What to know about Capsicum frutescens (cayenne) before using it medicinally

Capsicum frutescens, commonly known as cayenne, is a herb rich in health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties that help to reduce pain, improve digestion, and boost the immune system.

Grown as a perennial or annual in tropical climates, cayenne is a versatile herb that thrives in well-drained soil and can be cultivated in containers or directly in the ground. As a member of the nightshade family, Capsicum frutescens contains high concentrations of capsaicinoids, alkaloids responsible for its distinctive flavor and aroma.

With origins dating back to the indigenous cultures of Central and South America, cayenne has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and as a food spice, earning its place as one of the most recognizable and widely used herbs globally.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Capsicum frutescens.

What are the medicinal properties of Capsicum frutescens?

Capsicum frutescens helps with pain relief, inflammation, and digestive issues due to its bioactive compounds. It has anti-inflammatory properties, reducing swelling and pain in joints and muscles. It also aids in digestion, alleviating symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.

Capsicum frutescens contains capsaicin, a polyisoprene-derived chemical compound responsible for its medicinal properties. Capsaicin is a potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent, capable of inhibiting pain and inflammation by blocking the production of prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators.

The most used parts of Capsicum frutescens for medicinal purposes are the dried and powdered seeds, as well as the fruit's pulp and oil. These parts are rich in capsaicin and other bioactive compounds, making them effective for relieving pain and inflammation.

Improper use of Capsicum frutescens can lead to side effects such as skin and mucous membrane irritation, heartburn, and gastrointestinal upset. Prolonged use can also cause an increased heart rate, sweating, and flushing.

When using Capsicum frutescens medicinally, individuals should exercise caution, especially those with sensitive skin or allergies to spicy foods. They should also consult a healthcare professional before using it, especially if they are taking medications or have underlying health conditions.

What are the horticulural aspects of Capsicum frutescens?

Capsicum frutescens grow best in full sun to partial shade and well-draining soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. It requires a warm and humid climate, tolerating temperatures up to 90°F (32°C). Soil fertility is crucial, with high potassium levels.

Planting tips for Capsicum frutescens include sowing seeds ¼ inch deep and 1-2 inches apart in late spring to early summer. Transplant seedlings 12-18 inches apart when 6-8 inches tall. Water consistently, but avoid overwatering, which can lead to root rot. Mulch around the plants to retain moisture.

Harvest Capsicum frutescens 70-80 days after sowing, when the peppers reach their full color and are firm. Cut the fruit from the plant, leaving a small stem attached. Avoid pulling the peppers, which can damage the plant. Harvest in the morning, when the peppers are at their highest moisture content.

Pests and diseases that commonly affect Capsicum frutescens include aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites. Root rot, caused by overwatering, is also a common issue. Fungal diseases like powdery mildew and leaf spot can occur when the plant is under stress. Regularly inspect the plant for signs of pest or disease infestation.

What are the botanical aspects of Capsicum frutescens?

Capsicum frutescens is a perennial shrub native to Central and South America. It grows up to 1 meter tall, with oval-shaped leaves, 3-7 lobes, and pointed tips. The stem is woody at the base, green, and hairy. Small white flowers are borne in clusters.

Capsicum frutescens belongs to the Solanaceae family and the genus Capsicum. Its taxonomical classification is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Family: Solanaceae, Genus: Capsicum, Species: C. frutescens. It is closely related to other Capsicum species.

Several variants of Capsicum frutescens exist, including 'African Bird's Eye' and 'Malagueta'. These variants have differences in fruit size, color, and pungency. The fruit of some variants is smaller and less spicy than others. Different cultivars are bred for specific characteristics.

Capsicum frutescens is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, including Africa, Asia, and the Americas. It thrives in well-drained soil and full sun. It is commonly grown in gardens and is also naturalized in some areas.

The life cycle of Capsicum frutescens begins with seed germination. The seedling grows into a small shrub, producing white flowers that are self-pollinated. The fruits mature and turn from green to red, orange, or yellow, depending on the variety. The plant continues to produce new growth throughout its perennial life cycle.

What are the historical aspects of Capsicum frutescens?

Capsicum frutescens is a species of pepper native to tropical regions of Central and South America. Historically, it was used for medicinal and culinary purposes by indigenous peoples, including as an analgesic, antiseptic, and flavor enhancer.

In mythological references, Capsicum frutescens is associated with the Aztec god of fire, Xiuhtecuhtli, who was said to have been depicted with a cayenne pepper on his head. The pepper was also revered by the ancient Mayans and used in their rituals and ceremonies.

Symbolically, Capsicum frutescens represents passion, energy, and vitality. In various cultures, the cayenne pepper is used in ceremonies and rituals to purify, protect, and bring good luck. Its fiery energy is said to ignite passions and stimulate creativity.

In historical texts, Capsicum frutescens is mentioned in the writings of Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés, who brought back the pepper to Europe in the 16th century. The pepper was later cultivated and traded extensively throughout the world, becoming a staple ingredient in many cuisines. The 16th-century text "Historia general de las cosas de la Nueva España" by Francisco de Sahagún describes the use of Capsicum frutescens in Aztec rituals.

Archaeological artifacts, such as ceramic vessels and terra cotta figurines, have been discovered in Mexico and Central America, depicting the use of Capsicum frutescens in rituals and ceremonies. The ancient Mayans also used the pepper in their burial rituals, placing cayenne peppers in the tombs of their deceased to ensure safe passage to the afterlife.