Common Grape Vine

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• grapevine
• vine
• European wine grape
• wine grape
• Grape-Vine
• Wild Grape
• European grape
• common grapevine
• grape
• common grape

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris
• Vitis vinifera var. sylvestris
• Vitis sylvestris subsp. anebophylla
• Vitis vinifera var. purpurea
• Vitis vinifera var. laconiata
• Vitis mediterranea
• Vitis cylindrica
• Vitis bosturgaiensis
• Vitis mensarum
• Vitis turbinata
• Noachia macrophylla
• Thalesia rubrivenia
• Vitis subacerifolia
• Cissus vinifera
• Zaehringia nobilis
• Vitis saccharina
• Vitis vinifera subsp. sativa
• Sickleria brevicirrhata
• Tyrtamia revoluta
• Vitis sinuosa
• Schamsia ligustrica
• Vitis vinifera var. sativa
• Maerklinia viridis
• Vitis vinifera f. apiifolia
• Vitis vinifera f. purpurea
• Vitis densiflora
• Vitis tinctoria
• Vitis apiifolia laciniosa
• Vitis gmelinii
• Vitis sylvestris subsp. trichophylla
• Vitis succinea
• Vitis vinifera var. trichophylla
• Vitis trichophylla
• Vitis vinifera var. anebophylla
• Vitis corinthiaca
• Vitis vinifera var. wilfordiana
• Vitis moschata
• Vitis apyrena
• Vitis vinifera var. alba
• Vitis vinifera silvestris
• Vitis apiana
• Vitis vinifera var. vulgaris
• Vitis vinifera var. corinthiaca
• Vitis praecox
• Vitis vinifera var. apyrena
• Vitis vinifera var. italica
• Vitis guilelmii
• Vitis vinifera var. columellae
• Vitis vinifera var. juliana
• Vitis laciniosa
• Vitis vinifera var. albida
• Vitis laxiflora
• Vitis vinifera var. bicolor
• Vitis vinifera var. apiifolia
• Vitis vinifera var. microcarpa
• Vitis hyrcanica
• Vitis vinifera var. sphaerica
• Vitis cebennensis
• Vitis vinifera var. rufescens
• Vitis usunachmatica
• Vitis vinifera var. punctata
• Vitis vinifera var. balbis
• Vitis vinifera var. densa
• Vitis vinifera var. pedunculata
• Vitis vinifera var. virescens
• Vitis vinifera var. mollissima
• Vitis vinifera var. bauhinii
• Vitis vinifera var. maurillona
• Vitis vinifera var. tabacca
• Vitis vinifera var. minuta
• Vitis vinifera var. macrophylla
• Vitis vinifera var. corruptibilis
• Vitis vinifera var. acerbi
• Vitis vinifera var. erbasca
• Vitis vinifera var. latifolia
• Vitis vinifera var. foderea
• Vitis vinifera var. domina
• Vitis vinifera var. rozieri
• Vitis vinifera var. thouinii
• Vitis vinifera var. baccata
• Vitis vinifera var. pellucida
• Vitis vinifera var. bosciana
• Vitis vinifera var. pansa
• Vitis vinifera var. luneli
• Vitis vinifera var. malvasia
• Vitis vinifera var. alexandriae
• Vitis vinifera var. carnosa
• Vitis vinifera var. inaequalis
• Vitis vinifera var. semisylvestris
• Vitis vinifera var. minuta
• Vitis vinifera var. subhirsuta
• Vitis vinifera var. praecox
• Vitis vinifera var. braquet
• Vitis vinifera var. rara
• Vitis vinifera var. gardinelii
• Vitis vinifera var. nodosa
• Vitis vinifera var. pergulana
• Vitis vinifera var. smithii
• Vitis vinifera var. mediifolia
• Vitis vinifera var. varronia
• Vitis vinifera var. montana
• Vitis vinifera var. alicantia
• Vitis vinifera var. caiana
• Vitis vinifera var. dulcis
• Vitis vinifera var. morveda
• Vitis vinifera var. guillielmia
• Vitis vinifera var. rufa
• Vitis vinifera var. aleatica
• Vitis vinifera var. nicaensis
• Vitis vinifera var. nigra
• Vitis vinifera var. provincialis
• Vitis vinifera var. infumata
• Vitis vinifera var. grisea
• Vitis vinifera var. rubella
• Vitis vinifera var. tinctorialis
• Vitis vinifera var. verlantina
• Vitis vinifera var. louseleurii
• Vitis vinifera var. pinea
• Vitis vinifera var. milleria
• Vitis vinifera var. burdigalensis
• Vitis vinifera var. serotina
• Vitis vinifera var. mollissima
• Vitis vinifera var. ventricosa
• Vitis vinifera var. apiana
• Vitis vinifera var. muscatella
• Vitis vinifera var. parvifolia
• Vitis vinifera var. massiliensis
• Vitis vinifera var. fusca
• Vitis vinifera var. pulchella
• Vitis vinifera var. amarula
• Vitis vinifera var. gargaveo
• Vitis vinifera var. bureli
• Vitis vinifera var. salernitana
• Vitis vinifera var. chaptali
• Vitis vinifera var. craveiroia
• Vitis vinifera var. molonis
• Vitis vinifera var. lambertii
• Vitis vinifera var. compressa
• Vitis vinifera var. tempestiva
• Vitis vinifera var. duracina
• Vitis vinifera var. maroccana
• Vitis vinifera var. corniculala

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta, falling under the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae. Within the order Vitales and family Vitaceae, it is classified under the genus Vitis. Its specific scientific name is Vitis vinifera.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a specific presence across various regions within Middle Europe. In the western part of this area, its distribution includes Belgium. Moving toward the central territories, it can be found growing in Germany. The plant also extends its reach into Austria and Hungary. Finally, its geographical range covers the combined regions of Czechia and Slovakia.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Vitis vinifera is characterized by its adaptability to a wide range of altitudinal gradients, typically thriving from sea level up to a maximum elevation of 2200 m AMSL. Primarily found in habitats that are cultivated by humans, the species also demonstrates a capacity for naturalization, as it is sometimes locally escaped into wilder environments.

Elevational range max:

2200 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

0 m AMSL

Habitat :

cultivated, sometimes locally escaped

Life history

The life history of Vitis vinifera is characterized by its nature as a perennial plant, allowing it to persist through multiple growing seasons. As a phanerophyte, it develops woody stems that elevate its photosynthetic organs above the ground, providing a robust structural framework for climbing or sprawling. This life form is further specified by its phanerophyte classification, which supports its long-term survival and development of complex vascular systems. Additionally, the species exhibits deciduousness, shedding its foliage annually in response to seasonal changes, a process that facilitates dormancy during unfavorable environmental conditions.

Deciduousness :

deciduous

Life form :

phanerophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Vitis vinifera is characterized by its woody structure and its growth habit as an obligatory climbing vine. As a terrestrial plant, it does not function as an epiphyte or a parasite, maintaining an independent existence. The plant exhibits a scandent shoot orientation, allowing it to ascend through various supports. Although categorized under shrub-like growth forms in certain contexts, it primarily functions as a woody climber with a significant vertical reach; its height is highly variable, ranging from a minimum of 2 meters to a maximum of 30 meters, with a mean plant height of approximately 12.5 meters.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

vine

Climber :

obligatory

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

shrub

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

30 m

Plant height mean:

12.5 m

Plant height min:

2 m

Shoot orientation :

scandent

Woodiness :

woody

Physiology

The physiology of Vitis vinifera is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, which dictates its carbon fixation processes and metabolic efficiency. As a non-carnivorous species, it relies on traditional nutrient uptake through its root system and does not possess the ability to fix nitrogen. The plant's foliar morphology is defined by lobed leaf forms that exhibit significant dimensional variation; the leaves typically maintain a mean length of 12.5 cm (ranging from a minimum of 5 cm to a maximum of 18 cm) and a mean width of 11 cm (ranging from a minimum of 5 cm to a maximum of 18 cm), resulting in a mean leaf size of approximately 143.90 cm². These morphological traits are further reflected in its specific leaf area (SLA), which maintains a mean value of 247.1 cm²/g, indicating the structural relationship between the leaf's biomass and its surface area for gas exchange and light interception.

Carnivory :

non-carnivorous

Leaf form :

lobed

Leaf length max:

18 cm

Leaf length mean:

12.5 cm

Leaf length min:

5 cm

Leaf size mean:

143.90125 cm²

Leaf width max:

18 cm

Leaf width mean:

11 cm

Leaf width min:

5 cm

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Specific Leaf Area (SLA) mean:

247.1 cm²/g

Reproduction

The reproduction of Vitis vinifera is characterized by a biotic pollination process primarily driven by insects. The flowering period typically commences in April and extends through June, featuring small green flowers that range in length from 0.5 cm to 0.55 cm. These flowers are arranged in paniculate inflorescences, which vary in length from a minimum of 0.1 m to a maximum of 0.2 m. While self-fertilization is present, the plant relies on insect-mediated pollination to facilitate its reproductive cycle. Following successful fertilization, the plant develops fleshy, indehiscent fruit categorized as a berry, which exhibits a blue coloration. These berries typically possess a mean length of 1.38 cm (ranging from 0.6 cm to 2.5 cm) and a mean width of approximately 1.14 cm (ranging from 1.5 cm to 2 cm). Each fruit contains between 1 and 10 seeds, with an average seed mass of 0.0255 g (ranging from 0.018 g to 0.043 g) and a consistent seed volume of 24 mm³. The dispersal of the species is achieved through a zoochorous syndrome, specifically endozoochory, where seeds are dispersed via the digestive tracts of animals. Asexual reproduction is absent in this species.

Dehiscence :

indehiscent

Dispersal syndrome :

zoochorous

Dispersal syndrome :

endozoochorous

Flower colour :

green

Flower length max:

0.55 cm

Flower length min:

0.5 cm

Flowering time :

Apr

Flowering time :

Jun

Fruit colour :

blue

Fruit dryness :

fleshy

Fruit length max:

2.5 cm

Fruit length mean:

1.38 cm

Fruit length min:

0.6 cm

Fruit type :

berry

Fruit width max:

2 cm

Fruit width mean:

1.14333333333333 cm

Fruit width min:

1.5 cm

Inflorescence :

panicle

Inflorescence length max:

0.2 m

Inflorescence length min:

0.1 m

Pollination syndrome :

insect

Pollination syndrome :

biotic

Reproduction asexual :

absent

Seed mass max:

0.043 g

Seed mass mean:

0.0255 g

Seed mass min:

0.018 g

Seed volume max:

24 mm³

Seeds_per_fruit :

1-10

Self fertilization :

present

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Vitis vinifera has 3 reported plant parts identified across 14 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include seed, fruit, leaf.

Seed

1. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
2. African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM
3. Journal of natural products
4. The American journal of Chinese medicine
5. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Fruit

1. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology
3. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology
4. Phytotherapy research : PTR

Leaf

1. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
3. Frontiers in pharmacology

Chemicals

Vitis vinifera has 398 reported phytochemicals identified across 14 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include resveratrol, Proanthocyanidins, Gallic acid, polyphenols, CATECHIN.

resveratrol

1. Dr. Duke
2. Phytotherapy research : PTR
3. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology
4. Mutation research
5. Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS

Proanthocyanidins

1. Biomedicines
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Brain research
4. Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials
5. Journal of chromatography. A

Gallic acid

1. Dr. Duke
2. Frontiers in nutrition
3. Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS
4. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
5. Frontiers in pharmacology

polyphenols

1. Current pharmaceutical design
2. Frontiers in nutrition
3. Fish physiology and biochemistry
4. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology
5. Food & function

CATECHIN

1. Dr. Duke
2. Frontiers in nutrition
3. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
4. Food & function
5. BMC plant biology

trans-resveratrol

1. Dr. Duke
2. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics
3. Frontiers in nutrition
4. Acta biologica Hungarica
5. Journal of pharmacological sciences

Epicatechin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Frontiers in nutrition
3. Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS
4. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
5. Chemistry & biodiversity

p-coumaric acid

1. Dr. Duke
2. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM
3. Food chemistry
4. Frontiers in pharmacology
5. BMC plant biology

quercetin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS
3. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
4. Food & function
5. BMC plant biology

Piceid

1. Dr. Duke
2. Food chemistry
3. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology
4. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology

Activities

Vitis vinifera has 889 reported activities identified across 14 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antibacterial, Antitumor, Antidiabetic.

Antioxidant

1. Dr. Duke
2. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
3. International journal of molecular sciences
4. Journal of food science
5. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Anticancer

1. Dr. Duke
2. Food science & nutrition
3. BMC complementary medicine and therapies
4. Translational oncology
5. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Antibacterial

1. Dr. Duke
2. Food science & nutrition
3. Scientific reports
4. The Medical journal of Malaysia
5. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM

Antitumor

1. Dr. Duke
2. Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Journal of cellular physiology
4. Planta medica
5. Biomedicines

Antidiabetic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Cytotechnology
3. Journal of cellular physiology

Cardioprotective

1. Dr. Duke
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Journal of cellular physiology

Hepatoprotective

1. Dr. Duke
2. Molecular and cellular biochemistry
3. Journal of cellular physiology

Analgesic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Anticarcinogenic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Antihypertensive

1. Dr. Duke
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Conditions

Vitis vinifera has 100 reported investigations on conditions identified across 14 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include cancer, oxidative stress, inflammation, Alzheimer's disease, breast cancer.

Cancer

1. Food science & nutrition
2. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics
3. Cardiovascular & hematological agents in medicinal chemistry
4. Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy
5. Acta biologica Hungarica

Oxidative stress

1. Iranian Red Crescent medical journal
2. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
3. International journal of molecular sciences
4. Journal of food science
5. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences

Inflammation

1. International journal of molecular sciences
2. Journal of food science
3. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
4. Phytotherapy research : PTR
5. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology

Alzheimer's disease

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
2. Pharmacological research
3. Nutritional neuroscience
4. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
5. Aging

Breast cancer

1. Food science & nutrition
2. Planta medica
3. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry
4. Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry
5. BioFactors (Oxford, England)

Cardiovascular disease

1. PloS one
2. Current atherosclerosis reports
3. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology
4. Carcinogenesis

Stroke

1. PloS one
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Journal of medicinal food

Wound

1. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Phytotherapy research : PTR
3. Archives of dermatological research

Anxiety

1. Frontiers in nutrition
2. Biomedicines

Atherosclerosis

1. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology
2. Recent patents on cardiovascular drug discovery

Preparations

Vitis vinifera has 34 reported preparations identified across 14 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include crude extracts, Ankafeerd Blood Stopper, Ankaferd Blood Stopper, Plant extracts, SFE extracts.

Crude extracts

1. Journal of separation science
2. Planta medica

Ankafeerd blood stopper

1. Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis : an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis

Ankaferd blood stopper

1. Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis

Plant extracts

1. Discover oncology

Sfe extracts

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Uae extracts

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Vitis vinifera (v. vinifera) oil nanoemulgel

1. BMC complementary medicine and therapies

Vitis vinifera grape seed extract

1. The Korean journal of internal medicine

Vitis vinifera seed extract

1. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)

Alcohol fractions

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR