What to know about Terminalia chebula (chebulic myrobalan) before using it medicinally

Terminalia chebula, commonly known as chebulic myrobalan, is a versatile and medicinally rich herb that has been used for centuries to promote overall health and wellness, boasting a range of beneficial properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects.

This adaptogenic herb is relatively easy to cultivate, and its growth can thrive in a variety of environments with minimal maintenance, making it an attractive addition to home gardens and herbal remedies. From a botanical standpoint, Terminalia chebula is characterized by its small, spherical fruit that contains a single seed, which is encased in a fleshy, juicy pulp.

Ancient Ayurvedic texts, including the Charaka Samhita and the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, Sushruta Samhita, have long extolled the virtues of chebulic myrobalan, utilizing its extracts in the treatment of a range of ailments.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Terminalia chebula.

What are the medicinal properties of Terminalia chebula?

Terminalia chebula helps with various health issues, including digestive problems, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and inflammation. It is also used to treat fever, cough, and sore throat. Its antimicrobial properties make it effective against various types of infections.

The medicinal properties of Terminalia chebula are attributed to its active constituents, including chebulinic acid, ellagic acid, and flavonoids. These compounds have been shown to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Chebulinic acid has been found to exhibit hepatoprotective and anti-diabetic properties.

The parts of the plant most used for medicinal purposes are the fruits, which are rich in tannins, alkaloids, and other bioactive compounds. The fruits are harvested when mature and then processed to extract the medicinal properties. The plant's bark, leaves, and roots are also used in traditional medicine, but the fruits are the most valued for their medicinal properties.

Improper use of Terminalia chebula can lead to side effects such as allergic reactions, skin irritation, and gastrointestinal upset. In high doses, it can cause liver damage and interact with certain medications. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult their healthcare provider before using this plant medicinally.

When using Terminalia chebula medicinally, it is essential to follow proper dosage and preparation guidelines. The plant should be stored in a cool, dry place to preserve its medicinal properties. It is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using this plant, especially if you have underlying medical conditions or are taking medications.

What are the horticulural aspects of Terminalia chebula?

Terminalia chebula grow in subtropical and tropical regions. It prefers well-drained soil with a pH range of 5.5 to 6.5. The tree requires full sun to partial shade and annual rainfall of 1,000 to 2,000 mm. Watering is essential, especially during dry periods.

For planting, Terminalia chebula prefers a nursery-raised sapling with a height of 1-2 meters. The sapling is planted 10-15 meters apart from the next tree, with a 1-2 meter gap around the tree for easy maintenance. Soil preparation involves mixing 2 kg of compost and 1 kg of vermicompost per 1,000 square meters. Planting is typically done during the monsoon season.

Harvesting Terminalia chebula involves collecting the fruit, also known as drupes, when they are mature but still green. The fruit is collected in the rainy season, typically between July and September. Harvesting should be done carefully to avoid damaging the fruit or the tree. A yield of 10-20 kg of fruit per tree is expected annually.

Common pests affecting Terminalia chebula include the fruit fly (Bactrocera zonata) and the mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis). Common diseases include leaf spot (Coryneum beaupreanum) and root rot (Fusarium solani). Regular monitoring and integrated pest management techniques are necessary to control these pests and diseases.

What are the botanical aspects of Terminalia chebula?

Terminalia chebula is a deciduous tree that belongs to the family Combretaceae. It has a straight, smooth, and gray bark with horizontal lenticels. The tree grows up to 18 meters tall, with a rounded crown and a short trunk.

Taxonomically, Terminalia chebula is classified as Terminalia chebula (Retz.) Roxb. It is a member of the genus Terminalia, tribe Terminalieae, subfamily Terminalioideae, and family Combretaceae. This classification is based on morphological characteristics, molecular studies, and phylogenetic analysis.

There are three variants of Terminalia chebula: Terminalia chebula var. chebula, Terminalia chebula var. integrifolia, and Terminalia chebula var. elliptica. These variants differ in their leaf shape and size, but not in their bark or fruit characteristics.

The geographical distribution of Terminalia chebula is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. It is native to the Himalayan foothills, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. It is also cultivated in other parts of the world.

The life cycle of Terminalia chebula involves germination, seedling growth, juvenile phase, maturity, and senescence. The tree germinates within 2-3 weeks, and the seedling grows into a juvenile tree within 1-2 years. Maturity is reached after 5-7 years, and senescence occurs after 50-100 years.

What are the historical aspects of Terminalia chebula?

Terminalia chebula is an ancient plant used for medicinal, culinary, and spiritual purposes across various cultures. In traditional Indian medicine, Ayurveda, it was used to treat digestive issues, fever, and skin conditions. The plant was also used in Unani medicine and Chinese medicine.

In Hindu mythology, Terminalia chebula was associated with the god of creation, Brahma. It was said to possess purifying properties and was used in rituals to ward off evil spirits. In Buddhist mythology, the plant was associated with the concept of impermanence and was used as an offering to the dead.

In various cultures, Terminalia chebula was imbued with symbolic meanings. In Hinduism, the plant represented longevity, vitality, and spiritual growth. In Buddhism, it symbolized the fleeting nature of life and the importance of letting go. In Ayurveda, it represented balance and harmony in the body.

Historical texts, such as the Charaka Samhita and the Sushruta Samhita, describe Terminalia chebula as a medicinal plant used to treat various ailments. The texts describe its properties, dosages, and preparation methods. The Charaka Samhita also mentions the use of Terminalia chebula in rituals and spiritual practices.

Archaeological artifacts, such as clay tablets and stone carvings, have been found in ancient Indian and Chinese civilizations, depicting Terminalia chebula. These artifacts show the plant being used for medicinal and spiritual purposes. In addition, ancient texts, such as the Rigveda and the Mahabharata, contain references to the plant's use in rituals and ceremonies.