What to know about Turritis glabra (nipple cabbage) before using it medicinally

Turritis glabra, commonly known as nipple cabbage, is a herbaceous plant rich in health-promoting properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds that have been shown to improve digestive health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

Native to Europe and Asia, Turritis glabra is a popular ingredient in traditional medicine and is prized for its ease of cultivation and adaptability to various soil conditions. From a botanical standpoint, the plant belongs to the Brassicaceae family, characterized by its four-petaled flowers and cruciferous leaf shape, which are often used as indicators for its classification.

Historically, the herb has been referenced in ancient texts, including the Greek physician Dioscorides' "De Materia Medica", where it was valued for its medicinal properties and potential as a remedy for various ailments.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Turritis glabra.

What are the medicinal properties of Turritis glabra?

Turritis glabra helps with wound healing, skin issues, and digestive problems. The plant's anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties make it useful for treating burns, cuts, and skin irritations. It also has a soothing effect on the stomach and intestines.

The active constituents of Turritis glabra responsible for its medicinal properties are glucosinolates, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. These compounds have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. The plant's leaves and stems contain the highest concentration of these active constituents.

The most commonly used parts of Turritis glabra for medicinal purposes are the leaves, stems, and roots. The leaves are rich in glucosinolates, while the roots contain a higher concentration of flavonoids. The stems are often used in combination with other plant parts to enhance their medicinal effects.

Improper use of Turritis glabra can lead to gastrointestinal irritation, allergic reactions, and skin sensitivity. The plant's anti-inflammatory properties can also exacerbate conditions such as eczema and acne. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should use caution when using the plant for medicinal purposes.

When using Turritis glabra medicinally, it is essential to follow proper dosing and preparation guidelines. The plant should be dried or fresh, and only used in small quantities to avoid overwhelming the system. Consume it with plenty of water to minimize potential side effects. Consult a healthcare professional before using the plant for medicinal purposes.

What are the horticulural aspects of Turritis glabra?

Turritis glabra grow in temperate climates with moderate temperatures between 15°C to 25°C. It thrives in full sun to partial shade and well-draining soils with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0.

Plant Turritis glabra seeds directly in the ground in early spring, sowing them about 1-2 cm deep and 10-15 cm apart. The soil should be kept consistently moist during the germination period, which takes around 1-2 weeks.

Harvest Turritis glabra leaves and stems when the plant is 20-30 cm tall, typically in late spring. Cut the plant at the base, leaving a few centimeters of stem intact to encourage regrowth. Harvest the seeds when the capsules turn brown and split open.

Turritis glabra is susceptible to slugs, snails, and caterpillars, which can cause significant damage. Regularly inspect the plant for signs of infestation and control with targeted methods such as hand-picking or applying insecticidal soap. Powdery mildew and root rot can also affect the plant if the soil is consistently waterlogged.

What are the botanical aspects of Turritis glabra?

Turritis glabra is an annual plant with simple, alternate, and entire leaves. Leaves are lanceolate, 5-15 cm long, and 1-3 cm wide. Flowers are small, 4-8 mm in diameter, and borne in corymbose clusters.

Turritis glabra belongs to the family Brassicaceae, formerly known as Cruciferae. It is a member of the genus Turritis, which comprises approximately 20 species of annual or biennial plants. The species is further classified into two subspecies: Turritis glabra subsp. glabra and Turritis glabra subsp. stenophylla.

Two recognized variants of Turritis glabra are Turritis glabra var. glabra and Turritis glabra var. montana. The latter is found in mountainous regions and has smaller leaves and flowers than the former. Variants can be distinguished based on leaf shape, flower size, and geographical distribution.

Turritis glabra is native to North America, but it has been naturalized in many parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, and Australia. It is commonly found in fields, meadows, and along roadsides, typically in areas with rich soil and full sun.

The life cycle of Turritis glabra typically takes 60-90 days. Seeds germinate in the spring, and seedlings emerge with two cotyledons. As the plant grows, it produces a rosette of leaves and eventually flowers, which are pollinated by bees and other insects. Seed ripening and dispersal occur in mid-to-late summer, completing the life cycle.

What are the historical aspects of Turritis glabra?

Turritis glabra is a plant species with a history of medicinal and culinary uses. In medieval Europe, it was used as a treatment for fever and rheumatism. Its seeds and roots were also used to make a bitter tea.

In ancient Greek and Roman mythology, Turritis glabra was associated with the goddess of the harvest, Ceres. According to myth, the plant's distinctive flower was said to resemble the nipples of a female breast. This association may have contributed to its colloquial name, "nipple cabbage".

In various cultures, Turritis glabra has been imbued with symbolic meanings. In some traditions, it represents fertility and abundance, while in others, it symbolizes protection and warding off evil spirits. In medieval European folklore, it was said to ward off the "evil eye".

Historical texts mention Turritis glabra in the works of the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder. In his book "Naturalis Historia", he describes the plant's medicinal properties and uses. Similarly, the 16th-century herbalist John Gerard wrote about the plant's virtues in his book "The Herball".

Archaeological finds have uncovered evidence of Turritis glabra's use in ancient cultures. Excavations at a 16th-century site in England revealed seeds and roots of the plant, indicating its presence in medicinal and culinary practices. Similarly, ancient Roman artifacts have depicted the plant's distinctive flower in various forms of art.