What to know about Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew) before using it medicinally

Tanacetum parthenium, commonly known as feverfew, is a herb that has been used for centuries to alleviate headaches, reduce inflammation, and combat fever.

It is a low-maintenance and versatile plant that can thrive in a variety of climates and soil conditions, making it a popular choice among gardeners. Botanically, feverfew is characterized by its small, daisy-like flowers and pinnately divided leaves, which contain essential oils and flavonoids responsible for its medicinal properties.

The herb has been documented in traditional medicine since ancient Greece, where it was used by Hippocrates to treat various ailments, including fever, headaches, and digestive issues.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Tanacetum parthenium.

What are the medicinal properties of Tanacetum parthenium?

Tanacetum parthenium helps with migraine headaches, reducing frequency and severity by inhibiting prostaglandins and serotonin release, leading to reduced inflammation and pain.

The active constituents of feverfew, including parthenolide, artabin, and flavonoids, contribute to its medicinal properties, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and vasodilatory effects, making it a potential treatment for various conditions.

The aerial parts of the plant, including leaves, flowers, and stems, are primarily used for medicinal purposes, often harvested when in bloom to maximize flavonoid content.

Possible side effects of feverfew include gastrointestinal upset, dizziness, and allergic reactions, which can be exacerbated by prolonged use or excessive dosing.

Precautions for using feverfew medicinally include consulting a healthcare professional, especially for pregnant or breastfeeding individuals, and being aware of potential interactions with blood thinners and medications affecting blood pressure.

What are the horticulural aspects of Tanacetum parthenium?

Tanacetum parthenium grow best in well-drained soil and full sun, with temperatures ranging from 15°C to 25°C. It tolerates drought but performs optimally with regular watering. The ideal pH range for feverfew is between 6.0 and 7.0.

For optimal growth, plant feverfew in spring or early summer, after the last frost. Space plants 30-60 cm apart and provide support for tall stems. Mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds. Avoid planting in areas with poor drainage.

To harvest feverfew, wait until the flowers are in full bloom, typically in mid-to-late summer. Cut the stems, leaving a few inches of foliage intact. Harvest in the morning, when the essential oils are at their highest concentration. Dried flowers can be stored for later use.

Feverfew is susceptible to powdery mildew, aphids, and spider mites. Regularly inspect plants for signs of infestation or disease, and take action promptly to prevent infestations from spreading. Maintain good hygiene practices, such as cleaning pruning tools and disposing of infected plant material.

What are the botanical aspects of Tanacetum parthenium?

Tanacetum parthenium is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows up to 1 meter in height. Its stems are erect, hairy, and slightly woody at the base. The leaves are pinnate with 5-15 toothed leaflets. The plant has a distinctive camphor-like fragrance.

Tanacetum parthenium belongs to the family Asteraceae, subfamily Asteroideae. It is a member of the tribe Anthemideae, which includes daisies, chrysanthemums, and sunflowers. The genus Tanacetum includes about 70 species, most of which are found in Asia, Europe, and North Africa. Feverfew is native to Eurasia.

Several variants of feverfew exist, including Tanacetum parthenium 'Aureum' (golden-leaved), Tanacetum parthenium 'Rubrum' (deep red stems and leaves), and Tanacetum parthenium 'Compactum' (dwarf cultivar). These variants are often grown in gardens for their ornamental value.

Feverfew is widely distributed in Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. It grows in dry, well-drained soils and full sun to partial shade. It is often found in fields, meadows, and along roadsides.

The life cycle of feverfew involves a winter dormancy period, followed by a period of rapid growth in spring. The plant blooms in mid-summer, producing numerous small, white or yellowish flowers. The flowers are followed by small, brown achenes (fruits) that contain seeds.

What are the historical aspects of Tanacetum parthenium?

Tanacetum parthenium is a herb with a long history of medicinal use. In ancient Greece, it was used to treat headaches, migraines, and other feverish conditions. The Greek physician Dioscorides (40-90 AD) mentioned its use for these purposes in his book "De Materia Medica".

In Roman mythology, Tanacetum parthenium was associated with the goddess Vesta, who was revered for her powers to protect and heal. The plant was also said to have been used by the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) for its medicinal properties. The name "feverfew" is believed to have been coined from the Latin "fervent", meaning "to boil" or "to fever".

In various cultures, Tanacetum parthenium has been imbued with symbolic meanings. In medieval Europe, it was seen as a symbol of purity and chastity, due to its white flowers. In some African cultures, the plant is believed to have spiritual significance, with its leaves used in rituals to ward off evil spirits.

Historical texts such as "The London Dispensatory" (1653) and "The Pharmacopoeia Londonensis" (1618) document the medicinal use of Tanacetum parthenium. These texts describe its preparation and dosage, as well as its indications for use, including fever, headache, and rheumatism.

Archaeological artifacts, such as ancient Greek and Roman medical instruments and ceramic containers, have been found with depictions of Tanacetum parthenium or its leaves. Additionally, ancient texts, such as papyri and parchment scrolls, have been discovered containing references to the plant's medicinal properties and uses.