What to know about Panax notoginseng (tienchi) before using it medicinally

Panax notoginseng, commonly known as tienchi, is a medicinal herb that has been prized for its health-promoting properties for centuries, including its ability to improve cardiovascular health, reduce inflammation, and boost immune function.

Cultivation of this herb requires specific conditions, including well-drained acidic soil and high altitudes, which can limit its geographical distribution. From a botanical perspective, Panax notoginseng is a perennials that belongs to the Panax genus, characterized by its unique, forked roots.

The herb has been mentioned in traditional Chinese medicine for over 1,000 years, with ancient texts such as the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing referencing its medicinal uses.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Panax notoginseng.

What are the medicinal properties of Panax notoginseng?

Panax notoginseng helps with cardiovascular health, reducing blood pressure, and improving circulation. It is also used to alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties, reducing swelling and pain.

The active constituents of Panax notoginseng include ginsenosides, phenolic acids, and polysaccharides, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. Ginsenosides are the primary active compounds, comprising 70-80% of the total saponin content.

The roots and rhizomes of Panax notoginseng are most commonly used for medicinal purposes. These parts are harvested in the autumn and dried to preserve their potency.

Improper use of Panax notoginseng may lead to gastrointestinal upset, such as nausea and diarrhea. Additionally, high doses may cause headaches and dizziness. Long-term use may also cause interactions with other medications.

Precautions when using Panax notoginseng include avoiding high doses, especially in individuals with bleeding disorders or taking anticoagulant medications. Additionally, pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult their healthcare provider before using this herb medicinally.

What are the horticulural aspects of Panax notoginseng?

Panax notoginseng grow in subtropical and tropical regions of Asia, requiring a temperature range of 15-30°C (59-86°F) and annual rainfall of 1,500-2,000 mm (59-79 in). Well-draining acidic soils with pH 5.5-6.5 are preferred for optimal growth.

Proper planting of Panax notoginseng involves selecting a location with partial shade and well-draining soil. Seeds or seedlings are planted in spring or autumn, 10-15 cm (3.9-5.9 in) deep and 30-40 cm (11.8-15.7 in) apart, with adequate watering and fertilization.

Harvesting of Panax notoginseng typically occurs after 4-6 years of cultivation, when the roots reach a diameter of 2-5 cm (0.79-1.97 in). Harvesting is done by digging the roots carefully to avoid damaging them, and then cleaning and drying them for storage and processing.

Common pests affecting Panax notoginseng include the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) and the spider mite (Tetranychus spp.), while diseases such as root rot (Phytophthora spp.), leaf blight (Pseudomonas spp.), and damping off (Pythium spp.) can also occur.

What are the botanical aspects of Panax notoginseng?

Panax notoginseng is a perennial plant that belongs to the Araliaceae family. Its stem is hairy, with two or three leaves at the base, and the leaflets have wavy margins and a serrated apex.

The taxonomical classification of Panax notoginseng places it in the genus Panax, which comprises several other ginseng species. The species is further classified as a member of the section Notoginseng, characterized by its thick roots and leaf morphology.

There are two main variants of Panax notoginseng, namely, the "notoginseng" and "xianning" varieties. The notoginseng variety is considered more potent and has a thicker root, while the xianning variety has a smaller root.

Panax notoginseng is native to southern China, specifically in the provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Xizang. The plant grows in mountainous regions, typically at high elevations, between 1,500 to 3,000 meters above sea level.

The life cycle of Panax notoginseng typically lasts for five to seven years, after which the plant's yield and quality decrease significantly. The plant flowers in mid-summer, and seeds are produced in late summer, completing the reproductive cycle.

What are the historical aspects of Panax notoginseng?

Panax notoginseng is an ancient medicinal plant with a history of use dating back to the Han Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE) in China. It was used to treat various ailments, including fever, cough, and rheumatism.

In Chinese mythology, tienchi is associated with the dragon, a symbol of good fortune and longevity. According to legend, the plant's unique appearance and healing properties are said to be inspired by the dragon's magical powers. Tienchi is also linked to the mythical Queen of the Heavens, Xi Wangmu.

In traditional Chinese culture, tienchi is considered a symbol of vitality and immortality. The plant's saponin compounds, which have anti-inflammatory properties, are said to promote a long and healthy life. Tienchi is also associated with the concept of "qi" or life energy, which is believed to flow through the plant.

In historical texts, such as the Ben Cao Gang Mu (16th century) and the Shennong Ben Cao Jing (2nd century), tienchi is described as a versatile medicinal plant with multiple uses. The texts detail its various preparations, including decoctions, infusions, and tablets.

Archaeological evidence from the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 - 220 CE) has yielded numerous artifacts related to tienchi, including ceramic vessels used for preparing tienchi extracts. The artifacts demonstrate the widespread use and recognition of tienchi as a medicinal plant during this period.