black chuglam
Terminalia citrina · Accepted scientific name
Scientific literature: Very Sparse (32 studies) · ★☆☆☆☆
Black chuglam, scientifically known as Terminalia citrina, is a versatile medicinal plant widely utilized in traditional healing practices. Renowned for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, this species offers significant therapeutic potential. Its various parts are frequently employed to treat diverse ailments, showcasing its importance in natural pharmacology.
- Family
- Combretaceae
- Native range
- Asia-Tropical
- Parts used
- Leaves · Fruits
- Common names
- Black Chuglam · Citrine Myrobalan
- Scientific synonyms
- Combretum Arboreum · Terminalia Chebula Var. Citrina · 12 more
Names
Common Names
- black chuglam
- citrine myrobalan
Scientific Names
Accepted name
Terminalia citrinaSynonyms
- Combretum arboreum
- Terminalia chebula var. citrina
- Myrobalanus citrina
- Terminalia multiflora
- Terminalia comintana
- Embryogonia arborea
- Terminalia citrina var. malayana
- Terminalia arborea
- Terminalia maoi
- Terminalia manii
- Terminalia shankarraoi
- Terminalia curtisii
- Bucida comintana
- Terminalia kanchii
Taxonomical Classification
This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta, falling under the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae. Within the order Myrtales, it is classified under the family Combretaceae. Finally, it is identified by its specific genus, Terminalia.
| Rank | Classification | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Kingdom | Plantae | WCVP |
| Phylum | Streptophyta | WCVP |
| Class | Equisetopsida | WCVP |
| Subclass | Magnoliidae | WCVP |
| Order | Myrtales | WCVP |
| Family | Combretaceae | WCVP |
| Genus | Terminalia | WCVP |
Distribution
This plant is widely distributed across several key regions within the Indian Subcontinent. It can be found growing naturally throughout the various landscapes of India. Its presence is also well-documented in the neighboring country of Bangladesh. Additionally, the species extends into the mountainous terrains of Nepal and the East Himalaya. Furthermore, the plant is specifically recorded to inhabit the region of Assam.
| Region | Area | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Indian Subcontinent | Assam | WCVP |
| Indian Subcontinent | Bangladesh | WCVP |
| Indian Subcontinent | East Himalaya | WCVP |
| Indian Subcontinent | India | WCVP |
| Indian Subcontinent | Nepal | WCVP |
| Indian Subcontinent | West Himalaya | WCVP |
| Indo-China | Andaman Is. | WCVP |
| Indo-China | Laos | WCVP |
| Indo-China | Myanmar | WCVP |
| Indo-China | Nicobar Is. | WCVP |
Plant Parts
This plant, Terminalia citrina, utilizes various components for its medicinal properties, most notably its leaves and fruits. The leaf serves as a vital part of the plant's anatomy, often utilized in traditional remedies due to its bioactive compounds. Additionally, the fruit of the species is highly significant, with the fruits frequently being processed or consumed for their specific therapeutic benefits.| Plant Part | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| leaves | Fitoterapia (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| fruits | EXCLI journal (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| fruit | Planta medica (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| leaf | Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Chemicals
Terminalia citrina has 16 reported phytochemicals identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose, 1,3,6-tri-o-galloyl-beta-d-glucopyranose, Astragalin, Chebulagic acid, Chebulic acid.
| Chemical | Supporting sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 1,3,6-tri-o-galloyl-beta-d-glucopyranose | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Astragalin | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Chebulagic acid | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Chebulic acid | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Corilagin | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Gallic acid | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Orientin | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Pinocembrin | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Punicalagin | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose
- Planta medica
1,3,6-tri-o-galloyl-beta-d-glucopyranose
- Planta medica
Astragalin
- Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
Chebulagic acid
- Planta medica
Chebulic acid
- Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
Corilagin
- Planta medica
Gallic acid
- Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
Orientin
- Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
Pinocembrin
- Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
Punicalagin
- Planta medica
Activities
Terminalia citrina has 2 reported activities identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antiestrogenic, Estrogenic.
Most Reported Activities
| Activity | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| Antiestrogenic | Fitoterapia (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Estrogenic | Fitoterapia (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Medicinal Uses
Terminalia citrina has 6 reported medicinal uses identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported uses include breast cancer, Alzheimer's Disease, Bacillus cereus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, mitochondrial dysfunction.
Most Reported Uses
| Use | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| breast cancer | Fitoterapia (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Alzheimer's Disease | Chemistry & biodiversity (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Bacillus cereus | Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| mitochondrial dysfunction | Chemistry & biodiversity (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| oxidative damage | Chemistry & biodiversity (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Preparations
| Preparations | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| Aqueous and ethanolic extracts | EXCLI journal (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| CH3OH extract | Planta medica (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| EtOAc extract from the leaves | Phytochemistry (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| EtOAc extracts of the leaves | Fitoterapia (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Extracts from the leaves | Journal of natural products (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| aqueous extract | Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| aqueous extracts | Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| leaf extracts | Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| methanol extract | Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |