What to know about Polygonum multiflorum (fo-ti) before using it medicinally

Polygonum multiflorum, commonly known as fo-ti, is a herb that has been prized for centuries for its potential health benefits, including anti-aging properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and antioxidant activity, which can help to improve cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

The herb is a versatile plant that can be cultivated in a variety of conditions, making it a popular choice for gardeners and farmers, and its long, creeping stems can be trained to climb up walls or trellises. Botanically, Polygonum multiflorum is a perennial herb that belongs to the Polygonaceae family, characterized by its distinctive, heart-shaped leaves and small, greenish-white flowers.

The herb has been referenced in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2,000 years, with recorded uses dating back to the Shennong Ben Cao Jing, one of the oldest and most influential Chinese medical texts.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Polygonum multiflorum .

What are the medicinal properties of Polygonum multiflorum ?

Polygonum multiflorum helps with various health issues, including improving cardiovascular health, reducing inflammation, and enhancing cognitive function. Its medicinal properties also aid in anti-aging, improving vision, and supporting immune system function. Additionally, it is used to treat skin conditions, such as acne and eczema.

The active constituents of Polygonum multiflorum responsible for its medicinal properties are stilbenoids, including emodin and emodin-ether. These compounds have been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. Other constituents, such as flavonoids and polysaccharides, also contribute to the plant's medicinal effects.

The roots and stems of Polygonum multiflorum are most commonly used for medicinal purposes. The roots are rich in bioactive compounds and are often used in traditional Chinese medicine. The stems are also used, although to a lesser extent, for their medicinal properties.

When used improperly, Polygonum multiflorum can cause adverse effects, such as gastrointestinal upset, allergic reactions, and interactions with other medications. High doses or prolonged use can lead to side effects, including kidney damage and increased liver enzymes.

Precautions when using Polygonum multiflorum medicinally include using it under the guidance of a healthcare professional, especially when combined with other medications. Patients with kidney or liver disease, pregnant or breastfeeding women, and individuals with bleeding disorders should exercise caution when using this plant.

What are the horticulural aspects of Polygonum multiflorum ?

Polygonum multiflorum grow in well-drained soils with a pH range of 5.5-7.5. It thrives in full sun to partial shade, with temperatures between 15-30°C. The plant can tolerate some drought but performs best with regular watering.

Planting tips for Polygonum multiflorum involve choosing a location with good air circulation. Dig a hole that is 2-3 times the width of the root ball. Mix compost or manure into the soil and water well. Space plants 1-2 meters apart for optimal growth.

Harvesting Polygonum multiflorum roots typically occurs after 3-5 years of growth. Dig up the entire root system, taking care not to damage the remaining roots. Cut the stems back to the ground to encourage new growth. Harvest roots in the spring or fall when the plant is dormant.

Common pests and diseases affecting Polygonum multiflorum include spider mites, aphids, and root rot caused by overwatering. Regular monitoring and management can prevent infestations. Fungal diseases can be treated with fungicides, while pests can be managed with insecticides or physical removal.

What are the botanical aspects of Polygonum multiflorum ?

Polygonum multiflorum is an annual or perennial herb that grows up to 1.5 meters in height. Its stems are erect, slender, and branched, with a rough, hairy texture. Leaves are ovate, pointed, and have a wavy margin. Flowers are small, greenish-yellow, and borne in clusters.

Polygonum multiflorum belongs to the family Polygonaceae, with the genus Polygonum having about 300 species. The species is further classified into the section Polygonum within the subgenus Eriocaulon. The specific epithet multiflorum refers to the multiple flowers that grow from the axils of the leaves.

Variants of Polygonum multiflorum include Polygonum multiflorum var. latifolium, which has broader leaves, and Polygonum multiflorum var. angustifolium, with narrower leaves. The species is also known as He shou Wu in Chinese, with other regional names including Japanese Rei and Korean Pae.

Polygonum multiflorum is native to China, but has been naturalized in other parts of the world, including Japan, Korea, and India. It is commonly found in dry, woodland areas, and along streams. The plant grows best in areas with well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade.

The life cycle of Polygonum multiflorum consists of an annual or perennial growth habit, with germination occurring in spring. The plant grows rapidly, producing multiple flowers and seeds in mid-to-late summer. After seed dispersal, the plant dies back, with the taproot remaining dormant until the next growing season.

What are the historical aspects of Polygonum multiflorum ?

Polygonum multiflorum is a plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine, particularly in East Asia. It was used to treat a variety of ailments, including arthritis, digestive issues, and skin conditions. Records of its use date back to the Shang Dynasty (16th-11th centuries BCE).

In Chinese mythology, fo-ti is associated with the goddess of longevity, Xiwangmu. According to legend, the goddess used the plant to extend her lifespan. The plant is also said to have been used by the legendary Chinese emperor, Qin Shi Huang, to seek immortality.

The plant is symbolic of good fortune, prosperity, and longevity. In traditional Chinese culture, it is believed to bring good luck and fortune to those who possess it. In Buddhist tradition, it is considered a symbol of spiritual growth and enlightenment.

Records of fo-ti's use can be found in various historical texts, including the Chinese medical text, the Shennong Ben Cao Jing, and the Japanese medical text, the Honzokukou. These texts describe the plant's medicinal properties and provide guidance on its use in traditional medicine.

Artifacts related to fo-ti can be found in ancient Chinese and Japanese museums, including the Palace Museum in Beijing and the Tokyo National Museum. These artifacts include ancient coins, pottery, and ceramics adorned with fo-ti motifs, which highlight the plant's importance in traditional culture.