What to know about Syzygium aromaticum (cloves) before using it medicinally

Syzygium aromaticum, commonly known as cloves, is a herb with a rich history and multifaceted health benefits, possessing properties that can alleviate digestive issues, reduce inflammation, and exhibit antimicrobial and antiviral activity.

As a spice and medicinal herb, it requires a subtropical climate to thrive, typically grown on evergreen trees native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia. Botanically, S. aromaticum is a member of the Myrtaceae family, with its distinctive star-shaped flowers and characteristic aromatic leaves.

Historically, cloves have been used for centuries in various cultures, including ancient China and India, where they were valued for their preservative properties and used in traditional medicine and culinary practices.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Syzygium aromaticum.

What are the medicinal properties of Syzygium aromaticum?

Syzygium aromaticum helps with digestive issues, pain relief, and anti-inflammatory responses. Its extracts are used to treat diarrhea, nausea, and toothaches. Cloves are also used in traditional medicine for their antiseptic and antifungal properties.

The active constituents of Syzygium aromaticum include eugenol, eugenyl acetate, and beta-caryophyllene. These compounds are responsible for its medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. Eugenol, in particular, has been shown to exhibit analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.

The parts of the plant most used for medicinal purposes are the flowers and buds, which contain the highest concentration of essential oils. Cloves are typically harvested when the flowers are in full bloom, and the buds are picked when they are still young and plump.

When used improperly, Syzygium aromaticum can cause side effects such as skin irritation, allergic reactions, and digestive issues. Ingestion of large quantities can lead to liver and kidney damage, while prolonged use can cause eugenol toxicity.

Precautions when using Syzygium aromaticum medicinally include avoiding consumption of large quantities, especially in pregnant or breastfeeding women. Patients with liver or kidney disease should also consult a healthcare professional before using cloves. Additionally, individuals with bleeding disorders should use cloves with caution, as they may exacerbate bleeding conditions.

What are the horticulural aspects of Syzygium aromaticum?

Syzygium aromaticum grow well in tropical and subtropical regions with high humidity and moderate temperatures between 15°C to 30°C. It thrives in well-drained acidic soils with a pH range of 5.5 to 6.5. Adequate moisture and full sunlight are essential for optimal growth.

Proper planting of Syzygium aromaticum requires a depth of 1-2 cm below the soil surface and a spacing of 3-4 meters between trees. The seedling should be watered thoroughly and mulched to retain moisture and suppress weeds. Regular pruning is necessary to maintain a compact shape.

Harvesting Syzygium aromaticum occurs when the buds are in the immature stage, before they open. The immature buds are picked by hand, usually between 8-12 am to avoid heat damage. Harvesting should be done at 2-3 month intervals to ensure continuous production.

The most common pests affecting Syzygium aromaticum are mealybugs, scale insects, and spider mites. Fungal diseases such as root rot and leaf spot can also affect the plant. Regular monitoring and integrated pest management practices are essential to control these pests and diseases.

What are the botanical aspects of Syzygium aromaticum?

Syzygium aromaticum is a small, evergreen tree that belongs to the family Myrtaceae. Its leaves are dark green, glossy, and elliptical, while the flowers are small, white, and fragrant, appearing in clusters.

Syzygium aromaticum is classified as Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry in the kingdom Plantae, phylum Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Myrtales, family Myrtaceae, tribe Syzygieae, and genus Syzygium. This classification reflects the plant's evolutionary relationships with other species.

Several variants of Syzygium aromaticum are cultivated worldwide, including the Indonesian variety, which is known for its high oil content, and the Madagascar variety, which is prized for its distinctive flavor and aroma. Other variants include the Chinese and Indian varieties.

Syzygium aromaticum is native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia and has been naturalized in many tropical regions, including Madagascar, India, and the Philippines. It is widely cultivated in warm, humid climates and is often found in tropical forests and coastal areas.

The life cycle of Syzygium aromaticum is characterized by a dormant period during the winter months, followed by new growth in the spring. The plant produces new leaves and flowers in the spring and summer, with the flowers developing into small, red fruits that contain the prized clove spice. The fruits are harvested in late summer and fall, when they are mature and dry.

What are the historical aspects of Syzygium aromaticum?

Syzygium aromaticum is a spice with a rich history of use dating back to ancient civilizations in Asia and Europe. It was used as a perfume, medicine, and incense, with the ancient Egyptians using it to preserve mummies.

In mythological references, the Syzygium aromaticum is associated with the Hindu god of love, Kama, and was believed to have been a favorite of the god. It was also associated with the Greek god of love, Eros, who was said to have been born from the flower.

The symbolic meanings of Syzygium aromaticum vary across cultures. In Christianity, it represents fidelity, love, and prosperity. In Hinduism, it symbolizes devotion and fidelity. In China, it represents good luck and prosperity.

Historical texts, such as the writings of the Greek physician Hippocrates and the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder, reference the Syzygium aromaticum as a medicinal plant. The 13th-century medical text, the "Tibb-e-Nabawi," also mentions the spice.

The Syzygium aromaticum has been found in various historical artifacts, including the tomb of the Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun and the ancient Greek shipwreck, the Antikythera. Archaeologists have also found evidence of its use in ancient Indian, Chinese, and Roman temples.