tiebush

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• tiebush
• Bootlace Plant
• Indian Wikstroemia

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Diplomorpha viridiflora
• Daphne indica
• Daphne indica subsp. linearifolia
• Wikstroemia pulgarensis
• Daphne indica subsp. novae-caledoniae
• Daphne zhouana
• Wikstroemia shuttleworthii
• Wikstroemia shuttleworthiana
• Daphne cannabina
• Wikstroemia forsteri
• Wikstroemia zhouana
• Wikstroemia linearifolia
• Wikstroemia valbrayi
• Wikstroemia viridiflora
• Wikstroemia subcoriacea
• Wikstroemia pachyphylla
• Wikstroemia ovalifolia
• Wikstroemia novae-caledoniae
• Wikstroemia amplifolia
• Wikstroemia indica var. amplifolia
• Wikstroemia indica var. insularis
• Wikstroemia indica var. viridiflora
• Xylosma cochine
• Daphne indica alba
• Wikstroemia purpurata
• Capura purpurata
• Wikstroemia viridiflora var. acuta

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta, falling under the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae. Within the order Malvales, it is classified under the family Thymelaeaceae and is specifically identified by the genus Wikstroemia.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a broad geographical distribution spanning across various regions of Asia and the Indian Ocean. In the Western Indian Ocean, its presence is specifically noted in Mauritius and Rodrigues. Moving toward East Asia, the species can be found within several distinct areas of China. Specifically, it is documented in China South-Central, Hainan, and China Southeast. These diverse locations highlight the plant's ability to thrive in different subtropical and island environments.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Wikstroemia indica is characterized by its presence across a diverse array of ecosystems, including rain forests, dry forests, maquis (scrubland), and both dense secondary shrub and ruderal vegetation. This plant demonstrates a significant capacity for adaptation to varying environments, thriving in settings ranging from lush forest canopies to disturbed or open scrubland habitats. Its altitudinal distribution is strictly defined within a high-elevation niche, ranging from a minimum of 1500 m AMSL to a maximum of 3200 m AMSL, with a mean elevational range of approximately 2350 m AMSL.

Elevational range max:

3200 m AMSL

Elevational range mean:

2350 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

1500 m AMSL

Habitat :

rain forest, dry forest, maquis (scrubland), dense secondary shrub and ruderal vegetation

Life history

The life history of Wikstroemia indica is characterized by a perennial lifecycle, allowing the plant to persist across multiple growing seasons. In terms of its structural growth and survival strategy, it exhibits a life form categorized as a phanerophyte, indicating that its buds are borne on aerial shoots well above the ground. Additionally, it can be classified under the nanophanerophyte growth form, reflecting its specific stature and the height at which its reproductive and vegetative buds are positioned relative to the substrate.

Life form :

nanophanerophyte

Life form :

phanerophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Wikstroemia indica is characterized by a growth form primarily classified as a shrub. This plant is a terrestrial species, existing as an independent organism rather than a parasite or an epiphyte. In terms of its structural habit, it is a self-supporting plant and does not function as a climber, liana, or vine. Its woodiness is categorized as non-woody. Regarding its stature, the plant exhibits significant variability in height, ranging from a minimum of 0.5 m to a maximum of 3 m, with an average plant height of approximately 0.975 m.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

shrub

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

3 m

Plant height mean:

0.975 m

Plant height min:

0.5 m

Woodiness :

non-woody

Physiology

The physiology of Wikstroemia indica is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, which dictates its carbon fixation processes and metabolic efficiency within its ecological niche. Morphological variations in its foliage reflect a specific range of leaf dimensions that support its physiological functions, with leaf lengths ranging from a minimum of 0.6 cm to a maximum of 6 cm, resulting in a mean leaf length of approximately 2.275 cm. Furthermore, the leaf width exhibits variability between 0.5 cm and 2 cm, contributing to the overall surface area optimized for light interception and gas exchange during the photosynthetic cycle.

Leaf length max:

6 cm

Leaf length mean:

2.275 cm

Leaf length min:

0.6 cm

Leaf width max:

2 cm

Leaf width min:

0.5 cm

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Reproduction

The reproduction of Wikstroemia indica is characterized by the production of fleshy fruits that facilitate its dispersal processes. These fruits typically measure with an average length of 0.75 cm, though they can range from a minimum of 0.7 cm to a maximum of 0.8 cm. The plant utilizes a zoochorous dispersal syndrome, relying on animals to transport its reproductive units. Within these fruits, the seeds exhibit a highly consistent volume, with a recorded mean, minimum, and maximum value of 39 mm³. The mass of these seeds varies slightly, with a mean mass of approximately 0.016695 g, ranging from a minimum of 0.01439 g to a maximum of 0.019 g.

Dispersal syndrome :

zoochorous

Fruit dryness :

fleshy

Fruit length max:

0.8 cm

Fruit length mean:

0.75 cm

Fruit length min:

0.7 cm

Seed mass max:

0.019 g

Seed mass mean:

0.016695 g

Seed mass min:

0.01439 g

Seed volume max:

39 mm³

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Wikstroemia indica has 2 reported plant parts identified across 5 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include root, stem.

Root

1. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin
2. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology
3. Planta medica
4. Natural product communications

Stem

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Chemicals

Wikstroemia indica has 30 reported phytochemicals identified across 5 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Daphnoretin, (+)-Nortrachelogenin, BETA-SITOSTEROL, Daphnoretin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, SIKOKIANIN B.

Daphnoretin

1. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM
2. The Biochemical journal
3. Natural product communications
4. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
5. Journal of natural products

(+)-Nortrachelogenin

1. Natural product communications
2. Journal of natural products
3. Lloydia

BETA-SITOSTEROL

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
2. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials

Daphnoretin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
2. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials

SIKOKIANIN B

1. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin
2. Planta medica

Sikokianin C

1. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin
2. Planta medica

(+)-Arctigenin

1. Natural product communications

(+)-Hinokinin

1. Natural product communications

(+)-Kusunokinin

1. Natural product communications

(+)-Matairesinol

1. Natural product communications

Activities

Wikstroemia indica has 2 reported activities identified across 5 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antifungal, Antimitotic.

Antifungal

1. Planta medica

Antimitotic

1. Planta medica

Conditions

Wikstroemia indica has 9 reported investigations on conditions identified across 5 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include arthritis, cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, whooping cough, anti-allergic.

Arthritis

1. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology
2. Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources

Cancer

1. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology
2. Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

1. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology
2. Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES

Whooping cough

1. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology
2. Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources

Anti-allergic

1. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin

Antimitotic

1. Planta medica

Inflammation

1. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin

Malaria

1. Planta medica

Syphilis

1. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology

Preparations

Wikstroemia indica has 12 reported preparations identified across 5 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include MeOH extract of powdered roots, acetone extract, dichloromethane extract, ether extracts, ethyl acetate extract of the root.

Meoh extract of powdered roots

1. Natural product communications

Acetone extract

1. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials

Dichloromethane extract

1. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials

Ether extracts

1. Auris, nasus, larynx

Ethyl acetate extract of the root

1. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin

Extract of roots

1. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology

Methanol extract

1. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials

N-buoh extract from the root

1. Planta medica

Petroleum ether extract

1. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials

Roots of wikstroemia indica

1. Planta medica