By Leen Randell

Updated: Oct 20, 2024

What to know about Vaccinium myrtillus before using it medicinally

Vaccinium myrtillus, commonly known as bilberry, is a herb that has been used for centuries to treat various health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cognitive impairment.

The main health benefits of bilberry herb include its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, which help to reduce the risk of chronic diseases and promote overall well-being. The main therapeutic properties of bilberry herb include its ability to improve cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels, as well as its potential to enhance cognitive function and memory. The bioactive compounds present in bilberry herb include anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which have been shown to exhibit potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Bilberry herb is often prepared as a tea or a supplement, and it is also used to make a jam-like substance, known as bilberry jam, which is rich in antioxidants and is used to treat various health conditions, particularly those related to the digestive system and the cardiovascular system.

The following article explains in detail what are the medicinal uses of Vaccinium myrtillus, its health benefits, therapeutic properties, bioactive compounds, used parts, and herbal preparation. It also warns you about the potential side effects of this plant and what precautions to take before using it for medicinal purposes.

ARTICLE SUMMARY: The table below summarizes the most crucial information about Vaccinium myrtillus provided in the article below, which is useful if you are in a hurry and don't have time to dig deep into the very detailed content that follows.

BONUS CHEATSHEET: The cheatsheet below illustrates the most important medicinal aspects of Vaccinium myrtillus. Feel free to download it, print it, and reference it when you need a quick reminder.

What are the main medicinal uses of Vaccinium myrtillus?

The main medicinal uses of Vaccinium myrtillus are alleviating diabetes through its anthocyanin content, which has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity.

Additionally, its high tannin content contributes to the relief of diarrhea and digestive issues by reducing gut inflammation. The antioxidants present in Vaccinium myrtillus, including quercetin and catechins, play a key role in cancer prevention by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. The plant's expectorant properties, attributed to its flavonoid and saponin constituents, help to relieve cough, while its anti-inflammatory properties, due to the presence of anthocyanins and tannins, reduce inflammation.

Vaccinium myrtillus also exhibits antimicrobial activity, which is beneficial in treating urinary tract infections, as well as dissolving kidney stones and reducing cardiovascular disease risk through its ability to lower cholesterol and blood pressure levels, and finally, its iron-chelating properties help alleviate anemia.

The following illustration give a summary of the main medicinal uses of Vaccinium myrtillus.

The list below provide more details on why Vaccinium myrtillus is used to alleviate the health conditions mentioned in the illustration above.

• Diabetes: This plant is used for diabetes due to its potential to inhibit the activity of alpha-glucosidase, an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars, thereby slowing the absorption of glucose into the bloodstream.
• Inflammation: Its anthocyanins and other bioactive compounds are thought to possess anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce inflammation and alleviate conditions such as arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.
• Cancer: The plant's bioactive compounds, particularly its anthocyanins and phenolic acids, have been shown to exhibit antioxidant and anti-proliferative effects, which may contribute to its potential use in the prevention and treatment of certain types of cancer.
• Hypertension: The plant's anthocyanins and other bioactive compounds may help to relax blood vessels and reduce blood pressure, thereby exerting a potential beneficial effect on hypertension.
• Arthritis: The plant's anti-inflammatory properties may help to alleviate the symptoms of arthritis by reducing inflammation and pain in the affected joints.
• Gastritis: The plant's bioactive compounds, particularly its anthocyanins and phenolic acids, may help to protect the stomach lining and reduce inflammation, thereby exerting a potential beneficial effect on gastritis.
• Cardiovascular Disease: The plant's bioactive compounds, particularly its anthocyanins and phenolic acids, have been shown to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which may help to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by protecting against oxidative stress and inflammation.
• Urinary Tract Infections: The plant's bioactive compounds, particularly its anthocyanins and phenolic acids, may help to prevent the adhesion of bacteria to the bladder and urinary tract walls, thereby exerting a potential beneficial effect on urinary tract infections.
• Asthma: The plant's bioactive compounds, particularly its anthocyanins and phenolic acids, may help to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the airways, thereby exerting a potential beneficial effect on asthma.
• Kidney Stones: The plant's bioactive compounds, particularly its anthocyanins and phenolic acids, may help to prevent the formation of kidney stones by reducing the concentration of calcium oxalate in the urine.

The table that follows gives an overview of what are the most common health conditions that are treated with Vaccinium myrtillus, in each of the major medicinal systems.

Modern Western Medicine

In modern western medicine, Vaccinium myrtillus is used to treat diabetes through its antidiabetic properties, which have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.

The anthocyanins present in Vaccinium myrtillus also exhibit potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, making it a valuable treatment for cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and certain types of cancer, including colon and breast cancer. Additionally, Vaccinium myrtillus has been found to possess antiarthritic properties, which can help alleviate symptoms of arthritis, while its ability to lower blood pressure makes it a potential treatment for hypertension. Furthermore, Vaccinium myrtillus has been traditionally used to address gastrointestinal issues, including gastritis and inflammatory bowel disease, and has been shown to have a positive effect on osteoporosis by increasing bone density and reducing the risk of kidney stones.

Its antimicrobial properties also make it effective against urinary tract infections, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, antioxidant deficiency, kidney stones, high blood pressure, skin conditions, neurodegenerative diseases, digestive issues, antimicrobial infections, and certain types of neurodegenerative disease.

Traditional Chinese Medicine

In traditional chinese medicine, Vaccinium myrtillus is used to treat diabetes, inflammation, and cancer prevention through its anthocyanin and flavonoid compounds.

Additionally, it's used to prevent cardiovascular disease and hypertension by improving blood lipid profiles and lowering blood pressure, while also treating arthritis and urinary tract infections with its antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, Vaccinium myrtillus is used to treat gastritis and kidney stones due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, as well as gastroenteritis and diarrhea with its anti-diarrheal properties. Its antihypertensive and antioxidant properties also make it effective in treating osteoporosis and high blood pressure, while its antithrombotic and antioxidant properties help prevent atherosclerosis and cough.

Moreover, Vaccinium myrtillus is used to treat rheumatism, ulcers, and asthma with its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.

Ayurvedic Medicine

In ayurvedic medicine, Vaccinium myrtillus is used to treat diabetes, with its anthocyanins and phenolic acids showing potential in managing blood sugar levels.

The plant's anti-inflammatory properties also help alleviate inflammation, making it beneficial for individuals with conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, which it helps to reduce joint pain and swelling. Additionally, Vaccinium myrtillus may prevent cancer due to its antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities, and it has been traditionally used to prevent cardiovascular disease by reducing hypertension and high blood pressure. Furthermore, its antimicrobial properties make it effective against urinary tract infections, digestive issues, and gastritis, while its iron content helps to prevent anemia.

Vaccinium myrtillus also exhibits wound-healing properties and can treat skin irritations, asthma, cough, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, skin infections, and osteoporosis by promoting bone growth and density.

Unani Medicine

In unani medicine, Vaccinium myrtillus is used to treat diabetes by regulating blood sugar levels due to its antioxidant properties.

It is also used to manage hypertension by reducing stress and anxiety, and asthma by its expectorant properties, which helps in relieving respiratory issues. Additionally, Vaccinium myrtillus is used to treat gastritis by protecting the stomach lining and arthritis by reducing inflammation, as well as chronic cough by its anti-tussive properties. Furthermore, it is used to prevent and treat cancer by its anti-cancerous compounds, diarrhea by regulating bowel movements, anemia by increasing red blood cell count, rheumatism by reducing joint pain, kidney stones by preventing stone formation, urinary tract infection by its antibacterial properties, gastroenteritis by its anti-inflammatory properties, and skin ulcers by promoting wound healing.

Its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties also make it effective in treating skin infections, inflammation, fever by reducing body temperature, digestive issues by regulating gut health, atherosclerosis by preventing plaque formation, and urinary tract infections by its antibacterial properties.

Homeopathic Medicine

In homeopathic medicine, Vaccinium myrtillus is used to treat various health conditions.

Vaccinium myrtillus has been found to be effective in managing diabetes by regulating blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory properties help alleviate inflammation, while also lowering blood pressure in individuals with hypertension. Furthermore, extracts from Vaccinium myrtillus have been studied for their potential to inhibit cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis.

The plant's anthocyanins and other bioactive compounds also exhibit antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities, which may help in treating conditions such as arthritis, gastritis, urinary tract infections, atherosclerosis, anemia, cardiovascular disease, kidney stones, digestive issues, osteoporosis, gastroenteritis, asthma, diarrhea, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as alleviate symptoms of eczema, allergies, and other conditions.

What are the primary health benefits of Vaccinium myrtillus?

Vaccinium myrtillus antioxidant effects are primarily due to the presence of anthocyanins, which have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation.

The plant's anti-inflammatory actions are attributed to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzymes, such as COX-2 and LOX, thereby reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Vaccinium myrtillus also provides cardiovascular protection by reducing blood pressure and improving lipid profiles, thanks to its ability to relax vascular smooth muscles and inhibit platelet aggregation. The antibacterial properties of Vaccinium myrtillus are due to the presence of phenolic compounds that inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, such as E. coli and S. aureus.

Additionally, Vaccinium myrtillus antioxidant properties are responsible for its neuroprotective mechanisms, which involve the inhibition of neuroinflammation and the reduction of amyloid-beta aggregation, thereby reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, and it also boosts the immune system by stimulating the production of cytokines and activating immune cells, exhibits strong antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative damage through its free radical scavenging properties, and offers cellular protection by preventing cell death and promoting cellular regeneration.

The following illustration give a summary of the primary health benefits of Vaccinium myrtillus.

The list below provides more details on why Vaccinium myrtillus offers the health benefits mentioned in the illustration above.

• Antioxidant Effects: This plant contains a range of bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins and flavonoids, which exhibit antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals and preventing oxidative stress, thereby protecting cells from damage and contributing to overall health and well-being.
• Anti-Inflammatory Actions: The bioactive compounds present in this plant, such as anthocyanins and flavonoids, have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines, thereby reducing inflammation and alleviating associated symptoms and conditions.
• Cardiovascular Protection: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the bioactive compounds present in this plant, such as anthocyanins and flavonoids, contribute to cardiovascular protection by preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, reducing blood pressure, and inhibiting platelet aggregation, thereby lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease.
• Antibacterial Properties: The bioactive compounds present in this plant, such as anthocyanins and flavonoids, have been shown to exhibit antibacterial properties by inhibiting the growth of certain bacteria and preventing the formation of biofilms, thereby reducing the risk of infection and promoting wound healing.
• Antioxidant Properties: This plant is rich in bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins and flavonoids, which exhibit antioxidant properties by neutralizing free radicals, preventing oxidative stress, and protecting cells from damage, thereby contributing to overall health and well-being.
• Neuroprotective Mechanisms: The bioactive compounds present in this plant, such as anthocyanins and flavonoids, have been shown to exhibit neuroprotective mechanisms by preventing the oxidation of neurons, reducing inflammation, and inhibiting the formation of beta-amyloid plaques, thereby reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
• Immune System Boost: The bioactive compounds present in this plant, such as anthocyanins and flavonoids, have been shown to exhibit immunomodulatory effects by stimulating the production of cytokines and activating immune cells, thereby boosting the immune system and reducing the risk of infection and disease.
• Antioxidant Activity: This plant contains a range of bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins and flavonoids, which exhibit antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals, preventing oxidative stress, and protecting cells from damage, thereby contributing to overall health and well-being.
• Free Radical Scavenging: The bioactive compounds present in this plant, such as anthocyanins and flavonoids, have been shown to exhibit free radical scavenging effects by neutralizing free radicals and preventing oxidative stress, thereby protecting cells from damage and contributing to overall health and well-being.
• Cellular Protection: The bioactive compounds present in this plant, such as anthocyanins and flavonoids, exhibit cellular protection effects by preventing the oxidation of cellular components, reducing inflammation, and inhibiting the formation of reactive oxygen species, thereby protecting cells from damage and contributing to overall health and well-being.

The table that follows gives an overview of what are the primary health benefits of Vaccinium myrtillus for each of the major body system.

Circulatory System

Vaccinium myrtillus improves blood flow by possessing antioxidant properties, which help reduce oxidative stress and improve vascular function.

Regular consumption of Vaccinium myrtillus has been shown to reduce blood pressure due to its anti-inflammatory effects, which help relax blood vessel walls. This plant also enhances oxygen delivery by stimulating nitric oxide production, a potent vasodilator that increases blood flow and oxygenation to tissues. Additionally, Vaccinium myrtillus regulates blood sugar levels by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase, an enzyme involved in carbohydrate digestion, and lowers cholesterol levels by reducing lipid peroxidation and improving lipid metabolism.

Furthermore, Vaccinium myrtillus improves endothelial function, reduces inflammation markers by suppressing NF-κB activation, protects against atherosclerosis by inhibiting macrophage infiltration, and enhances vasodilation response due to its ability to increase expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

The medicinal benefits of Vaccinium myrtillus on the circulatory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Varicose veins
• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Cardiac arrhythmia
• Osteoporosis
• Poor circulation
• Edema

Digestive System

Vaccinium myrtillus reduce inflammation by containing anti-inflammatory compounds like anthocyanins and flavonoids, which have been shown to inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines.

This plant prevent ulcers through its antimicrobial properties, which help to eliminate Helicobacter pylori bacteria that cause gastric ulcers. Vaccinium myrtillus boost digestion by containing prebiotic fibers that stimulate the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, thereby improving nutrient absorption and gut motility. The plant relieve constipation due to its high fiber content, which increases stool bulk and frequency, while stimulating appetite through its antioxidant properties, which protect the gut epithelium from oxidative stress.

Additionally, Vaccinium myrtillus treat diarrhea by reducing water and electrolyte loss in the stool, cure gastritis by protecting the gastric mucosa from acid damage, heal sores by promoting tissue repair and regeneration, relieve gas by reducing bacterial overgrowth in the gut, and soothe ibs by regulating gut motility and reducing inflammation in the gut.

The medicinal benefits of Vaccinium myrtillus on the digestive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease
• Inflammatory bowel disease

Endocrine System

Vaccinium myrtillus regulates hormones through its flavonoid and anthocyanin content, which exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation in the endocrine system.

Vaccinium myrtillus stabilizes insulin by activating the insulin signaling pathway, reducing glucose uptake and insulin resistance in the liver and adipose tissue. The plant boosts adrenaline by stimulating the release of catecholamines from the adrenal glands, which is attributed to its antimicrobial properties that modulate the gut-brain axis. Vaccinium myrtillus reduces cortisol levels by inhibiting the activity of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, an enzyme that converts cortisone to cortisol, while activating the thyroid through the release of thyroxine.

Vaccinium myrtillus balances oestrogen levels by modulating the expression of estrogen receptors and increases testosterone by stimulating the production of testosterone through the androgen pathway, while releasing insulin by enhancing insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cells and suppressing androgens by inhibiting the activity of 5α-reductase.

The medicinal benefits of Vaccinium myrtillus on the endocrine system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Diabetes
• Hypothyroidism
• Hypoglycemia
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Adrenal insufficiency

Integumentary System

Vaccinium myrtillus protects skin from sun damage and oxidative stress through its antioxidant properties, which help reduce the formation of free radicals and prevent skin cell damage.

The anti-inflammatory properties of this plant reduce inflammation in the skin, alleviating symptoms of conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. Vaccinium myrtillus heals wounds by promoting collagen synthesis and tissue repair through its growth factor-like activity. It moisturizes skin by maintaining the integrity of the skin barrier and regulating water loss, making it an effective treatment for dry skin conditions.

The antimicrobial properties of Vaccinium myrtillus fight bacteria, soothe irritations, boost elasticity, improve hydration, and enhance the barrier function of the skin, ultimately promoting healthy and resilient skin.

The medicinal benefits of Vaccinium myrtillus on the integumentary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Varicose veins
• Bruises
• Wounds
• Burns
• Skin ulcers
• Eczema

Lymphatic System

Vaccinium myrtillus boosts lymph flow by containing anthocyanins, which have vasodilatory properties, thereby enhancing the circulation of lymphatic fluids.

Its antimicrobial properties support immune response by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, thus preventing infections. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Vaccinium myrtillus enhance detoxification by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, which facilitates the removal of toxins from the body. Vaccinium myrtillus reduces inflammation by containing salicylic acid, a compound known to suppress inflammatory responses.

Additionally, its ability to stimulate lymph nodes and regulate white cells, coupled with its capacity to increase antioxidants and fight off infections, promotes healthy tissues.

The medicinal benefits of Vaccinium myrtillus on the lymphatic system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Lymphedema
• Edema
• Inflammation
• Scarring
• Wound healing
• Varicose veins
• Poor circulation

Musculoskeletal System

Vaccinium myrtillus relieve inflammation through its anti-inflammatory properties, which have been shown to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes.

The plant's antioxidant properties help reduce arthritis by neutralizing free radicals that cause oxidative stress. Vaccinium myrtillus soothe pain by inhibiting the production of pain-causing chemicals, such as prostaglandins. The plant strengthen bones by increasing bone mineral density and promoting osteoblast activity, thus preventing osteoporosis and improving mobility.

Additionally, Vaccinium myrtillus ease tenderness, enhance flexibility, manage stress, and promote healing by reducing inflammation, inhibiting the production of pain-causing chemicals, and promoting tissue repair through its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties.

The medicinal benefits of Vaccinium myrtillus on the musculoskeletal system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Arthritis
• Gout
• Inflammation
• Osteoporosis
• Muscle cramps

Nervous System

Vaccinium myrtillus reduces stress by exhibiting antioxidant properties, which help neutralize free radicals and promote a sense of calmness.

Enhancing focus is facilitated by its flavonoids, which have anti-inflammatory effects that improve cognitive function. The plant's ability to regulate mood is attributed to its anthocyanins, powerful antioxidants that stabilize mood swings. Improving memory is associated with its phenolic acids, which have been shown to enhance synaptic plasticity and neuronal communication, thereby boosting alertness.

The combination of its flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids soothes anxiety, increases energy, calms nerves, stabilizes emotions, and promotes relaxation, ultimately creating a sense of well-being.

The medicinal benefits of Vaccinium myrtillus on the nervous system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Anxiety
• Depression
• Insomnia
• Fatigue
• Neuritis

Reproductive System

Vaccinium myrtillus improves fertility by enhancing sperm production due to its antimicrobial properties that protect reproductive organs from infections.

This plant also boosts libido by exerting antioxidant effects that regulate hormonal balance and promote the production of testosterone. Additionally, Vaccinium myrtillus enhances ovulation by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms that disrupt menstrual cycles, thereby supporting women's reproductive health. Furthermore, its anti-inflammatory properties protect reproductive organs from oxidative stress and stimulate sperm production, while fighting reproductive infections caused by bacteria and viruses.

Vaccinium myrtillus also regulates menstrual cycles and fights reproductive infections, promoting menopause relief by reducing the severity of symptoms associated with hormonal imbalance.

The medicinal benefits of Vaccinium myrtillus on the reproductive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Menstrual cramps
• Urinary incontinence
• Hemorrhoids
• Vaginitis
• Endometriosis
• Erectile dysfunction

Respiratory System

Vaccinium myrtillus prevents bronchitis due to its antimicrobial properties, which inhibit the growth of pathogens that cause respiratory infections.

The plant reduces mucus production by its mucolytic properties, breaking down excess mucus and facilitating easy expulsion. Vaccinium myrtillus boosts immunity with its immunomodulatory effects, stimulating the production of white blood cells that fight off infections. It soothes irritation in the respiratory tract by its anti-inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation and promoting healing.

By fighting infections with its antimicrobial and antifungal properties, and easing congestion through its diuretic and expectorant properties, Vaccinium myrtillus also increases oxygen intake and lowers allergies, and relaxes airways by its smooth muscle relaxant properties, and reduces inflammation with its anti-inflammatory properties.

The medicinal benefits of Vaccinium myrtillus on the respiratory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Cough
• Asthma
• Bronchitis
• Pneumonia
• Allergies

Urinary System

Vaccinium myrtillus prevents kidney damage by its antioxidant properties that neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.

It protects bladder health with its antimicrobial properties that inhibit the growth of pathogens and prevent infections. The plant reduces urine concentration due to its diuretic properties, which stimulate urine production and help eliminate excess fluids. Vaccinium myrtillus also helps prevent UTIs by its anti-inflammatory properties that reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms.

Additionally, it treats kidney stones with its litholytic properties that break down and dissolve stones, regulates urine output with its diuretic properties, enhances bladder control with its neuromodulatory properties that improve nerve function, reduces kidney inflammation with its anti-inflammatory properties, prevents bladder infections with its antimicrobial properties, and supports prostate health with its anti-androgenic properties that inhibit the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.

The medicinal benefits of Vaccinium myrtillus on the urinary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Urinary tract infection
• Kidney stones
• Prostatitis
• Bladder inflammation
• Kidney inflammation
• Urinary frequency

What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Vaccinium myrtillus?

The therapeutic properties of Vaccinium myrtillus are attributed to its antioxidant activity, which helps to neutralize free radicals and protect against oxidative stress, a key factor in various diseases.

The plant's antimicrobial properties are also well-documented, with anthocyanins and hydrolysable tannins contributing to its ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, thereby preventing infections. Vaccinium myrtillus has been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, with the flavonoid quercetin and the phenolic acid myrtillin exerting anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes. Moreover, the plant's analgesic properties have been reported, with the flavonoids and phenolic acids present in Vaccinium myrtillus contributing to its pain-relieving effects, while its anticancer properties are attributed to the ability of its bioactive compounds to induce apoptosis and inhibit the growth of cancer cells.

Additionally, the plant's antidiabetic, antioxidative, vasodilatory, and cardioprotective properties have been documented, with the bioactive compounds in Vaccinium myrtillus, including anthocyanins and saponins, playing a crucial role in these medicinal properties.

The following illustration give a summary of the dominant therapeutic properties of Vaccinium myrtillus.

The list below provides more details on why Vaccinium myrtillus has the therapeutic properties mentioned in the illustration above.

• Antioxidant: Vaccinium myrtillus has antioxidant properties due to the presence of anthocyanins and other polyphenolic compounds, which can neutralize free radicals and protect against oxidative stress and cell damage.
• Antimicrobial: Vaccinium myrtillus exhibits antimicrobial properties, particularly against bacteria, fungi, and viruses, due to the presence of phenolic acids and anthocyanins, which can inhibit the growth of microorganisms and prevent infections.
• Anti-Inflammatory: Vaccinium myrtillus has anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to the presence of anthocyanins and other polyphenolic compounds, which can reduce inflammation and alleviate conditions such as arthritis, gout, and other inflammatory diseases.
• Analgesic: Vaccinium myrtillus has analgesic properties, which can provide pain relief and reduce discomfort, attributed to the presence of anthocyanins and other polyphenolic compounds that can inhibit the production of pain-causing chemicals in the body.
• Anticancer: Vaccinium myrtillus has been found to have anticancer properties, attributed to the presence of anthocyanins and other polyphenolic compounds, which can inhibit the growth of cancer cells, induce apoptosis, and prevent the formation of new blood vessels that feed cancer cells.
• Antidiabetic: Vaccinium myrtillus has been found to have antidiabetic properties, attributed to the presence of anthocyanins and other polyphenolic compounds, which can improve insulin sensitivity, reduce glucose levels, and alleviate symptoms of diabetes.
• Antioxidative: Vaccinium myrtillus has antioxidative properties, which can neutralize free radicals and protect against oxidative stress and cell damage, attributed to the presence of anthocyanins and other polyphenolic compounds.
• Vasodilatory: Vaccinium myrtillus has vasodilatory properties, attributed to the presence of anthocyanins and other polyphenolic compounds, which can relax blood vessels, improve blood flow, and lower blood pressure.
• Cardioprotective: Vaccinium myrtillus has cardioprotective properties, attributed to the presence of anthocyanins and other polyphenolic compounds, which can improve cardiovascular health, reduce the risk of heart disease, and lower blood pressure.

What are the major healing constituents of Vaccinium myrtillus?

The healing constituents of Vaccinium myrtillus are primarily responsible for its medicinal properties due to the presence of anthocyanins, a class of powerful antioxidants that have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer activities by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the activity of certain enzymes.

Quercetin, a flavonoid found in Vaccinium myrtillus, has been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which contribute to its potential therapeutic effects in treating conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Saponins present in Vaccinium myrtillus have been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial activities, making them a valuable component in the plant's medicinal properties. Tannins and phenolic acids in Vaccinium myrtillus have also been found to contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, with tannins exhibiting antimicrobial and anti-cancer properties, and phenolic acids possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

These constituents work synergistically to provide the plant with its comprehensive range of medicinal properties, making Vaccinium myrtillus a valuable resource for the treatment and prevention of various diseases.

The following illustration give a summary of the major healing consitutents of Vaccinium myrtillus.

The list below provides more details on what are the major healing constituents of Vaccinium myrtillus and why they are important for health.

• Anthocyanins: Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments that exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and free radical scavenging properties.
• Quercetin: Quercetin is a flavonoid found in Vaccinium myrtillus with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties.
• Saponins: Saponins are triterpenoid and steroid glycosides found in Vaccinium myrtillus that exhibit hemolytic activity and have surfactant properties.
• Tannins: Vaccinium myrtillus contains Tannins, which are astringent, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial compounds
• Phenolic acids: Phenolic acids in Vaccinium myrtillus are a class of compounds that include ellagic acid, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid, which are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
• Ellagic acid: Ellagic acid is a polyphenolic compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
• Kaempferol: Kaempferol is a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and free radical scavenging properties.
• Flavonoids: Quercetin, a flavonoid present in Vaccinium myrtillus, is an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and free radical scavenger with anti-cancer and cardiovascular protective properties.
• Flavonols: Quercetin, one of the flavonols found in Vaccinium myrtillus, is a powerful antioxidant with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, and it may also have anti-cancer and cardiovascular-protective effects.
• Phenolic Acids: Phenolic Acids are a type of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial constituent found in Vaccinium myrtillus, characterized by their ability to scavenge free radicals, inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes, and exhibit bactericidal activity.

The table that follows estimates the relative concentrations of the main medicinal constituents contained in Vaccinium myrtillus and lists the most relevant medicinal properties of each constituent based on the corresponding concentrations.

What are the most used parts of Vaccinium myrtillus in medicine?

The most used parts of Vaccinium myrtillus for medicinal purposes are leaves and fruits.

The leaves contain flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids, which exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and are used to treat gastrointestinal issues and alleviate symptoms of diabetes. The fruits are rich in anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which contribute to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, and are used to treat cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and cognitive impairment. The leaves also contain saponins, which have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, while the fruits contain volatile oils, which have been reported to possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

The bioactive compounds present in both leaves and fruits are responsible for their potential therapeutic effects, which have been studied extensively in traditional medicine and modern research.

The following illustration give a summary of the most used parts of Vaccinium myrtillus in medicine.

The list below provides more details on what are the most used parts of Vaccinium myrtillus in medicine and why.

• Leaves: The leaves of this plant are rich in anthocyanins, flavonols, and phenolic acids, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, which can help alleviate symptoms of arthritis, protect against cell damage and oxidative stress, and inhibit the growth of certain pathogens.
• Fruits: The fruits of this plant are a rich source of anthocyanins, ellagic acid, and phenolic acids, displaying anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimutagenic properties, which can help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, protect against cell damage and cancer, and prevent DNA mutations and tumor formation.

The table that follows gives a more complete list of healing constituents found in each part of Vaccinium myrtillus mentioned above.

What are the most common medicinal preparations of Vaccinium myrtillus?

The most common herbal preparation of Vaccinium myrtillus for medicinal purposes are tinctures, which contain concentrated extracts of the plant and are used to treat various gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea and dyspepsia.

Vaccinium myrtillus is also used to make a topical salve, applied externally to alleviate pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal conditions such as arthritis and sprains. Tea, a more diluted preparation, is consumed to stimulate appetite and relieve nausea, particularly in cases of anorexia and gastrointestinal disorders. Decoctions, more potent than teas, are used to treat urinary tract infections and kidney stones due to their diuretic and antibacterial properties.

Additionally, Vaccinium myrtillus is used in the production of ointments and suppositories, the former applied topically to soothe skin conditions such as eczema and dermatitis, while the latter administered rectally to treat hemorrhoids and anal fissures.

The following illustration give a summary of the most common medicinal preparations of Vaccinium myrtillus.

The list below provides more details on what are the most common medicinal preparations of Vaccinium myrtillus and what are their main uses.

• Tincture: Tincture made from this plant is used to treat digestive issues, support urinary tract health, and reduce inflammation associated with arthritis and other conditions.
• Salve: Salve made from this plant is used topically to treat wounds, skin irritations, and minor burns, and to reduce inflammation and promote wound healing.
• Tea: Tea made from this plant is traditionally used to treat diarrhea, improve cardiovascular health, and as an antioxidant.
• Decoction: Decoction made from this plant is used to treat kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and as a diuretic to increase urine production.
• Ointment: Ointment made from this plant is used to treat minor burns, cuts, and scrapes, as well as to relieve symptoms of hemorrhoids and varicose veins due to its anti-inflammatory and astringent properties.

The table that follows shows what are the most used parts of Vaccinium myrtillus for each medicinal preparation.

Tincture

Vaccinium myrtillus tincture is used to treat antioxidant deficiency, gastrointestinal disorder, urinary tract infection, diarrhea, inflammatory response, viral infection, bacterial infection, and skin irritation.

It's a very common herbal preparation, widely used in traditional medicine. One of its most common effects is the reduction of oxidative stress.

The tincture is made with Vaccinium myrtillus fruits and leaves, which are rich in anthocyanins and other bioactive compounds. The preparation process involves steeping the plant material in a solvent, such as ethanol or glycerin, and then straining and concentrating the mixture to produce a concentrated liquid extract.

The difficulty level of making Vaccinium myrtillus tincture is considered moderate, requiring some knowledge of herbal extraction techniques and equipment.

Below you find an image of Vaccinium myrtillus tincture.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Vaccinium myrtillus tincture.

1. Gather fresh Vaccinium myrtillus fruits and leaves, and clean them thoroughly.
2. Combine the cleaned Vaccinium myrtillus fruits and leaves in a clean glass jar in a 1:1 ratio.
3. Add 70% ethanol or vodka to the jar to cover the Vaccinium myrtillus mixture completely.
4. Seal the jar and store it in a cool, dark place for 2-6 weeks, shaking the jar occasionally.
5. Strain the mixture through a cheesecloth or coffee filter into another clean glass container, discarding the solids.

Salve

Vaccinium myrtillus salve is a traditional herbal remedy used to treat various skin conditions, including psoriasis, fungal infections, eczema, acne, and insect bites.

It's a common preparation in folk medicine, often used to soothe burns, bruises, cuts, wounds, and herpes. The salve is frequently employed in treating these conditions due to its effectiveness. It's commonly made from the leaves and fruits of the Vaccinium myrtillus plant, which contains compounds that provide its medicinal properties.

However, creating this salve is a challenging process, as it requires precise extraction and preparation of the plant's active ingredients to achieve the desired effect.

Below you find an image of Vaccinium myrtillus salve.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Vaccinium myrtillus salve.

1. Gather fresh Vaccinium myrtillus leaves and fruits from a trusted source, ensuring they are free of pesticides and contaminants.
2. Clean and dry the leaves and fruits to remove any dirt, debris, or excess moisture.
3. Combine the dried leaves and fruits in a mortar and pestle, and gently grind them into a fine powder.
4. Mix the powdered leaves and fruits with a carrier oil, such as olive or coconut oil, in a double boiler to infuse the herbal properties.
5. Strain and filter the infused oil to remove any solids, then transfer the resulting herbal salve to a clean glass container for storage.

Tea

Vaccinium myrtillus tea is a herbal preparation used to treat a range of health issues, including digestive problems, urinary tract infections, diabetes, hypertension, inflammatory bowel disease, and cardiovascular disease.

It is one of the most commonly used herbal teas globally, with many people turning to it for relief from various ailments. One of the most noticeable effects of Vaccinium myrtillus tea is its ability to lower blood pressure and improve blood sugar control in people with diabetes. The preparation is made from the leaves and fruits of the Vaccinium myrtillus plant, which is rich in antioxidants and other beneficial compounds.

Making Vaccinium myrtillus tea is also relatively simple, requiring only the steeping of dried leaves and fruits in hot water, making it a convenient option for those looking for a natural remedy.

Below you find an image of Vaccinium myrtillus tea.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Vaccinium myrtillus tea.

1. Gather fresh Vaccinium myrtillus leaves and fruits from a trusted source.
2. Rinse the leaves and fruits thoroughly with clean water to remove any dirt or debris.
3. Combine equal amounts of Vaccinium myrtillus leaves and fruits in a clean tea infuser or a heat-resistant cup.
4. Pour boiling water over the mixture and let it steep for 5-7 minutes to allow the flavors and nutrients to infuse.
5. Strain the tea and discard the solids, then let it cool before serving.

Decoction

Vaccinium myrtillus decoction is a herbal remedy commonly used to treat diabetes, inflammation, hypertension, gastrointestinal issues, cardiovascular disease, and cancer due to its antioxidant properties.

It is widely used in folk medicine, particularly in Europe and North America. This preparation has a common effect of reducing oxidative stress and improving overall health. Vaccinium myrtillus decoction is typically made from the fruits and leaves of the bilberry plant, which are rich in anthocyanins and other bioactive compounds.

The preparation is moderately difficult to make, requiring a combination of boiling and straining to extract the active ingredients.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Vaccinium myrtillus decoction.

1. Gather fresh Vaccinium myrtillus fruits and leaves from a trusted source.
2. Rinse the Vaccinium myrtillus fruits and leaves with clean water to remove any dirt or debris.
3. Combine equal parts of Vaccinium myrtillus fruits and leaves in a clean pot.
4. Pour enough clean water over the Vaccinium myrtillus mixture to fill the pot, and bring to a boil.
5. Reduce the heat and simmer the Vaccinium myrtillus decoction for an extended period of time, allowing the flavors to meld and the medicinal properties to be released.

Ointment

Vaccinium myrtillus ointment is used to treat various conditions including bruises, viral infections, hemorrhoids, fungal infections, burns, sore muscles, wounds, eczema, skin irritation and varicose veins.

It is a widely used preparation, commonly applied topically to affected areas. The common effect of Vaccinium myrtillus ointment is its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which help to reduce pain, swelling and promote healing. This preparation is made from Vaccinium myrtillus fruits and leaves, which contain anthocyanins and other bioactive compounds.

Due to the complexity of the extraction process, it is considered challenging to produce Vaccinium myrtillus ointment, requiring precise methods to obtain the desired concentration of active ingredients.

Below you find an image of Vaccinium myrtillus ointment.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Vaccinium myrtillus ointment.

1. Gather fresh Vaccinium myrtillus fruits and leaves from a reputable source.
2. Clean and dry the Vaccinium myrtillus fruits and leaves to prevent contamination.
3. Chop the Vaccinium myrtillus fruits and leaves into small pieces and combine them in a heat-resistant container.
4. Add a carrier oil, such as olive or coconut oil, to the container with the chopped Vaccinium myrtillus and heat the mixture in a double boiler until the oil infuses with the herbal properties.
5. Strain the herbal oil and transfer it to a clean container, then store the Vaccinium myrtillus ointment in a cool, dark place to allow the flavors and properties to mature.

What are the possible side effects of Vaccinium myrtillus if used improperly?

The possible side effects of improperly using Vaccinium myrtillus are overdose, which can be life-threatening due to the accumulation of toxic compounds, abdominal pain resulting from gastrointestinal irritation, diarrhea caused by the increased motility of the intestinal tract, vomiting as the body attempts to expel the toxins.

In severe cases, headache may occur due to the irritation of the meninges, dizziness caused by the disruption of normal blood flow to the brain, and nausea as a result of the body's response to the toxic compounds.

Additionally, allergic reaction to the plant's proteins can manifest as skin rashes or respiratory distress, increased bleeding may occur due to the disruption of blood clotting factors, and hypotension can result from the dilation of blood vessels.

The most common side effects Vaccinium myrtillus gives people when used improperly are listed below, along with a brief explanation.

• Overdose: Consuming large amounts of Vaccinium myrtillus fruits can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
• Abdominal Pain: Consuming excessive amounts of Vaccinium myrtillus berries can cause gastrointestinal irritation leading to abdominal pain.
• Diarrhea: Vaccinium myrtillus contains anthocyanins and other compounds that can cause gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea in some individuals.
• Vomiting: Consuming Vaccinium myrtillus can cause gastric irritation leading to vomiting.
• Headache: Headache occurs due to the stimulant properties of anthocyanins and other compounds found in Vaccinium myrtillus.
• Dizziness: High doses of anthocyanins from Vaccinium myrtillus cause vasodilation leading to decreased blood pressure, resulting in lightheadedness and dizziness.
• Nausea: Vaccinium myrtillus berries contain glycosides that may cause nausea due to their toxic effect on the gastrointestinal system.
• Allergic Reaction: Some individuals exhibit symptoms such as hives, itching, or difficulty breathing after exposure to Vaccinium myrtillus, resulting from an immune system response to its allergenic compounds.
• Increased Bleeding: Vaccinium myrtillus contains salicylates which can inhibit platelet aggregation, leading to increased bleeding.
• Hypotension: Decreased blood pressure following ingestion of Vaccinium myrtillus due to glycoside content.

What are the precautions to take before using Vaccinium myrtillus medicinally?

The precautions to take before using Vaccinium myrtillus medicinally are to consult a healthcare professional, especially if you have a pre-existing medical condition, as they can assess the potential risks and benefits.

Determining the correct dosage is crucial, as high levels of anthocyanins, the active compounds, can cause adverse effects. It is also essential to avoid interactions with medications, such as blood thinners and diabetes medications, as Vaccinium myrtillus may exacerbate these conditions. Monitoring blood sugar levels is vital, as Vaccinium myrtillus may lower blood sugar, potentially causing hypoglycemia.

Additionally, individuals should be aware of allergy risks, use it under medical supervision, avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to a lack of research, be cautious with kidney and liver issues, watch for signs of toxicity, and store it properly to maintain its potency.

The most important precautions you must take before using Vaccinium myrtillus for medicinal purposes are listed below, along with a brief explanation.

• Consult A Healthcare Professional: Vaccinium myrtillus may interact with medications such as blood thinners, and a healthcare professional should be consulted before use.
• Determine Correct Dosage: Accurately calculate and measure the appropriate amount of Vaccinium myrtillus berries for consumption based on individual needs and specific health conditions.
• Avoid Interactions With Medications: Vaccinium myrtillus may interact with blood thinners, increasing the risk of bleeding.
• Monitor Blood Sugar Levels: Vaccinium myrtillus may lower blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes, necessitating regular monitoring.
• Be Aware Of Allergy Risks: Vaccinium myrtillus berries contain allergenic proteins, causing anaphylaxis in some individuals.
• Use Under Medical Supervision: Not recommended without medical guidance due to potential interactions with medications or health conditions.
• Avoid During Pregnancy/Breastfeeding: Vaccinium myrtillus may affect fetal or infant development due to the presence of glycosides and anthocyanins.
• Be Cautious With Kidney/Liver Issues: Vaccinium myrtillus may cause oxalate nephropathy in individuals with pre-existing kidney disease or nephrolithiasis and exacerbate liver conditions due to anthocyanin and oxalate content.
• Watch For Signs Of Toxicity: Ingestion of Vaccinium myrtillus berries can cause gastrointestinal symptoms if eaten in large quantities, particularly by children.
• Store Properly To Maintain Potency: Proper storage in a cool, dry place prevents degradation of anthocyanins and other bioactive compounds.

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