What to know about Tanacetum annuum (feverfew) before using it medicinally

Tanacetum annuum, commonly known as feverfew, is a herb that boasts a range of health properties, from reducing inflammation and relieving migraine symptoms to possessing antipyretic and antimicrobial effects.

In cultivation, this herb thrives in well-drained soils and full sun exposure, making it a popular choice among gardeners. Botanically, Tanacetum annuum belongs to the Asteraceae family and is characterized by its pinnate leaves and small, daisy-like flowers.

Historically, feverfew has been used by various cultures, including ancient Greece and Rome, where it was valued for its medicinal properties and employed in treating various ailments.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Tanacetum annuum.

What are the medicinal properties of Tanacetum annuum?

Tanacetum annuum helps with various health issues, including headaches, migraines, and fever reduction. It is also used to treat menstrual cramps, arthritis, and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Feverfew is available in supplements, teas, and essential oils. Topical application can also provide localized relief.

The active constituents responsible for feverfew's medicinal properties include parthenolide, sesquiterpene lactones, and flavonoids. These compounds have anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and antispasmodic effects, which contribute to feverfew's therapeutic benefits. The specific combination and concentration of these compounds vary depending on the plant's part and preparation method.

The leaves of the feverfew plant are the most commonly used part for medicinal purposes. They contain the highest concentration of parthenolide, which is the primary active compound responsible for feverfew's therapeutic effects. The leaves can be dried, powdered, and taken as supplements or used to make teas and infusions.

Improper use of feverfew can lead to side effects, including gastrointestinal upset, nausea, and dizziness. Additionally, feverfew may interact with blood thinners, such as warfarin, and exacerbate bleeding disorders. Prolonged use or high doses can also lead to fatigue, headaches, and allergic reactions.

Precautions when using feverfew medicinally include consulting with a healthcare professional, especially for individuals with bleeding disorders or taking blood thinners. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid feverfew due to potential interactions with medications and unknown effects on the fetus or infant.

What are the horticulural aspects of Tanacetum annuum?

Tanacetum annuum grow in USDA zones 3-9, preferring well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade. This plant tolerates dry conditions but performs best with moderate watering. It thrives in temperatures between 65-75°F (18-24°C).

For optimal growth, plant Tanacetum annuum in a location with good air circulation to prevent fungal diseases. Plant seeds 1/8 inch deep and 12-18 inches apart in late spring or early summer, when the danger of frost has passed. Transplant seedlings 12-18 inches apart.

Harvest feverfew flowers in late spring and early summer, when they are in full bloom. Pinch off individual flower buds to encourage the plant to produce more blooms. Harvest leaves in the morning, when they are at their highest concentration of parthenolide.

Common pests affecting Tanacetum annuum include aphids, spider mites, and caterpillars. Fungal diseases such as powdery mildew and leaf spot can also occur, particularly in humid environments. Regular pruning and good air circulation can help prevent these issues.

What are the botanical aspects of Tanacetum annuum?

Tanacetum annuum is a perennial herb that belongs to the Asteraceae family. It has a woody base and grows to a height of 0.5-1.5 meters, with a spread of 0.5-1 meter. The leaves are pinnate, with 3-5 pairs of leaflets. The flowers are small, daisy-like, and white or yellow in color, arranged in clusters at the tips of the branches.

The taxonomical classification of Tanacetum annuum is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Asterids, Order: Asterales, Family: Asteraceae, Genus: Tanacetum, Species: T. annuum. It is closely related to other members of the Tanacetum genus, such as T. vulgare and T. parthenium.

Variants of Tanacetum annuum include 'Bowi' and 'Patio', which are compact cultivars used in ornamental gardening. The 'Bowi' cultivar has a compact growth habit and is more tolerant of dry conditions, while the 'Patio' cultivar is even more compact and has a slightly more intense foliage color.

Tanacetum annuum is native to Europe and western Asia, but has been naturalized in North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It can be found growing in dry to moist areas, including roadsides, waste places, and disturbed soil.

The life cycle of Tanacetum annuum is as follows: germination typically occurs in spring, with seedlings emerging in 1-3 weeks. The plant grows vegetatively during the summer, producing new leaves and flowers. In the fall, the plant begins to senesce, and in the winter, it goes dormant. New growth emerges in the spring, and the cycle repeats itself.

What are the historical aspects of Tanacetum annuum?

Tanacetum annuum is a plant that has been used for centuries for medicinal purposes. It was used to treat a variety of ailments, including headaches, fever, and digestive issues. The plant was also used to ward off insects and other pests.

In ancient Greek mythology, Tanacetum annuum was associated with the goddess Artemis, who was often depicted with flowers of the plant in her hair. The plant was also linked to the nymphs, who were said to use its flowers to ward off evil spirits.

In various cultures, Tanacetum annuum has been given symbolic meanings. In ancient Greece, the plant was seen as a symbol of youth and vitality. In European folklore, it was believed to ward off evil and bring good fortune.

In historical texts, Tanacetum annuum was mentioned in the works of the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder, who wrote about its medicinal properties. The plant was also mentioned in the medieval herbal "Herbarium Apuleii Platonici".

Historical artifacts that feature Tanacetum annuum include ancient Greek pottery and Roman mosaics, which depict the plant in various contexts, including medicinal and symbolic ones.