What to know about Verbena officinalis (lemon verbena) before using it medicinally

Verbena officinalis, commonly known as lemon verbena, is a herb that boasts a multitude of health benefits, including its ability to reduce stress, improve sleep quality, and alleviate digestive issues.

In terms of horticultural aspects, it is a perennial herb that thrives in well-drained soil and full sun, requiring minimal maintenance and pruning. Botanically, Verbena officinalis is a member of the Lamiaceae family, characterized by its small, fragrant flowers and delicate leaves.

Historically, lemon verbena has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, particularly in ancient Greece and Rome, where it was valued for its fragrance and medicinal properties.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Verbena officinalis.

What are the medicinal properties of Verbena officinalis?

Verbena officinalis helps with anxiety, insomnia, and restlessness. It has a calming effect on the nervous system, reducing stress and promoting relaxation. Its antispasmodic properties ease muscle cramps and spasms, providing relief from menstrual cramps and migraines.

The active constituents of Verbena officinalis include volatile oils, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which contribute to its medicinal properties. The essential oil, primarily composed of citral and limonene, is responsible for its calming and anti-inflammatory effects.

The most commonly used parts of the plant for medicinal purposes are the leaves, which are harvested for their essential oil, and the flowers, which are used in teas and infusions. The roots are also used, but less frequently, due to their lower concentration of essential oils.

Improper use of Verbena officinalis can lead to gastrointestinal upset, allergic reactions, and interactions with other medications. The plant's volatile oils may cause skin irritation and allergic contact dermatitis in some individuals.

Precautions when using Verbena officinalis medicinally include avoiding its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as in individuals with sensitive skin or allergies. It is also contraindicated in cases of liver or kidney disease, and patients taking anticoagulant medications should be cautious.

What are the horticulural aspects of Verbena officinalis?

Verbena officinalis grow best in well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade. They thrive in zones 6-9 and require a pH between 6.0 and 7.0 for optimal growth. Soil with high organic matter content is ideal.

For optimal growth, plant Verbena officinalis in the spring after the last frost or in the fall. Choose a location with good air circulation to prevent disease. Space plants 18-24 inches apart to allow for proper growth and prevent overcrowding.

Harvest Verbena officinalis leaves and flowers in the morning, after the dew has evaporated. Pinch or cut off individual leaves and flowers to encourage new growth and prevent seed production. Harvest the entire plant when it reaches 12-18 inches tall.

Pests commonly affecting Verbena officinalis include spider mites, aphids, and whiteflies. Fungal diseases like powdery mildew and root rot can also affect the plant, particularly in humid or waterlogged conditions. Regular inspection and proper watering can help prevent these issues.

What are the botanical aspects of Verbena officinalis?

Verbena officinalis is a perennial herbaceous plant. It has a woody base, slender stems, and ovate, pointed leaves that are 3-10 cm long. The leaves are aromatic, with a distinctive lemon fragrance. The plant can grow up to 1.5 m in height.

Verbena officinalis belongs to the family Verbenaceae, order Lamiales. Its binomial nomenclature is Verbena officinalis L., with the species being described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The plant has 2n = 20, 40, or 60 chromosomes, depending on the cultivar.

Several variants of Verbena officinalis exist, including 'Lanata' and 'Rouge'. These variants exhibit differences in leaf shape, color, and fragrance. 'Lanata' has a woolly, lanate appearance, while 'Rouge' has deep red foliage.

Verbena officinalis is native to the Americas, specifically the tropical regions of South America, from Venezuela to Uruguay. It is widely cultivated in subtropical and tropical regions worldwide, including Asia, Africa, and the Mediterranean.

The life cycle of Verbena officinalis is characterized by an initial dormancy period, followed by vegetative growth, flowering, and seed production. The plant can live up to 2-3 years in optimal conditions, with new stems emerging from the woody base each year.

What are the historical aspects of Verbena officinalis?

Verbena officinalis is a plant with a long history of traditional uses. In ancient Greece, it was used to treat melancholy and insomnia. In medieval Europe, it was employed to relieve anxiety and hysteria.

In ancient Greek mythology, the verbena plant was associated with the goddess Hestia, who protected the hearth and home. It was also linked to the god Apollo, who was revered for his healing powers. The plant was said to have been created by the god himself.

Throughout history, the verbena plant has been imbued with symbolic meanings. In ancient Rome, it represented the virtues of modesty and humility. In European folklore, it was associated with love and fidelity. In some cultures, it is still considered a symbol of purity and innocence.

The historical use of verbena officinalis is well-documented in ancient texts. The Greek physician Hippocrates mentioned its use in treating insomnia and melancholy. The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder described its use in relieving anxiety and hysteria.

Archaeological evidence confirms the plant's use in ancient civilizations. Excavations at Pompeii and Herculaneum have uncovered ceramic containers bearing the image of the verbena plant, indicating its use in ancient Roman culture. Coins from ancient Greece feature depictions of the plant, further solidifying its historical significance.