rough cocklebur
Xanthium strumarium · Accepted scientific name
Scientific literature: Moderate (135 studies) · ★★★☆☆
Rough cockleburl, scientifically known as Xanthium strumarium, is a common annual herb found globally in disturbed soils. Renowned for its distinctive prickly seed pods, this plant holds significant ethnobotanical value. Historically used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation and skin ailments, it remains a subject of pharmacological study.
Names
Common Names
- rough cocklebur
- Cocklebur
- California-bur
- Canada cocklebur
- Noogoora-bur
- Siberian cocklebur
- ditchbur
- large cocklebur
- Borad Cocklebur
- Bur Weed
- Noogoora burr
- common cocklebur
- porcupine eggs
- rough cockleburr
Regional and Traditional Names
Spanish:
- bardana, bardana menor, arrancamoños, cardillo
- Abrojo
- Cadillo
German:
- Gewöhnliche Spitzklette
- Stechende Spitzklette
- Gemeine Spitzklette
- gewöhnliche Spitzklette
- Gemeine Spitzklette
- Kropf-Spitzklette
French:
- Lampourde glouteron
- lampourde glouteron
- lampourde glouteron
- Lampourde ordinaire
- Lampourde commune
- Lampourde d'Orient
Scientific Names
Accepted name
Xanthium strumariumSynonyms
- Xanthium brasilicum
- Xanthium strumarium subsp. brasilicum
- Xanthium mongolicum
- Xanthium strumarium var. indicum
- Xanthium natalense
- Xanthium strumarium var. japonicum
- Xanthium sibiricum var. jingyuanense
- Xanthium strumarium var. inaequilaterum
- Xanthium sibiricum var. subinerme
- Xanthium strumarium var. subinerme
- Xanthium strumarium subsp. sibiricum
- Xanthium pungens var. globuliforme
- Xanthium inaequilaterum
- Xanthium strumarium var. brasilicum
- Xanthium indicum var. inaequilaterum
- Xanthium abyssinicum
- Xanthium antiquorum
- Xanthium arenarium
- Xanthium strumarium subsp. strumarium
- Xanthium indicum
- Xanthium japonicum
- Xanthium sibiricum
Taxonomical Classification
This plant, known as Xanthium strumarium, belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta. It is classified under the class Equisetopsida and the subclass Magnoliidae within the order Asterales. Finally, it is a member of the family Asteraceae and falls under the genus Xanthium.
| Rank | Classification | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Kingdom | Plantae | WCVP |
| Phylum | Streptophyta | WCVP |
| Class | Equisetopsida | WCVP |
| Subclass | Magnoliidae | WCVP |
| Order | Asterales | WCVP |
| Family | Asteraceae | WCVP |
| Genus | Xanthium | WCVP |
Distribution
This plant exhibits a broad presence across several regions within the European continent. In Northern Europe, it can be found growing in both Great Britain and Ireland. Moving toward the central part of the continent, the species is also established in Middle Europe. Specifically, it is documented in countries such as Austria and Belgium. Additionally, its geographical reach extends through the Middle Europe region of Czechia-Slovakia.
| Region | Area | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Northern Europe | Great Britain | WCVP |
| Northern Europe | Ireland | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Austria | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Belgium | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Czechia-Slovakia | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Germany | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Hungary | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Netherlands | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Poland | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Switzerland | WCVP |
Plant Parts
This plant, commonly known as cocklebur, possesses various components that are utilized in different medicinal and biological contexts. The aerial parts, which encompass the stems and upper structures, are often studied for their overall chemical composition. The large, heart-shaped leaves contain various secondary metabolites, while the sturdy roots are frequently examined for their specific bioactive properties. Most notably, the plant produces distinctive fruits that are encased in a prickly, bur-like structure designed for dispersal. Contained within these protective husks are the seeds, which are known to contain potent compounds that require careful handling due to their high toxicity.| Plant Part | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| leaf | International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology (and other 5 sources) | ★★★☆☆ |
| fruit | Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 4 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| root | Journal of natural products (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| seed | International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| flower | Folia microbiologica (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Chemicals
Xanthium strumarium has 56 reported phytochemicals identified across 15 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Flavonoids, Xanthatin, Flavonoid, Glycosides, Saponins.
| Chemical | Supporting sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids | 3 supporting sources | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Xanthatin | 3 supporting sources | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Flavonoid | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Glycosides | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Saponins | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Steroids | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Tannins | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| scopoletin | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| (-)-Caryophyllene oxide | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| (2s)-butylitaconic acid | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Flavonoids
- Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
- Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
- Frontiers in bioscience (Scholar edition)
Xanthatin
- Frontiers in pharmacology
- PloS one
- The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology
Flavonoid
- Helicobacter
- Turkish journal of biology = Turk biyoloji dergisi
Glycosides
- Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
- Frontiers in bioscience (Scholar edition)
Saponins
- Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
- Frontiers in bioscience (Scholar edition)
Steroids
- Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
- Frontiers in bioscience (Scholar edition)
Tannins
- Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
- Frontiers in bioscience (Scholar edition)
scopoletin
- Natural product research
- Journal of ethnopharmacology
(-)-Caryophyllene oxide
- Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
(2s)-butylitaconic acid
- Journal of natural products
Activities
Xanthium strumarium has 6 reported activities identified across 15 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anticancer, Insecticide.
Most Reported Activities
| Activity | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| Antibacterial | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Antimicrobial | Folia microbiologica (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Antioxidant | Plants (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Anticancer | Turkish journal of biology = Turk biyoloji dergisi (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Insecticide | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Phototoxic | Annals of dermatology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Medicinal Uses
Xanthium strumarium has 32 reported medicinal uses identified across 15 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported uses include allergic rhinitis, arthritis, bacterial infections, headache, rhinitis.
Most Reported Uses
| Use | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| allergic rhinitis | Computers in biology and medicine (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| arthritis | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| bacterial infections | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| headache | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| rhinitis | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| urticaria | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Aspergillus niger | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Bacillus subtilis | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Candida albicans | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Preparations
| Preparations | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| Crude extract | Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Fruit Extract | Toxins (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| acetone extract | Turkish journal of biology = Turk biyoloji dergisi (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| aerial parts | Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| aqueous-ethanol extract | Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| biomass | Frontiers in plant science (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| chloroform fraction | Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| crude extract | Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| essential oils | Plants (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| ethanol extracts | Frontiers in bioscience (Scholar edition) (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |