English hawthorn
Crataegus laevigata · Accepted scientific name
Scientific literature: Very Extensive (910 studies) · ★★★★★
English hawthorn, scientifically known as Crataeagus laevigata, is a deciduous shrub revered in traditional herbalism. Renowned for its heart-protective properties, it is frequently utilized to support cardiovascular health and regulate blood pressure. This resilient plant offers a rich source of bioactive compounds, making it a cornerstone of botanical medicine.
Names
Common Names
- midland hawthorn
- smooth hawthorn
- English hawthorn
- whitethorn
- woodland hawthorn
Regional and Traditional Names
Spanish:
- Espino navarro
- Majuelo de dos huesos
- espino navarro
- majuelo de dos huesos
German:
- Zweigriffeliger Weißdorn
- Zweigriffliger Weißdorn
- Zweigriffliger Weissdorn
- Zweigriffliger Weißdorn
- Zweigriffeliger Weissdorn
French:
- Aubépine épineuse
- Crataegus oxyacantha
- aubépine à deux styles
- aubépine à deux styles
- aubépine épineuse
- Aubepine epineuse
- Epine blanche
- aubépine lisse
Scientific Names
Accepted name
Crataegus laevigataSynonyms
- Oxyacantha monogyna var. rosea
- Oxyacantha vulgaris
- Crataegus oxyacantha f. laevigata
- Crataegus laevigata var. palmstruchii
- Crataegus walokochiana var. globosa
- Crataegus walokochiana var. joachmyii
- Crataegus oxyacantha f. oxyacanthoides
- Crataegus oxyacantha f. auriculata
- Mespilus oxyacantha var. auriculata
- Crataegus oxyacantha proles polygyna
- Oxyacantha matthioli
- Mespilus digyna
- Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. carnoviensis
- Crataegus laevigata var. vulgaris
- Crataegus laevigata subsp. vulgaris
- Crataegus laevigata var. microxyacantha
- Crataegus monogyna var. rosea
- Crataegus coriacea
- Crataegus ariifolia
- Crataegus cuneatotrifida
- Mespilus laevigata
- Oxyacantha obtusata
- Mespilus intermedia
- Crataegus laevigata f. bicrenulata
- Mespilus oxyacantha var. integrifolia
- Crataegus subinermis
- Crataegus oxyacantha f. integrifolia
- Mespilus oxyacantha var. oxyacanthoides
- Crataegus oxyacantha f. gireoudii
- Crataegus oxyacantha f. gireoudii
- Crataegus oxyacantha f. glabrata
- Crataegus oxyacantha var. globosa
- Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. joachymii
- Crataegus oxyacantha var. integrifolia
- Crataegus oxyacantha var. laevigata
- Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. laevigata
- Crataegus oxyacantha var. obtusata
- Crataegus oxyacantha var. obtusiloba
- Crataegus oxyacantha var. ovata
- Crataegus oxyacantha var. mathei
- Crataegus oxyacantha var. microxyacantha
- Crataegus oxyacantha var. microcarpa
- Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. polygyna
- Crataegus oxyacantha var. rosea
- Crataegus oxyacantha f. rosea
- Crataegus oxyacantha sorbifolia
- Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. vernicosa
- Crataegus oxyacantha f. vernicosa
- Crataegus oxyacantha var. vulgaris
- Crataegus oxyacanthoides
- Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. palmstruchii
- Crataegus oxyacantha var. ovoxyacantha
- Crataegus oxyacantha var. oxyacanthoides
- Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. oxyacanthoides
- Crataegus oxyacantha var. palmstruchii
- Crataegus palmstruchii subsp. rhenana
- Crataegus laevigata var. carnoviensis
- Crataegus palmstruchii
- Crataegus laevigata subsp. palmstruchii
- Crataegus laevigata f. rosea
- Crataegus laevigata subsp. carnoviensis
- Crataegus laevigata f. ellipticifolia
- Crataegus laevigata var. integrifolia
- Crataegus laevigata var. mathei
- Crataegus laevigata var. microphylla
- Crataegus laevigata var. ovoxyacantha
- Crataegus laevigata var. sorbifolia
- Crataegus walokochiana var. subrotundifolia
- Mespilus oxyacantha subvar. glabrata
- Mespilus oxyacantha var. obovata
- Crataegus oxyacantha var. subrotundifolia
- Mespilus oxyacantha var. obtusata
- Mespilus oxyacanthoides
- Crataegus oxyacantha f. ellipticifolia
Taxonomical Classification
This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta, specifically classified within the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae. It is further organized under the order Rosales and the family Rosaceae. Finally, its taxonomic placement concludes within the genus Crataegus, where the species Crataegus laevigata is situated.
| Rank | Classification | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Kingdom | Plantae | WCVP |
| Phylum | Streptophyta | WCVP |
| Class | Equisetopsida | WCVP |
| Subclass | Magnoliidae | WCVP |
| Order | Rosales | WCVP |
| Family | Rosaceae | WCVP |
| Genus | Crataegus | WCVP |
Distribution
This plant, Crataegus laevigata, exhibits a specific range within the northern regions of the European continent. Its distribution is notably documented across several countries in Northern Europe. Specifically, it can be found growing in Denmark and throughout Great Britain. The species is also native to the landscapes of Ireland and Norway. Finally, its presence is confirmed within the borders of Sweden.
| Region | Area | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Northern Europe | Denmark | WCVP |
| Northern Europe | Great Britain | WCVP |
| Northern Europe | Ireland | WCVP |
| Northern Europe | Norway | WCVP |
| Northern Europe | Sweden | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Austria | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Belgium | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Czechia-Slovakia | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Germany | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Hungary | WCVP |
Plant Parts
This plant, Crataegus laevigata, utilizes various anatomical structures that contribute to its overall biology and medicinal profile. The plant's foundation is supported by its sturdy roots and stocks, which anchor it firmly in the soil and facilitate the absorption of essential nutrients and water. Its leaves are characterized by specific shapes and margins that are diagnostic to the species, serving as the primary sites for photosynthesis. Additionally, the plant produces flowers that are vital for its reproductive cycle, often attracting pollinators to ensure the successful production of seeds and fruit.| Plant Part | Sources | Confidence |
|---|---|---|
| flower | Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| leaf | Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| rootstocks | Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Chemicals
Crataegus laevigata has 111 reported phytochemicals identified across 3 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include (+)-catechin, (-)-Epicatechin, 2-Phenylchromone, 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE, 5-hydroxy-indole-acetic acid.
Most Reported Compounds
| Compound | Sources | Confidence |
|---|---|---|
| (+)-catechin | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| (-)-Epicatechin | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 2-Phenylchromone | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 5-hydroxy-indole-acetic acid | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| ALUMINUM | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Amines | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Aminopurine | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Apigetrin | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Ash | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Activities
Crataegus laevigata has 702 reported activities identified across 3 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include 11B-HSD-Inhibitor, 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor, 5-HT-Inhibitor, 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor, ACE-Inhibitor.
Most Reported Activities
| Activity | Sources | Confidence |
|---|---|---|
| 11B-HSD-Inhibitor | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 5-HT-Inhibitor | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| ACE-Inhibitor | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| AP-1-Inhibitor | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| ATPase-Inhibitor | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Abortifacient | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Absorbent | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Acaricide | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Medicinal Uses
Crataegus laevigata has 7 reported medicinal uses identified across 3 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported uses include heart failure, arrhythmia, cardiovascular diseases, exercise tolerance, high blood pressure.
Most Reported Uses
| Use | Sources | Confidence |
|---|---|---|
| heart failure | Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| arrhythmia | Journal of agricultural and food chemistry (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| cardiovascular diseases | The Journal of cardiovascular nursing (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| exercise tolerance | The Journal of cardiovascular nursing (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| high blood pressure | Journal of agricultural and food chemistry (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| left ventricular dysfunction | The Journal of cardiovascular nursing (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| psychosomatic disorders | Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Preparations
| Preparations | Sources | Confidence |
|---|---|---|
| rootstocks | Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |