What to know about Tropaeolum majus (nasturtium) before using it medicinally

Tropaeolum majus, commonly known as nasturtium, is a herb that has been valued for its health-promoting properties, including its high concentration of antioxidants and its ability to support immune function and reduce inflammation.

Cultivated for its vibrant flowers and edible leaves, nasturtiums are a popular choice for gardeners, who appreciate their ease of growth and versatility in a variety of horticultural settings. From a botanical standpoint, nasturtiums belong to the Tropaeolaceae family and are native to South America, where they have been cultivated for centuries.

With a rich history dating back to the Aztecs and Incas, nasturtiums have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and as a culinary ingredient, earning them a revered place in the annals of herbalism.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Tropaeolum majus.

What are the medicinal properties of Tropaeolum majus?

Tropaeolum majus helps with inflammation, wound healing, and as an antiseptic due to its antibacterial properties. It is used to treat minor wounds, cuts, and skin irritations. Its topical application soothes sunburn and eczema.

The active constituents responsible for its medicinal properties are isothiocyanates, flavonoids, and alkaloids. These compounds exhibit antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities. They also possess antioxidant properties, which help protect against oxidative stress.

The most commonly used parts of the plant for medicinal purposes are the flowers, leaves, and stems. The flowers are rich in vitamins A, C, and E, while the leaves contain a higher concentration of isothiocyanates.

Improper use of Tropaeolum majus can cause skin irritation, allergic reactions, or interact with medications. Topical application of high concentrations can lead to phototoxicity, while ingesting large amounts may cause gastrointestinal issues.

When using Tropaeolum majus medicinally, precautions should be taken to avoid eye and skin irritation. It is essential to dilute the plant extracts with a carrier oil and perform patch tests before widespread application. Pregnant women and children should avoid using the plant due to potential allergenic effects.

What are the horticulural aspects of Tropaeolum majus?

Tropaeolum majus grow well in full sun to partial shade and well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. They require a warm temperature of 15-25°C (59-77°F) for optimal growth and can tolerate some frost.

Nasturtiums prefer loose, fertile soil that is rich in organic matter. Plant the seeds 12-18 inches apart and 1-2 inches deep in late spring or early summer, after the last frost. Sow seeds in succession every 2-3 weeks for continuous blooms.

Harvesting tips: flowers, leaves, and stems are ready to use when they are young and tender. Harvest the leaves and stems in the morning, after the dew has dried, and use them in salads or as a garnish. Pinch off spent flowers to encourage more blooms.

Common pests that affect nasturtiums include aphids, whiteflies, and slugs. Diseases that affect the plant include powdery mildew, leaf spot, and root rot, which can be caused by overwatering. Regularly inspect the plant for signs of pests or diseases and take action promptly if necessary.

What are the botanical aspects of Tropaeolum majus?

Tropaeolum majus is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant with ovate-lanceolate leaves, 3-8 cm long, and a long, slender stem, up to 1 m tall, with showy, brightly colored flowers, 3-7 cm in diameter. The plant has a taproot and a fibrous root system.

Tropaeolum majus is classified in the family Tropaeolaceae and is the only genus in the subfamily Tropaeoloideae. The species is further classified as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Rosids, Order: Brassicales, Family: Tropaeolaceae, Genus: Tropaeolum, Species: T. majus.

There are several variants of Tropaeolum majus, including 'Alaska' ( compact, dark green foliage, pale yellow flowers), 'Empress of India' ( large, double flowers, golden yellow with red stripes), and 'Jewel of Africa' ( compact, upright habit, bright orange-red flowers). Other variants have different flower colors and growth habits.

Tropaeolum majus is native to the Andes Mountains of South America, specifically in present-day Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. The plant has been naturalized in many parts of the world, including North America, Europe, and Australia, often as a garden ornamental.

The life cycle of Tropaeolum majus begins with germination, typically in 7-14 days after sowing seeds. The plant grows to maturity in about 60-90 days, producing flowers that can be self-pollinated or cross-pollinated by insects. The flowers fade after about 2-3 days, but the plant continues to produce new flowers throughout the growing season.

What are the historical aspects of Tropaeolum majus?

Tropaeolum majus is a flowering plant native to South America. In ancient times, the leaves and flowers were used as a condiment and in traditional medicine for various ailments.

In Greek and Roman mythology, Tropaeolum majus was associated with the nymph Nasturtia, a lover of flowers and herbs. According to legend, the plant's flowers and leaves had magical properties.

In Victorian England, the nasturtium was considered a symbol of friendship and warmth, while in other cultures it represented fertility and prosperity. The plant's bright flowers and delicate foliage also signified creativity and sensitivity.

In medieval herbals, Tropaeolum majus was described as a remedy for indigestion, rheumatism, and other ailments. The plant's leaves were also used as a poultice for skin irritations and wounds. The first botanical description of the plant appeared in Leonhart Fuchs's "De historia stirpium" in 1542.

Tropaeolum majus has been depicted in various artworks, including a 16th-century watercolor by Jacopo Ligozzi and a 17th-century still-life painting by Willem Kalf. The plant's flowers and leaves have also been used in perfumes and fragrances throughout history.