What to know about Terminalia bellirica (bahera) before using it medicinally

Terminalia bellirica, commonly known as bahera, is a highly valued herb in traditional medicine due to its various health-giving properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that help to improve overall well-being.

Native to the subtropical and tropical regions of Asia, Terminalia bellirica is a deciduous tree that can grow up to 20 meters in height and has a wide distribution across various forests in India. From a botanical standpoint, Terminalia bellirica belongs to the family Combretaceae and is characterized by its large, woody branches and heart-shaped leaves.

In Ayurvedic medicine, Terminalia bellirica has been used for centuries to treat a range of ailments, and its historical references can be found in ancient texts such as the Charaka Samhita and the Sushruta Samhita.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Terminalia bellirica.

What are the medicinal properties of Terminalia bellirica?

Terminalia bellirica helps with various health conditions, including digestive problems, skin disorders, and respiratory issues. Its extracts are used to treat fever, rheumatism, and inflammatory conditions. It's also used as an antiseptic and astringent.

The medicinal properties of Terminalia bellirica are attributed to its active constituents, including gallic acid, ellagic acid, and flavonoids. These compounds exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, which contribute to the plant's therapeutic effects.

The most commonly used parts of Terminalia bellirica for medicinal purposes are the bark, seeds, and leaves. The bark is rich in tannins, while the seeds contain alkaloids and flavonoids. The leaves, on the other hand, are used to treat fever and skin conditions.

Improper use of Terminalia bellirica can cause side effects such as gastrointestinal irritation, allergic reactions, and skin rashes. Prolonged consumption may also lead to interactions with other medications, including blood thinners and diuretics.

Precautions when using Terminalia bellirica medicinally include consulting a healthcare professional before use, especially for pregnant or breastfeeding women, and individuals with underlying health conditions. Dosing and duration of treatment should be carefully monitored, and the plant should be used in conjunction with other treatments as directed.

What are the horticulural aspects of Terminalia bellirica?

Terminalia bellirica grow in well-drained soils and full sun to partial shade. It requires a warm and humid climate, tolerating temperatures between 15-30°C. Annual rainfall of 500-2000 mm supports optimal growth.

Terminalia bellirica prefers to be planted in a location with good air circulation to prevent fungal diseases. A 1-2 meter spacing between plants promotes healthy growth and minimizes competition for resources. Planting during the monsoon season allows for a head start on the growing season.

Harvesting Terminalia bellirica is a delicate process to avoid damaging the bark. The best time to harvest is during the summer months when the sap is dry. Select straight branches with no signs of decay or damage. Cut the branches 1-2 feet from the ground using a sharp, sterile knife.

Common pests affecting Terminalia bellirica include scale insects and borers, while diseases include leaf spot and root rot. Regular pruning and monitoring for pests and diseases help prevent infestations. Use integrated pest management techniques to minimize harm to the environment.

What are the botanical aspects of Terminalia bellirica?

Terminalia bellirica is a large tree with a broad, rounded crown and a straight, columnar trunk. Its bark is grayish-brown, with deep longitudinal fissures and small, rounded warts. Leaves are alternate, simple, elliptical, and 7-17 cm long, with a short petiole and 3-5 veins.

Taxonomically, Terminalia bellirica belongs to the family Combretaceae. Its genus, Terminalia, is a group of trees and shrubs with 160-170 species. The species itself is Terminalia bellirica, and its scientific name is often spelled as Bellirica indica, but the correct name remains Terminalia bellirica.

Several variants of Terminalia bellirica exist, including T. b. var. glabra and T. b. var. obtusata. The plant is also known to produce seedless varieties. The variants exhibit minor differences in leaf shape and size, and fruit characteristics.

Native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, Terminalia bellirica has been naturalized in many tropical and subtropical regions. It thrives in the wild in areas with high altitudes and well-drained soils. The plant is commonly found in India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and parts of Southeast Asia.

The life cycle of Terminalia bellirica begins with seed germination, followed by seedling emergence and establishment. The plant grows into a sapling, then a young tree, and finally a mature tree that can live up to 200-300 years in favorable conditions. The plant reproduces through seeds, with a single tree producing 5-15 seeds per year.

What are the historical aspects of Terminalia bellirica?

Terminalia bellirica is a plant that has been used for centuries in various traditional medicine systems, particularly in Ayurveda and Unani medicine, to treat a range of ailments, including fever, cough, and respiratory issues.

In Hindu mythology, Terminalia bellirica is associated with the god Dhanwantari, who is said to have used the plant's bark to create a medicine that granted immortality. The plant is also mentioned in the Mahabharata as a sacred tree with healing properties.

The symbolic meaning of Terminalia bellirica varies across cultures, but it is often associated with abundance, fertility, and prosperity. In some parts of India, the plant is considered a symbol of good luck and is used in weddings and other ceremonies.

The historical texts of Terminalia bellirica are mentioned in several ancient Indian manuscripts, including the Charaka Samhita, which describes the plant's medicinal properties, and the Sushruta Samhita, which mentions its use in various medical treatments.

Terminalia bellirica has been depicted in several ancient Indian artifacts, including coins and sculptures from the Mauryan and Gupta periods, showcasing its importance in ancient Indian society and culture.