping and spasms that can exacerbate symptoms. Additionally, fennel's antioxidant properties help to protect against oxidative stress and inflammation, promoting healing and reducing the risk of complications.
By addressing these underlying issues, herbal fennel tinctures provide a holistic approach to managing diverticulitis symptoms and promoting overall digestive health.
Medicinal Constituents
The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Foeniculum vulgare tinctures that help with diverticulitis.
- Anethole: Anethole, a phenolic monoterpene, helps to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms associated with diverticulitis by exerting anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic effects.
- Foeniculin: Foeniculin, a sesquiterpene, possesses antimicrobial properties, which can help prevent infections that may contribute to the development or worsening of diverticulitis.
- Lignans: Lignans, a type of phenolic compound, exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which can help mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation associated with diverticulitis.
Parts Used
The list below shows the primary parts of fennel used to make tinctures for diverticulitis.
- Seeds: They are used due to their high oil content, particularly anethole, which has anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties that help soothe digestive issues.
- Leaves: They are used for their antimicrobial and antispasmodic properties, which can help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms of diverticulitis.
- Roots: They are used for their anti-inflammatory and carminative properties, which can help soothe digestive issues and reduce pain associated with diverticulitis.
Quick Recipe
The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic fennel for diverticulitis.
- Harvest 1 part of foeniculum vulgare roots and 2 parts of its aerial parts in early summer when in full bloom.
- Clean the harvested foeniculum vulgare parts thoroughly to remove any dirt or debris with cold water.
- Chop the clean foeniculum vulgare parts into small pieces to increase their surface area for extraction.
- Combine the chopped foeniculum vulgare parts with 60 percent ethanol as a solvent in a ratio of 1:3 and allow it to steep for 2 weeks.
- Strain the foeniculum vulgare tincture through cheesecloth to remove the plant material and discard the solids.
10. Matricaria chamomilla
Chamomile tinctures helps with diverticulitis because of its potent anti-inflammatory properties, which soothe the digestive tract and reduce inflammation in the affected areas.
The tincture's antimicrobial compounds also help combat bacterial overgrowth, a common exacerbating factor of diverticulitis. Additionally, chamomile's natural relaxant effects can ease abdominal cramping and discomfort associated with the condition.
By reducing inflammation and promoting a healthy gut environment, herbal chamomile tinctures may help alleviate symptoms and promote recovery from diverticulitis.
Medicinal Constituents
The list below shows the primary medicinal constituents in Matricaria chamomilla tinctures that help with diverticulitis.
- Apigenin: This flavonoid helps with diverticulitis by reducing inflammation and modulating the immune response, which can help alleviate symptoms such as abdominal pain and inflammation.
- Chamazulene: This sesquiterpene lactone has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can help protect the digestive tract from oxidative damage and reduce inflammation associated with diverticulitis.
- Luteolin: This flavonoid has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help prevent infection and reduce inflammation in the digestive tract, making it easier to manage diverticulitis symptoms.
Parts Used
The list below shows the primary parts of chamomile used to make tinctures for diverticulitis.
- Flowers: They are the most commonly used part due to their high concentration of apigenin, an anti-inflammatory compound that can help soothe digestive issues.
- Leaves: They contain flavonoids, which may help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms associated with diverticulitis.
- Seeds: They are rich in essential oils, including chamazulene, which can help calm inflammation and promote healing in the digestive tract.
Quick Recipe
The following recipe gives a procedure to make a basic chamomile for diverticulitis.
- Harvest the fresh flowers of matricaria chamomilla in the early morning after the dew has dried.
- Dry the harvested flowers in a warm dark place or using a food dehydrator at 95 degrees for 8 hours.
- Combine 1 part dried flowers with 2 parts 80 proof vodka or glycerin in a clean glass jar.
- Steep the mixture in a cool dark place for 2 to 6 weeks shaking the jar every few days.
- Strain the liquid through a cheesecloth or coffee filter into another clean glass bottle discarding the solids.
What is the best combination of herbal tinctures to use for diverticulitis?
The best combination of herbal tinctures that help with diverticulitis is a blend of Slippery Elm, Dandelion Root, and Goldenrod.
Slippery Elm soothes the digestive tract and reduces inflammation, while Dandelion Root stimulates digestion and promotes the elimination of toxins. Goldenrod, rich in flavonoids and antioxidants, helps to reduce inflammation and promote healing. Taking 20-30 drops of each tincture, 3-4 times a day, may help alleviate symptoms and promote recovery.
However, consult a healthcare professional before using any herbal remedies.
What ailments similar to diverticulitis are treated with herbal tinctures?
Ailments similar to diverticulitis/tinctures.html">diverticulitis/tinctures.html">diverticulitis that are treated with herbal tinctures are inflammatory bowel diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.
Herbal tinctures containing herbs like Turmeric, Ginger, Slippery Elm, and Marshmallow root have anti-inflammatory properties that help soothe irritated digestive tracts, reduce inflammation, and promote healing.
They can also aid in reducing symptoms such as bloating, cramping, and diarrhea.