What to know about Crataegus laevigata (hawthorn) before using it medicinally

Crataegus laevigata, commonly known as hawthorn, is a herbaceous plant rich in flavonoids and oligomeric proanthocyanidins, which have been shown to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health, improving circulation and lowering blood pressure.

In terms of horticulture, this deciduous shrub or small tree is relatively easy to cultivate and can thrive in a variety of soil types, making it a popular choice for ornamental gardens and landscaping. From a botanical standpoint, Crataegus laevigata is a member of the Rosaceae family and is characterized by its distinctive, sharp-thorned branches and clusters of small, white flowers.

Historically, hawthorn has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, with references to its use dating back to ancient Greek and Chinese medical texts.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Crataegus laevigata.

What are the medicinal properties of Crataegus laevigata?

Crataegus laevigata helps with cardiovascular issues, including high blood pressure, angina, and heart failure, due to its ability to improve blood vessel function and reduce inflammation.

The medicinal properties of C. laevigata are attributed to its content of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs), flavonoids, and triterpenoids, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and may help to protect against cellular damage and improve cardiovascular function.

The parts of C. laevigata most commonly used medicinally are the berries, leaves, flowers, and stems, which are often combined in supplements or herbal remedies to enhance their potential benefits.

When used improperly, C. laevigata may cause side effects such as gastrointestinal upset, dizziness, and headaches, particularly in high doses or with prolonged use, and may interact with certain medications, including blood thinners and diabetes medications.

To use C. laevigata safely and effectively, it is essential to follow recommended dosages, consult with a healthcare professional, and monitor for potential side effects, particularly in individuals with pre-existing medical conditions or taking medications.

What are the horticulural aspects of Crataegus laevigata?

Crataegus laevigata grow best in well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade conditions, requiring a pH range of 6.0-7.0. They can tolerate a wide range of soils, but will not thrive in waterlogged conditions. Average annual rainfall of 60-80 cm is suitable.

Planting tips for Crataegus laevigata include choosing a location with good air circulation to prevent disease. Plant bare-root or potted trees in early spring or fall, 2-3 times wider than the canopy, and water thoroughly. Mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds.

Harvesting tips for Crataegus laevigata involve monitoring for ripe fruit, typically in late summer to early fall. Pick berries individually, as they are easily damaged, and avoid over-handling to prevent spoilage. Leaves and flowers can be harvested for medicinal purposes, but must be properly dried to prevent mold.

Pests and diseases affecting Crataegus laevigata include aphids, scale, and spider mites, which can be managed with insecticidal soap or neem oil. Root rot and leaf spot are common fungal diseases, caused by Phytophthora and Diplocarpon, respectively, and can be treated with fungicides.

What are the botanical aspects of Crataegus laevigata?

Crataegus laevigata is a deciduous tree or shrub with thorny branches and oval-shaped leaves with a serrated margin, typically 3-10 cm long and 1-5 cm wide. The leaves are dark green on top and pale green on the bottom. The plant's bark is greyish-brown and rough.

Crataegus laevigata belongs to the family Rosaceae, order Rosales, and is a member of the genus Crataegus, which includes over 200 species of hawthorns. The plant's scientific name is Crataegus laevigata, and it is sometimes classified as Crataegus monogyna var. laevigata. The genus Crataegus is thought to have originated in the Northern Hemisphere.

Several variants of Crataegus laevigata exist, including the cultivar 'Paul's Scarlet', which is known for its bright red flowers. Other cultivars include 'Alberic Barbier', 'Bosc', and 'Crocus Roseus', among others. These variants have been developed for their ornamental value and fruit quality. Some variants are self-fertile, while others require cross-pollination.

Crataegus laevigata is native to Europe, western Asia, and northwestern Africa, but has been introduced to other parts of the world, including North America, where it has become naturalized in some areas. It grows in a variety of habitats, including woodland edges, hedgerows, and rocky slopes.

The life cycle of Crataegus laevigata typically begins in early spring, when the tree breaks dormancy and begins to grow new leaves. By summer, the tree is in full leaf and is producing white or pink flowers. The flowers are followed by red or yellow fruit, which ripens in late summer or early fall. The tree typically lives for 100-150 years in ideal conditions.

What are the historical aspects of Crataegus laevigata?

Crataegus laevigata is a plant with a long history of human interaction, dating back to ancient times. In traditional medicine, hawthorn berries and leaves were used to treat various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and digestive issues.

In ancient Celtic and Norse mythologies, hawthorn was associated with sacred and mystical properties. The tree was considered a symbol of protection, fertility, and rebirth. The Celts also believed that the hawthorn tree was inhabited by spirits, who would guide and protect those who revered the plant.

In various cultures, hawthorn has been imbued with symbolic meanings, often representing love, fertility, and longevity. In medieval Europe, hawthorn was a symbol of eternal marriage, and hawthorn garlands were exchanged during weddings to signify the couple's commitment. In some Asian cultures, hawthorn is associated with good luck and prosperity.

Historical texts, such as the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates' writings, have documented the use of hawthorn as a medicinal plant. The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder also described the plant's properties and uses in his work "Naturalis Historia". The medieval herbalist John Gerard wrote about hawthorn in his book "Herball", highlighting its medicinal properties.

Archaeological evidence has revealed that hawthorn was used in various ways, including as a building material. Ancient hawthorn timbers have been found in the construction of ancient Roman and Celtic dwellings. Additionally, hawthorn berries and leaves have been discovered in the remains of ancient cooking vessels and pottery.