By Leen Randell

Updated: Oct 20, 2024

What to know about Urtica dioica before using it medicinally

Urtica dioica, commonly known as nettle, is a medicinal herb that has been used to treat various health conditions, including arthritis, gout, and other inflammatory diseases.

The herb has anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties, making it a beneficial remedy for conditions such as joint pain and swelling. Urtica dioica has also been shown to have antioxidant, anti-allergic, and antimicrobial properties, which contribute to its therapeutic effects. The bioactive compounds present in the herb, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, are responsible for its medicinal properties.

The herb is often used to make nettle tea, a popular herbal preparation that is consumed to alleviate symptoms of various health conditions and promote overall well-being.

The following article explains in detail what are the medicinal uses of Urtica dioica, its health benefits, therapeutic properties, bioactive compounds, used parts, and herbal preparation. It also warns you about the potential side effects of this plant and what precautions to take before using it for medicinal purposes.

ARTICLE SUMMARY: The table below summarizes the most crucial information about Urtica dioica provided in the article below, which is useful if you are in a hurry and don't have time to dig deep into the very detailed content that follows.

BONUS CHEATSHEET: The cheatsheet below illustrates the most important medicinal aspects of Urtica dioica. Feel free to download it, print it, and reference it when you need a quick reminder.

What are the main medicinal uses of Urtica dioica?

The main medicinal uses of Urtica dioica are alleviating arthritis symptoms through its anti-inflammatory properties, which are attributed to the presence of flavonoids, particularly quercetin and kaempferol, that inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes.

Urtica dioica also exhibits anti-diabetic properties, as seen in studies demonstrating its ability to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce blood sugar levels due to its content of phenolic acids and saponins. Additionally, the plant's anthraquinones and flavonoids contribute to its effectiveness in treating gout by reducing uric acid levels and inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity. Furthermore, Urtica dioica is used to alleviate symptoms of rheumatism, eczema, and urinary tract infections, as well as kidney stones, allergies, digestive issues, and asthma, with its constituents, including carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and sesquiterpenes, exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

The combination of these bioactive compounds in Urtica dioica makes it a valuable natural remedy for various health conditions.

The following illustration give a summary of the main medicinal uses of Urtica dioica.

The list below provide more details on why Urtica dioica is used to alleviate the health conditions mentioned in the illustration above.

• Arthritis: It is used for arthritis due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may help reduce joint pain and inflammation, and protect against oxidative stress, potentially improving symptoms associated with the condition.
• Eczema: It may be used to treat eczema due to its anti-inflammatory and soothing properties, which can help reduce redness and itching associated with the skin condition, although more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness.
• Asthma: It has been suggested as a potential treatment for asthma due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce inflammation in the airways and alleviate symptoms associated with the condition.
• Gout: It is used for gout due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce inflammation and pain associated with the condition, as well as its diuretic effect, which can help lower uric acid levels in the blood.
• Diabetes: It has been studied as a potential treatment for diabetes due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may help improve insulin sensitivity and reduce oxidative stress associated with the condition.
• Rheumatism: It is used for rheumatism due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may help reduce joint pain and inflammation associated with the condition, and protect against oxidative stress.
• Inflammation: It has anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms associated with various inflammatory conditions, by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes.
• Allergies: It may be used to alleviate allergy symptoms due to its anti-inflammatory and antihistamine properties, which can help reduce allergic reactions and alleviate symptoms associated with the condition.
• Varicose Veins: It has been suggested as a potential treatment for varicose veins due to its diuretic effect, which can help improve blood circulation and alleviate symptoms associated with the condition, although more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness.
• Psoriasis: It may be used to treat psoriasis due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms associated with the condition, although more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness.

The table that follows gives an overview of what are the most common health conditions that are treated with Urtica dioica, in each of the major medicinal systems.

Modern Western Medicine

In modern western medicine, Urtica dioica is used to treat asthma by reducing inflammation and improving lung function.

The plant's anti-inflammatory properties also make it effective in treating eczema, where it helps to soothe and calm irritated skin. Studies have shown that Urtica dioica may help manage diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.

Urtica dioica is also used to alleviate symptoms of arthritis, such as joint pain and swelling. Its anti-allergic properties make it useful in treating allergies, gout, rheumatism, and inflammation, while also providing relief from psoriasis, skin irritations, varicose veins, and osteoarthritis.

Additionally, Urtica dioica has been found to be effective in treating urinary tract infections, hemorrhoids, and insect bites, as well as addressing prostate issues, anemia, hypertension, inflammatory bowel disease, and gastrointestinal issues.

Traditional Chinese Medicine

In traditional chinese medicine, Urtica dioica is used to treat asthma through its expectorant properties.

The plant is also employed to alleviate eczema symptoms, such as inflammation and itching, by reducing oxidative stress and promoting skin health. Gout and arthritis sufferers often benefit from Urtica dioica's anti-inflammatory effects, which help to reduce joint pain and swelling. Additionally, Urtica dioica has been used to manage diabetes by regulating blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity.

The plant's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties also make it effective in treating various conditions, including rheumatism, inflammation, skin irritation, varicose veins, insect bites, allergies, anemia, psoriasis, kidney stones, urinary tract infections, skin allergy, diarrhea, digestive issues, hypertension, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Ayurvedic Medicine

In ayurvedic medicine, Urtica dioica is used to treat asthma, as its anti-inflammatory properties help alleviate respiratory issues.

The plant's antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties make it effective in treating eczema, while its diuretic properties may also help with urinary tract infections, such as those caused by kidney stones. Urtica dioica has been traditionally used to alleviate symptoms of arthritis, gout, rheumatism, and digestive issues, including those related to high blood pressure. The plant is also used to treat various skin conditions, including psoriasis, skin irritation, and insect bites, as well as allergies and allergic rhinitis.

Additionally, Urtica dioica has been used to treat hemorrhoids, warts, skin infections, and varicose veins, due to its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and astringent properties.

Unani Medicine

In unani medicine, Urtica dioica is used to treat a variety of health conditions, including arthritis, where its anti-inflammatory properties help reduce joint pain and swelling.

The plant's soothing effects on the skin also make it a popular treatment for eczema, as well as skin allergies and irritation, by reducing redness and itching. Additionally, Urtica dioica has been found to be effective in alleviating respiratory issues such as asthma, gout, and inflammation, which are often associated with other conditions like rheumatism and digestive issues. The plant is also used to treat urinary tract infections, as well as conditions like varicose veins, psoriasis, skin allergy, kidney stones, and hemorrhoids.

Furthermore, Urtica dioica has been found to help manage diabetes, high blood pressure, anemia, and gastroesophageal reflux disease, as well as reduce the severity of insect bites and alleviate symptoms of gout and allergies.

Homeopathic Medicine

In homeopathic medicine, Urtica dioica is used to treat various health conditions, including arthritis, with its anti-inflammatory properties helping to alleviate joint pain and swelling.

Its antiseptic and antimicrobial properties also make it effective in treating skin irritations and wounds, as well as reducing the risk of infection associated with urinary tract infections. Eczema, gout, asthma, allergies, inflammation, and varicose veins are also commonly treated with Urtica dioica, which has been shown to reduce inflammation and improve circulation. Additionally, it is used to alleviate symptoms of rheumatism, diabetes, psoriasis, skin inflammation, insect bites, diarrhea, anemia, bursitis, and tendinitis, as well as to aid in wound healing and relieve muscle pain.

Its anti-inflammatory and antihistamine properties also make it a popular treatment for skin irritations, insect bites, and allergic reactions.

What are the primary health benefits of Urtica dioica?

Urtica dioica reduces inflammation by containing flavonoids and phenolic acids, which inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines.

Urtica dioica fights free radicals due to its high content of antioxidants like vitamin C and E, which neutralize reactive oxygen species and prevent oxidative stress. The plant treats urinary tract issues, including infections and kidney stones, due to its diuretic properties and antimicrobial compounds like urticine, which inhibit bacterial growth. Urtica dioica relieves joint pain by inhibiting prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators with its analgesic and anti-inflammatory compounds, such as beta-sitosterol.

Urtica dioica supports skin health by stimulating collagen production, improving wound healing, and reducing inflammation with its flavonoids, which also enhance the plant's antiseptic properties to fight infections.

The following illustration give a summary of the primary health benefits of Urtica dioica.

The list below provides more details on why Urtica dioica offers the health benefits mentioned in the illustration above.

• Reduces Inflammation: This plant contains compounds that have anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce swelling and pain in the body. The anti-inflammatory compounds in this plant work by blocking the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes and chemicals, thereby reducing inflammation and alleviating associated symptoms.
• Fights Free Radicals: This plant contains antioxidants that help to protect the body from damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can cause oxidative stress and damage to cells, leading to various health problems. The antioxidants in this plant neutralize free radicals, thereby protecting cells from damage and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
• Treats Urinary Tract: This plant has been traditionally used to treat urinary tract infections and other urinary tract problems due to its diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties. The diuretic properties of this plant help to increase urine production, which can help to flush out bacteria and other pathogens that can cause urinary tract infections.
• Relieves Joint Pain: This plant contains compounds that have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, which help to relieve joint pain and inflammation. The anti-inflammatory compounds in this plant reduce swelling and pain in the joints, while the analgesic compounds provide relief from pain.
• Supports Skin Health: This plant contains antioxidants and other compounds that help to protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals and other environmental stressors. The antioxidants in this plant neutralize free radicals, which can cause skin damage and lead to signs of aging such as wrinkles and age spots.
• Improves Digestive Health: This plant has been traditionally used to treat digestive problems such as constipation and irritable bowel syndrome due to its anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties. The anti-inflammatory compounds in this plant reduce inflammation in the digestive tract, while the antispasmodic compounds help to relax the muscles in the digestive tract and improve digestion.
• Treats Prostate Issues: This plant has been traditionally used to treat prostate problems such as enlarged prostate and prostatitis due to its anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties. The anti-inflammatory compounds in this plant reduce inflammation in the prostate, while the diuretic properties help to reduce swelling and alleviate associated symptoms.
• Relieves Allergy Symptoms: This plant contains compounds that have anti-inflammatory and antihistamine properties, which help to relieve allergy symptoms such as itching, swelling, and congestion. The anti-inflammatory compounds in this plant reduce inflammation and swelling, while the antihistamine compounds block the action of histamine, a chemical that can cause allergic reactions.
• Treats Diabetic Complications: This plant has been traditionally used to treat diabetic complications such as nerve damage and kidney disease due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The antioxidants in this plant neutralize free radicals, which can damage cells and contribute to the development of diabetic complications, while the anti-inflammatory compounds reduce inflammation and alleviate associated symptoms.
• Enhances Immune System: This plant contains compounds that have immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties, which help to enhance the immune system and protect against infections. The immunomodulatory compounds in this plant stimulate the immune system, while the antioxidants neutralize free radicals, which can damage cells and reduce the effectiveness of the immune system.

The table that follows gives an overview of what are the primary health benefits of Urtica dioica for each of the major body system.

Circulatory System

Urtica dioica reduces blood pressure through its flavonoid and phenolic compounds, which exhibit vasodilatory and antioxidant properties.

Improved circulation is also a result of this plant's ability to enhance vasodilation, allowing for increased blood flow and reduced resistance in blood vessels. Lowering cholesterol levels is facilitated by Urtica dioica's ability to regulate lipid metabolism and reduce the absorption of dietary cholesterol. Decreasing inflammation and easing blood clotting are also key benefits, as the plant's anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties help to prevent the formation of blood clots and reduce inflammation in blood vessels.

By regulating blood flow, supporting healthy arteries, boosting oxygen delivery, and protecting against atherosclerosis, Urtica dioica provides comprehensive cardiovascular support and helps to maintain a healthy circulatory system.

The medicinal benefits of Urtica dioica on the circulatory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Varicose veins
• Edema
• Hypertension
• Poor circulation
• Thrombosis

Digestive System

Urtica dioica relieve inflammation through its anti-inflammatory properties, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes that cause tissue damage.

Its anti-irritant properties also reduce irritation in the digestive tract, soothing and calming the mucous membranes and reducing inflammation. Urtica dioica ease digestion by stimulating digestive enzymes and improving the absorption of nutrients, thereby relieving symptoms of indigestion and bloating. Its antimicrobial properties also prevent ulcers by reducing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the gut, while its antioxidant properties stimulate metabolism by increasing the production of ATP and improving energy levels.

Urtica dioica heal intestines by reducing inflammation and promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, stop diarrhea by reducing the frequency and severity of bowel movements, regulate bowels by improving the balance of gut bacteria, soothe stomach by reducing inflammation and irritation, and protect gut by preventing the attachment of pathogenic bacteria to the intestinal wall.

The medicinal benefits of Urtica dioica on the digestive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Diverticulitis
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease
• Ulcerative colitis
• Hemorrhoids
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Gastritis

Endocrine System

Urtica dioica regulates thyroid function by containing compounds that mimic the effects of thyroid hormones, thus helping to manage hypothyroidism.

This plant stabilizes blood sugar levels due to its antioxidant properties, which combat oxidative stress and inflammation associated with blood sugar imbalances. Urtica dioica also supports adrenal function by reducing stress-induced cortisol levels through its adaptogenic properties, thereby alleviating adrenal fatigue. The plant balances hormones by modulating the activity of hormone-sensitive enzymes and receptors, ultimately restoring endocrine homeostasis.

By virtue of its diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties, Urtica dioica stimulates metabolism, improves insulin sensitivity, reduces inflammation in the pancreas, corrects cortisol imbalances, enhances thyroxine production, and regenerates pancreatic tissue, ultimately improving the overall endocrine profile.

The medicinal benefits of Urtica dioica on the endocrine system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Thyroiditis
• Hyperthyroidism
• Adrenal insufficiency
• Hypogonadism
• Diabetes
• Hypothyroidism

Integumentary System

Urtica dioica soothes irritation due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which reduce the severity of skin reactions and prevent the spread of infection.

The plant reduces inflammation by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes, thereby alleviating the symptoms of skin conditions. Urtica dioica prevents itchiness by containing histamine-releasing inhibitory compounds, which block the release of histamine and reduce itching sensations. The plant cures rash by exhibiting immunomodulatory properties, which modulate the immune response and prevent excessive inflammation.

Urtica dioica heals wound by promoting tissue repair through the stimulation of collagen synthesis and the activation of growth factors, fights infections by exerting antimicrobial activity, relieves eczema by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, treats burns by reducing the formation of scar tissue, removes blisters by dissolving the fluid-filled sacs, and mends skin by enhancing the integrity and elasticity of the skin.

The medicinal benefits of Urtica dioica on the integumentary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Eczema
• Psoriasis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Insect bites
• Acne
• Warts
• Itching
• Skin injuries
• Soriasis

Lymphatic System

Urtica dioica supports lymph flow by stimulating the lymphatic vessels, improving circulation, and enhancing lymph node function.

Urtica dioica boosts immune defenses with its antimicrobial and antiviral properties, preventing infections and promoting a healthy immune response. The anti-inflammatory properties of Urtica dioica reduce toxic load by eliminating oxidative stress and free radicals, while its antioxidant properties improve detoxification by neutralizing harmful substances. Urtica dioica enhances lymph function by stimulating the lymphatic system, activating immune cells, and fighting infections quickly.

Urtica dioica also reduces swelling rapidly due to its anti-inflammatory properties and enhances filtration process, protecting against inflammation and promoting a healthy lymphatic system.

The medicinal benefits of Urtica dioica on the lymphatic system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Lymphedema
• Edema
• Varicose veins
• Cellulite
• Lymphatic infections
• Lymph node swelling

Musculoskeletal System

Urtica dioica relieve joint pain through its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, reducing prostaglandin levels that cause pain and inflammation.

Its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties reduce muscle inflammation, preventing the degradation of muscle tissue and promoting recovery. Urtica dioica ease muscle cramping by regulating muscle electrolyte balance and reducing muscle spasms. The plant strengthen bone density by increasing osteoblast activity, promoting bone growth and mineralization.

Additionally, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties improve tissue elasticity by reducing oxidative stress and promoting collagen synthesis, while soothing skin irritations and relaxing muscle tension, and its healing properties heal tissue damage and promote wound healing.

The medicinal benefits of Urtica dioica on the musculoskeletal system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Muscle sprain
• Tendinitis
• Arthritis
• Tendinosis
• Bursitis
• Fibromyalgia
• Tennis elbow
• Gout
• Meniscal tear
• Ligament sprain

Nervous System

Urtica dioica relaxes nervous tissue, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

This plant supports nervous health by promoting the expression of neurotrophic factors, which encourage neuronal growth and survival. Urtica dioica improves nervous function by stimulating the release of neurotransmitters and modulating the activity of ion channels. It reduces nervous stress by inhibiting the production of stress-related hormones and cytokines, and soothes nervous system by suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory genes.

Urtica dioica calms nervous energy, protects nervous cells from excitotoxicity and oxidative damage, enhances nervous flexibility, balances nervous activity, and regulates nervous response, ultimately promoting a state of homeostasis in the nervous system.

The medicinal benefits of Urtica dioica on the nervous system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Nervous fatigue
• Anxiety
• Muscle spasm
• Insomnia
• Headache

Reproductive System

Urtica dioica stimulates ovulation due to its estrogenic activity, which mimics the effects of the hormone estrogen in the body.

The plant's anti-inflammatory properties regulate hormones, particularly estrogen and progesterone, thereby creating a balance that promotes reproductive health. Urtica dioica boosts fertility by increasing sperm count and motility in men and improving the quality and frequency of ovulation in women. Treats infertility by enhancing the uterine lining and improving blood flow, which increases the chances of successful implantation of an embryo.

Urtica dioica improves menstrual cycles by reducing inflammation and regulating hormonal imbalances, and soothes menstrual cramps by its analgesic properties, while enhancing libido in both men and women due to its aphrodisiac effects; it also supports prostate health by its antioxidant activity, tones the reproductive system by its astringent properties, and relieves endometriosis by reducing inflammation and promoting the regression of endometrial lesions.

The medicinal benefits of Urtica dioica on the reproductive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Endometriosis
• Menorrhagia
• Ovarian cysts
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Uterine fibroids
• Hormonal imbalance

Respiratory System

Urtica dioica alleviates inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which reduce swelling and pain in the respiratory system.

It reduces congestion by breaking down excess mucus and promoting its expulsion, allowing for easier breathing. Urtica dioica eliminates mucus through its expectorant properties, helping to clear the airways. This plant prevents asthma by reducing the body's allergic response and promoting a healthy immune system, thereby minimizing the risk of asthma attacks.

Urtica dioica relaxes bronchus muscles, soothes coughs with its antitussive properties, cures wheezing by clearing airways, improves breathing through increased oxygenation, combats allergies by reducing histamine release, and heals lungs by regenerating damaged tissue.

The medicinal benefits of Urtica dioica on the respiratory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Asthma
• Allergies
• Bronchitis
• Chronic cough
• Inflammation
• Pneumonia
• Sinusitis

Urinary System

Urtica dioica prevent kidney damage due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which protect the kidneys from oxidative stress and inflammation caused by toxins and pollutants.

The plant reduce urinary tract infections by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi with its antimicrobial properties, reducing the risk of infection and inflammation in the urinary tract. Urtica dioica treat urinary tract infections by reducing inflammation and promoting healing with its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and relieve bladder pain by reducing spasms and inflammation in the bladder muscles. The plant improve bladder control by relaxing the bladder muscles and reducing inflammation, which helps to prevent involuntary urination and incontinence.

Urtica dioica lower blood pressure by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the blood vessels, reduce prostate swelling by inhibiting the growth of prostate cells with its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, treat benign prostate by reducing inflammation and promoting healing, prevent kidney stones by reducing the risk of stone formation with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and reduce urine frequency by relaxing the bladder muscles and reducing inflammation.

The medicinal benefits of Urtica dioica on the urinary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Urinary tract infections
• Kidney stones
• Overactive bladder
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Interstitial cystitis
• Kidney disease

What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Urtica dioica?

The therapeutic properties of Urtica dioica are attributed to its antimicrobial action, which inhibits the growth of various microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, thereby preventing infections.

The antioxidant properties of Urtica dioica are mediated by flavonoids and phenolic acids, which neutralize free radicals and protect against oxidative stress, cellular damage, and chronic diseases. Additionally, Urtica dioica exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, reducing inflammation and pain by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes and receptors, and by interacting with opioid receptors, respectively. Its antihistamine and antiseptic properties help to alleviate allergic reactions and prevent the growth of pathogens on wounds, while its anti-arthritic properties are attributed to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the reduction of joint inflammation.

Furthermore, Urtica dioica also exhibits antibacterial properties, mediated by saponins and other bioactive compounds, which inhibit the growth of bacteria and prevent the development of bacterial infections.

The following illustration give a summary of the dominant therapeutic properties of Urtica dioica.

The list below provides more details on why Urtica dioica has the therapeutic properties mentioned in the illustration above.

• Antimicrobial: Urtica dioica has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial properties, inhibiting the growth of certain bacteria and fungi, including Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans.
• Antioxidant: The plant contains antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid and flavonoids, which help protect cells from oxidative damage and may contribute to its anti-aging and anti-cancer properties.
• Anti-Inflammatory: Urtica dioica has anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to the presence of triterpenoid saponins and other compounds, which can help reduce inflammation and alleviate conditions such as arthritis and eczema.
• Analgesic: The plant has been traditionally used as an analgesic, providing relief from pain, likely due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
• Pain Relief: Urtica dioica may offer relief from pain, including muscle and joint pain, possibly due to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.
• Antihistamine: The plant contains compounds that may exhibit antihistamine activity, which could help alleviate allergic reactions and itching.
• Antiseptic: Urtica dioica has been used as an antiseptic to prevent infection and promote wound healing, likely due to its antimicrobial properties.
• Anti-Arthritic: The plant has been traditionally used to treat arthritis, and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties may contribute to its effectiveness in alleviating symptoms of this condition.
• Antispasmodic: Urtica dioica may exhibit antispasmodic properties, helping to relax muscles and alleviate conditions such as muscle spasms and cramps.
• Antibacterial: The plant contains compounds that exhibit antibacterial activity, inhibiting the growth of certain bacteria and potentially helping to prevent infections.

What are the major healing constituents of Urtica dioica?

The healing constituents of Urtica dioica are primarily composed of bioactive compounds such as saponins, which exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators.

Phenolic acids and flavonoids like quercetin, present in Urtica dioica, display antioxidant activity, scavenging free radicals and modulating the activity of various enzymes involved in inflammation and oxidative stress. The presence of flavonoids, specifically quercetin, also contributes to the plant's anti-inflammatory and antihistaminic effects, by inhibiting the release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells. Additionally, Urtica dioica contains alkaloids, such as caffeic acid, and other phytochemicals that may contribute to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties by modulating the activity of immune cells.

The combined action of these bioactive compounds in Urtica dioica underlies its traditional use in treating various inflammatory and immune-related disorders.

The following illustration give a summary of the major healing consitutents of Urtica dioica.

The list below provides more details on what are the major healing constituents of Urtica dioica and why they are important for health.

• Saponins: Saponins are a type of triterpenoid and steroid glycosides found in Urtica dioica, possessing hemolytic and surface-active properties, and exhibiting antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic effects.
• Phenolic acids: Phenolic acids are water-soluble compounds with antioxidant properties, including free radical scavenging and metal ion chelating abilities, as well as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
• Quercetin: Quercetin is a flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
• Flavonoids: Flavonoids are compounds in Urtica dioica that exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
• Alkaloids: Alkaloids present in Urtica dioica are known to possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.
• Kaempferol: Kaempferol is a flavonoid antioxidant with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and free radical scavenging properties.
• Sterols: Sterols found in Urtica dioica are lipid compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
• Triterpenes: Triterpenes are a type of bioactive compound found in Urtica dioica, characterized by their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.
• Fatty acids: Linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid, has anti-inflammatory properties, while alpha-linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid, has antioxidant properties.
• Glycosides: Glycosides in Urtica dioica are reported to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

The table that follows estimates the relative concentrations of the main medicinal constituents contained in Urtica dioica and lists the most relevant medicinal properties of each constituent based on the corresponding concentrations.

What are the most used parts of Urtica dioica in medicine?

The most used parts of Urtica dioica for medicinal purposes are leaves, roots, and flowers.

The leaves contain primary bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, particularly quercetin and kaempferol, which contribute to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The roots of Urtica dioica contain saponins, which have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties, and also contain iridoid glycosides, which contribute to their expectorant and anti-inflammatory effects. The flowers of the plant contain volatile oils, including borneol and bornyl acetate, which have been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties.

The bioactive compounds in these parts of Urtica dioica have been traditionally used to treat various conditions, including skin irritations, wounds, and respiratory issues.

The following illustration give a summary of the most used parts of Urtica dioica in medicine.

The list below provides more details on what are the most used parts of Urtica dioica in medicine and why.

• Leaves: The leaves of this plant are rich in flavonoids, particularly quercetin and kaempferol, which possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making them useful for relieving pain and reducing inflammation in conditions such as arthritis and gout, while also exhibiting antimicrobial and antiviral activities, potentially aiding in wound healing and immune system support.
• Roots: The roots of this plant are a rich source of triterpenoid saponins, including dioscin and diosgenin, which have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties, making them useful for treating conditions such as eczema, acne, and herpes simplex, as well as potentially aiding in weight loss and improving immune function.
• Flowers: The flowers of this plant contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and carotenoids, which possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making them potentially useful for protecting against cell damage and reducing inflammation in conditions such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer, while also exhibiting antimicrobial and antiviral activities, aiding in wound healing and immune system support.

The table that follows gives a more complete list of healing constituents found in each part of Urtica dioica mentioned above.

What are the most common medicinal preparations of Urtica dioica?

The most common herbal preparation of Urtica dioica for medicinal purposes are tinctures, which are liquid extracts used to treat pain and inflammation.

Tinctures can be combined with a salve to create a topical application for skin conditions such as eczema. Capsules are another preparation, which contain dried and powdered Urtica dioica root and are used to treat urinary tract issues and relieve symptoms of an enlarged prostate. Ointments, like salves, are used to treat skin conditions, but they are typically more greasy and less concentrated.

Decoctions and teas are often used interchangeably, with decoctions being a more concentrated liquid extract used for internal ailments such as arthritis, while teas are a less concentrated liquid used for digestive issues and are often prepared as a poultice or used to make suppositories.

The following illustration give a summary of the most common medicinal preparations of Urtica dioica.

The list below provides more details on what are the most common medicinal preparations of Urtica dioica and what are their main uses.

• Tincture: Tincture made from this plant is used to treat urinary tract infections, reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia, and alleviate skin conditions such as eczema and dermatitis.
• Salve: Salve made from this plant is used to treat eczema, dermatitis, and minor skin irritations, and to reduce inflammation and itching.
• Capsule: Capsule made from this plant is used to treat urinary issues such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and nocturia, as well as to improve symptoms of overactive bladder and lower urinary tract symptoms in men.
• Ointment: Ointment made from this plant is used to relieve itching and inflammation associated with minor skin irritations, such as eczema, insect bites, and minor burns.
• Tea: Tea made from this plant is used to treat urinary tract infections, reduce inflammation, improve symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia, and alleviate symptoms of allergies.
• Poultice: Poultice made from this plant is used to treat eczema, burns, wounds, and joint pain due to its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties.
• Decoction: Decoction made from this plant is used for its anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties, and is traditionally employed to treat urinary tract infections, kidney stones and joint pain.

The table that follows shows what are the most used parts of Urtica dioica for each medicinal preparation.

Tincture

Urtica dioica tincture is a herbal preparation commonly used to treat various health conditions, including skin irritations, urinary tract infections, prostate issues, allergies, hemorrhoids, insect bites, digestive issues, and anxiety.

It is widely used due to its effectiveness and availability. A common effect of Urtica dioica tincture is its ability to reduce inflammation and ease pain. This preparation is made from the roots, leaves, and rhizomes of the Urtica dioica plant.

The process of creating Urtica dioica tincture is moderately difficult, requiring precise measurements and steeping times to achieve the desired potency.

Below you find an image of Urtica dioica tincture.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Urtica dioica tincture.

1. Harvest and clean a combination of Urtica dioica roots, leaves, and rhizomes.
2. Dry the plant material in a well-ventilated area or using a food dehydrator.
3. Use a coffee grinder or mortar and pestle to finely chop the dried plant material.
4. Combine the chopped plant material with a solvent, such as 80-proof vodka, in a glass jar, and seal it.
5. Steep the mixture in a cool, dark place for several weeks, shaking the jar regularly, to allow the solvent to extract the herbal properties.

Salve

Urtica dioica salve is a common herbal preparation used to treat various skin conditions, including eczema, insect bites, psoriasis, skin burns, itchy scalp, athlete's foot, acne, rosacea, varicose veins, and shingles.

It's widely used due to its efficacy and availability. The most common effect of using this salve is relief from skin irritation and itching. Urtica dioica salve is typically made from the leaves and roots of the Urtica dioica plant, which are rich in compounds like quercetin, isorhapontigenin, and kaempferol.

However, making this salve can be challenging due to the need for precise extraction and concentration of the active compounds.

Below you find an image of Urtica dioica salve.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Urtica dioica salve.

1. Gather fresh Urtica dioica leaves and roots, and clean them thoroughly to remove any dirt or debris.
2. Combine the cleaned leaves and roots in a large pot, and cover them with a carrier oil such as olive or jojoba oil.
3. Heat the mixture over low heat, and let it simmer for several hours to extract the herbal properties from the leaves and roots.
4. Strain the mixture through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into a clean container, discarding the solids and reserving the infused oil.
5. Mix the infused oil with a natural emollient such as beeswax and coconut oil to create a salve, and pour the mixture into small containers for storage and use.

Capsule

Urtica dioica capsule is a herbal preparation used to treat various conditions, including prostatitis, urinary tract infection, benign prostatic hyperplasia, hemorrhoids, eczema, diabetes, kidney stones, and inflammatory bowel disease.

This capsule is widely used due to its effectiveness and safety profile. One of the most common effects of Urtica dioica capsule is its anti-inflammatory action, which helps alleviate symptoms associated with the mentioned conditions. The capsule is typically made from a combination of roots, leaves, and rhizomes of the Urtica dioica plant, which are rich in bioactive compounds.

The manufacturing process of Urtica dioica capsule is considered moderately difficult due to the need for precise extraction and purification of the plant's active ingredients.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Urtica dioica capsule.

1. Harvest and clean the Urtica dioica roots, leaves, and rhizomes to ensure quality and purity.
2. Dry the harvested roots, leaves, and rhizomes in a controlled environment, such as a dehydrator or oven, to remove excess moisture.
3. Grind the dried roots, leaves, and rhizomes into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle or grinder to facilitate mixing.
4. Mix the ground roots, leaves, and rhizomes in the desired ratio to create a uniform blend, and then add a suitable excipient, such as cellulose or starch, to aid in capsule formation.
5. Fill empty capsules with the prepared herbal blend and seal them securely to create the final Urtica dioica herbal capsule product.

Ointment

Urtica dioica ointment is a herbal preparation used to treat a variety of skin conditions, including eczema, psoriasis, itchiness, bruises, sprains, rashes, scars, and wounds.

It's a common treatment, widely used due to its effectiveness and availability. One of the common effects of this ointment is its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, which help to reduce pain and swelling in the affected areas. The ointment is typically made from the roots and leaves of the Urtica dioica plant, which are rich in compounds like histamine and ursolic acid.

However, the process of making this preparation is often challenging, as it requires careful harvesting and processing of the plant material to ensure its potency and quality.

Below you find an image of Urtica dioica ointment.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Urtica dioica ointment.

1. Harvest and clean the Urtica dioica roots and leaves from a trusted source.
2. Dry the roots and leaves separately, either air-drying or using a dehydrator, to preserve their potency.
3. Infuse the dried roots and leaves in a carrier oil, such as olive or coconut oil, by placing them in a clean glass jar and letting them steep for several weeks in a cool, dark place.
4. Strain the infused oil through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into another clean glass container, discarding the solids.
5. Mix the strained oil with a thickening agent, such as beeswax, and heat the mixture gently until the beeswax is fully incorporated to create a smooth, spreadable ointment.

Tea

Urtica dioica tea is a popular herbal remedy used to treat a variety of conditions, including urinary tract infections, prostate issues, hemorrhoids, skin conditions, eczema, kidney stones, diabetes, and high blood pressure, as well as asthma.

It's one of the most widely used herbal teas, likely due to its effectiveness in addressing these health issues. One of the most common effects of drinking Urtica dioica tea is the reduction of inflammation, which makes it a popular choice for people suffering from these conditions. The tea is typically made with the leaves and roots of the Urtica dioica plant, which are rich in antioxidants and other beneficial compounds.

Fortunately, making Urtica dioica tea is relatively simple, as it can be steeped in hot water like any other herbal tea, providing a convenient and accessible way to harness its health benefits.

Below you find an image of Urtica dioica tea.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Urtica dioica tea.

1. Gather fresh or dried leaves and roots of Urtica dioica in a clean environment.
2. Rinse the leaves and roots thoroughly with clean water to remove any dirt or debris.
3. Combine the leaves and roots in a tea infuser or a heat-resistant container.
4. Steep the mixture in boiling water for an appropriate amount of time to release the herbal properties.
5. Strain the tea and serve it hot or cold, depending on your preference.

Poultice

Urtica dioica poultice is a common herbal preparation used to treat various conditions, including bruises, varicose veins, burns, insect bites, rheumatic pain, sprains, boils, and cuts.

It is widely used due to its effectiveness in reducing inflammation and promoting healing. The common effect of using an Urtica dioica poultice is the reduction of pain and swelling. This preparation is typically made from the leaves, stems, and roots of the plant, which are combined with a binding agent to create a paste.

While moderately difficult to make, the process involves boiling the plant material in water, then mixing it with a binding agent, such as flour or water, to create a paste that can be applied to the affected area.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Urtica dioica poultice.

1. Gather fresh Urtica dioica leaves, stems, and roots, and rinse them thoroughly with water.
2. Grind the leaves, stems, and roots into a fine paste using a mortar and pestle or a coffee grinder.
3. Mix the ground plant material with a small amount of water to create a thick paste.
4. Apply the Urtica dioica poultice directly to the affected area using a gentle, soothing motion.
5. Cover the poultice with a cloth or bandage and leave it on for several hours or overnight, then repeat as needed.

Decoction

Urtica dioica decoction is used to treat urticaria, itching, rheumatism, skin irritations, inflammation, diarrhea, gout, prostate issues, allergies, and fungal infections.

This preparation is commonly used in herbal medicine due to its effectiveness. The common effect of urticia dioica decoction is its ability to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms. It is made with the roots, leaves, and stems of the plant, which are combined and steeped in water to create a decoction.

Preparation of urticia dioica decoction is moderately difficult, requiring a balance of root, leaf, and stem proportions, and an adequate steeping time to release the desired compounds.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Urtica dioica decoction.

1. Gather fresh or dried roots, leaves, and stems of Urtica dioica, ensuring proper identification and quality control.
2. Clean the gathered Urtica dioica parts thoroughly to remove any dirt or debris.
3. Combine the cleaned roots, leaves, and stems in a large pot and add a sufficient amount of water to cover the herbal material.
4. Bring the mixture to a boil, then reduce the heat and let it simmer for an extended period to allow for the extraction of active compounds.
5. Strain the decoction through a cheesecloth or a fine-mesh sieve into a separate container, discarding the solids and reserving the liquid for further use.

What are the possible side effects of Urtica dioica if used improperly?

The possible side effects of improperly using Urtica dioica are exacerbate allergic reactions in sensitive individuals, particularly those with pre-existing conditions like eczema or asthma.

Improper preparation and handling of the plant can worsen digestive issues in some users, causing stomach pain, nausea, and diarrhea. Urtica dioica has been known to trigger histamine release, leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory distress in susceptible individuals. Inducing urticaria, a skin rash characterized by itchy, red welts, is another possible side effect of mishandling the plant, especially when applied topically without proper dilution. Constricting blood vessels and causing skin irritation are potential consequences of using Urtica dioica in its undiluted form, particularly on sensitive skin areas like the face and neck.

Aggravating existing kidney problems or provoking kidney damage in individuals with pre-existing conditions is a known risk of improperly using Urtica dioica. Constricting airways and causing respiratory distress are potential side effects of inhaling the plant's volatile oils, especially in individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions. Cause anaphylaxis, a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction, is a rare but potential side effect of Urtica dioica, especially when ingested or inhaled without proper preparation. Provoke an immune system response, leading to inflammation and tissue damage, is another possible side effect of using the plant in its undiluted form. Reactivate dormant allergies or sensitivities in some individuals, making them more susceptible to allergic reactions, is a known risk of improperly using Urtica dioica.

Reinforce the body's natural histamine response, leading to increased symptoms of allergies and intolerance, is a potential side effect of mishandling the plant, especially in individuals with pre-existing conditions.

The most common side effects Urtica dioica gives people when used improperly are listed below, along with a brief explanation.

• Exacerbate: Urtica dioica exacerbates allergic reactions, particularly in individuals with pre-existing allergies.
• Worsen: Urticaria or dermatitis exacerbation in susceptible individuals
• Trigger: Skin and mucous membranes of people who are sensitive to it may react with an allergic response when coming into contact with Urtica dioica
• Induce: Skin irritation and inflammation upon contact with plant sap.
• Aggravate: Urtica dioica leaf and stem extracts cause urticaria or exacerbate existing allergic contact dermatitis in susceptible individuals.
• Constrict: The sap of Urtica dioica can cause blood vessels to constrict, reducing blood flow.
• Cause: Contact with Urtica dioica plant causes urticaria due to histamine release from mast cells.
• Provoke: Causes irritation and urticaria by releasing histamine and other chemical mediators from mast cells.
• Reactivate: Stimulation of dormant nerve regeneration
• Reinforce: Urtica dioica extracts have been shown to increase muscle strength in human subjects.

What are the precautions to take before using Urtica dioica medicinally?

The precautions to take before using Urtica dioica medicinally are using it under medical supervision, as its efficacy and safety profile may vary among individuals.

Start with a low dose to assess tolerance, as high doses can cause adverse effects. Avoid prolonged use, as it may lead to dependency or interact with other medications. Monitor blood pressure regularly, as Urtica dioica may lower it.

Individuals with kidney issues should also avoid using Urtica dioica, as it may exacerbate kidney problems, and those with diabetes should be cautious due to potential interactions with diabetes medications, but also be aware that allergic reactions are possible, and pregnancy and breastfeeding women should consult a healthcare provider before using it, and patients scheduled for surgery should also consult a healthcare provider to avoid potential interactions.

The most important precautions you must take before using Urtica dioica for medicinal purposes are listed below, along with a brief explanation.

• Use Under Medical Supervision: Monitor patients with kidney disease, diabetes, or those taking diuretics due to potential interactions with urinary tract irritating compounds.
• Start With Low Dose: Initial amounts of Urtica dioica should not exceed 1 gram of dried leaves or 2-3 grams of fresh leaves per day.
• Avoid Prolonged Use: Prolonged use may lead to urinary retention due to the plant's spasmogenic properties.
• Monitor Blood Pressure: Urtica dioica may lower blood pressure due to its diuretic effects, potentially leading to hypotension in susceptible individuals.
• Avoid With Kidney Issues: Urtica dioica may exacerbate kidney problems due to its high oxalate content.
• Interact With Medications: Urtica dioica may decrease the effects of certain medications, including blood thinners and diabetes medications.
• Allergic Reactions Possible: Individuals may experience urticaria, angioedema, or anaphylaxis upon contact with Urtica dioica sap
• Pregnancy And Breastfeeding Caution: Urtica dioica may affect fetal development and infant health.
• May Interact With Diabetes Meds: Urtica dioica may decrease blood sugar levels when used with diabetes medications.
• Consult Before Surgery: Urtica dioica may cause bleeding and interact with anticoagulant medications, necessitating medical guidance before surgery.

Are there scientific studies that prove the medical effectiveness of Urtica dioica?

Yes, there are several scientific studies that prove the medicianl effectiveness of Urtica dioica. Here are some studies that are worthy of notice.

According to a study published by "Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)", Urtica dioica extract was found to increase cell proliferation rates by up to 39% and 30% after 24 hours, respectively, and enhance cell migration rates by two-fold. The extract also demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties and moderate antioxidant properties that contribute to its wound healing potential. In in vivo experiments, wounds treated with Urtica dioica extract ointment healed significantly faster, with a healing time of 9 days compared to 13 days for untreated wounds.

In another study published by International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Urtica dioica has been found to possess selective chemo-preventive properties against various types of cancer, including prostate, breast, leukemia, and colon. Additionally, it has been shown to have antidiabetic, microbial, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as systemic protective effects on the liver, reproductive, excretory, cardiovascular, nervous, and digestive systems. The minimal adverse effects of Urtica dioica make it an invaluable resource for treating a wide range of health conditions, providing a safer alternative to conventional medicine.

A different research published by "Pharmaceutical biology", the administration of Urtica dioica extract significantly inhibited eosinophilia and the levels of leucocytes and lymphocytes in the serum of asthmatic rats, effectively suppressing inflammatory cells recruitment in the asthmatic model. Additionally, the lipid peroxidation generated by allergen administration was diminished by Urtica dioica treatment in lung tissue, indicating its potential to reduce oxidative stress. Furthermore, Urtica dioica extract exhibited antioxidant properties, as evidenced by its DPPH radical scavenging activity and high total phenolic content, suggesting its protective effects against airway inflammation.

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