What to know about Vaccinium myrtillus (blueberry) before using it medicinally

Vaccinium myrtillus, commonly known as blueberry, is a medicinal herb that boasts numerous health properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects, which have been shown to improve heart health, boost cognitive function, and enhance immune system function.

From a horticultural perspective, Vaccinium myrtillus is a shrub-like perennial plant that thrives in acidic soils and is typically found in woodland areas, making it a popular choice for organic gardeners and permaculture enthusiasts. From a botanical standpoint, the herb is characterized by its small, elliptical leaves and small, purple berries that are rich in anthocyanins and other bioactive compounds.

Historically, Vaccinium myrtillus has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, with references to its use appearing in ancient Greek and Roman texts, as well as in traditional folk medicine practices in Europe and North America.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Vaccinium myrtillus.

What are the medicinal properties of Vaccinium myrtillus?

Vaccinium myrtillus helps with reducing inflammation, improving cardiovascular health, and supporting antioxidant defenses. It has been traditionally used to treat various conditions, including diarrhea, dysentery, and stomach problems. Its medicinal properties also include antimicrobial and anti-cancer activities.

The active constituents of Vaccinium myrtillus include anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which give it its medicinal properties. These compounds have been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects, contributing to its various health benefits.

The parts of the plant most used for medicinal purposes are the leaves, berries, and flowers. The leaves are often used to make tea, which is said to have a number of health benefits. The berries are rich in anthocyanins and are often used in jams and supplements.

When used improperly, Vaccinium myrtillus can cause gastrointestinal problems, such as diarrhea, nausea, and stomach cramps. Large doses can also interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners and diabetes medications.

Common precautions when using Vaccinium myrtillus medicinally include consulting a healthcare professional, especially for pregnant or breastfeeding women. Additionally, individuals with allergies or sensitivities should use caution when consuming the plant, and should start with small doses to assess tolerance.

What are the horticulural aspects of Vaccinium myrtillus?

Vaccinium myrtillus grow in acidic soils with a pH between 4.0 and 5.5. They require consistent moisture, especially during fruiting, and full sun to partial shade. Temperatures below 0°C can damage plants.

For optimal growth, plant blueberry in well-draining acidic soil with a 1.5m radius of space around each plant. Plant the crown (where the stem meets the roots) 2-5 cm below the soil surface, and water thoroughly. Mulch around plants to retain moisture and suppress weeds.

Harvest blueberries when they are fully ripe, as they do not continue to ripen after picking. Berries are typically ready to harvest 60-90 days after flowering. Avoid damaging the fruit or the plant's delicate leaves, and pick berries in the morning for optimal freshness.

Common pests of Vaccinium myrtillus include aphids, spider mites, and root weevils. Diseases affecting blueberry include powdery mildew, leaf spot, and crown rot caused by fungal pathogens, as well as root rot caused by Phytophthora species.

What are the botanical aspects of Vaccinium myrtillus?

Vaccinium myrtillus is a deciduous shrub that typically grows to 10-30 cm in height. Leaves are oval-shaped, 1-3 cm long, and dark green with a glaucous sheen. Stems are erect, woody, and have a distinctive waxy coating.

Vaccinium myrtillus belongs to the family Ericaceae and is a member of the subgenus Myrtillus. It is a diploid species with a basic chromosome number of 12 and an estimated genome size of 1.14 pg. The plant's taxonomic classification is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Asterids, Order: Ericales.

Several variants of Vaccinium myrtillus exist, including V. m. myrtillus, V. m. bracteatum, and V. m. montanum. These variants differ primarily in their leaf shape, size, and color. Some variants are also more tolerant of drought or acidic soils.

Vaccinium myrtillus is native to Europe, Asia, and North America, and is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. It typically inhabits acidic soils, heathlands, and moorlands, and is often associated with other heath plants such as heather and bilberry.

The life cycle of Vaccinium myrtillus begins in spring when new shoots emerge from the roots. Flowers form in late spring and are self-fertile, producing 2-4 cm long, bell-shaped flowers. Fruit ripens in summer and is a key food source for birds, mammals, and insects. Leaves fall in autumn, and the plant enters a dormant period during winter.

What are the historical aspects of Vaccinium myrtillus?

Vaccinium myrtillus is a plant with a long history of use. In traditional medicine, the berries were used to treat various ailments, including fever, diarrhea, and coughs. In the 17th century, European settlers in North America used the berries as a food source.

In Norse mythology, the blueberry was associated with the goddess Idun, who was said to have used the fruit to restore youth and vitality to the gods. The berries were also linked to the myth of Freyja, goddess of love and fertility. In Celtic mythology, the blueberry was considered a sacred fruit.

The blueberry has been imbued with symbolic meanings across cultures. In Europe, it represented fertility and abundance, while in North America, it was seen as a symbol of hospitality and welcome. In some African cultures, the blueberry is associated with love and protection.

In historical texts, Vaccinium myrtillus was first mentioned by the Greek physician Dioscorides in his book "De Materia Medica". The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder also wrote about the plant in his book "Naturalis Historia". In the 17th century, European botanists, such as John Gerard and John Parkinson, documented the plant's characteristics and uses.

Archaeological evidence of blueberry use dates back to the Paleolithic era, with remains of the fruit found in ancient human settlements in Europe and North America. The oldest known evidence of blueberry cultivation comes from the Viking settlements in Iceland, where blueberry bushes were cultivated for their fruit and medicinal properties.