comfrey
Symphytum officinale · Accepted scientific name
Scientific literature: Very Extensive (639 studies) · ★★★★★
Comfrey, scientifically known as Symphytum officinale, is a perennial herb renowned for its potent healing properties. Historically valued in traditional medicine, it contains allantoin, which promotes cell regeneration. Often used topically for skin irritations, bruises, and bone fractures, this versatile plant remains a cornerstone of herbal wound care.
- Family
- Boraginaceae
- Native range
- Europe
- Parts used
- Root
- Common names
- Bruisewort · Comfrey · 7 more
- Scientific synonyms
- Not available
Names
Common Names
- bruisewort
- comfrey
- healing-herb
- knitbone
- Common Comfrey
- boneset
- consound
- healingherb
- slippery-root
Regional and Traditional Names
Spanish:
- lengua de buey
- consuelda
- suelda
- consuelda mayor
- oreha mulo
- oreja de asno
- ricasuelda
- silbote
- sinfito
- sínfito
- sinfito mayor
- sínfito mayor
- suelda consuelda
- suelda-consuelda
- sueldaconsuelda
- consólida
- consólida mayor
- consuelda áspera
- consuelda blanca
- hierba de las cortaduras
- hierba de los cerdos
- consuelda
- consuelda mayor
- suelda consuelda
German:
- Echter Beinwell
- Bienenkraut
- Schwarzwurz
- Gemeiner Beinwell
- Wundallheil
- Beinwurz
- Schadheilwurzel
- Arznei-Beinwell
- Milchwurz
- Schmalwurz
- Hasenlaub
- Komfrei
- Beinwell
- Wallwurz
- consoude officinale
- echter Beinwell
- gemeiner Beinwell
- gewöhnlicher Beinwell
- Gewöhnlicher Arznei-Beinwell
- Echte Wallwurz
- Gebraeuchlicher Beinwell
French:
- Grande consoude
- Consoude officinale
- Oreille d'âne
- Sirop de Fernel
- Langue de vache
- Confée
- consoude officinale
- grande consoude
- herbe du cardinal
- herbe à la coupure
- langue de vache
Scientific Names
Accepted name
Symphytum officinaleTaxonomical Classification
This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified under the phylum Streptophyta and class Equisetopsida. Within the subclass Magnoliidae, it is organized into the order Boraginales and the family Boraginaceae. Finally, its specific taxonomic identity is established under the genus Symphytum.
| Rank | Classification | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Kingdom | Plantae | WCVP |
| Phylum | Streptophyta | WCVP |
| Class | Equisetopsida | WCVP |
| Subclass | Magnoliidae | WCVP |
| Order | Boraginales | WCVP |
| Family | Boraginaceae | WCVP |
| Genus | Symphytum | WCVP |
Distribution
This plant, known as Symphytum officinale, exhibits a specific distribution pattern throughout Northern Europe. It can be found growing naturally across the landscape of Denmark. The species is also widely documented within the territories of Finland and Norway. Furthermore, its presence extends to the islands of Great Britain and Ireland. Together, these locations define its regional range across the northern reaches of the continent.
| Region | Area | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Northern Europe | Denmark | WCVP |
| Northern Europe | Finland | WCVP |
| Northern Europe | Great Britain | WCVP |
| Northern Europe | Ireland | WCVP |
| Northern Europe | Norway | WCVP |
| Northern Europe | Sweden | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Austria | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Belgium | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Czechia-Slovakia | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Germany | WCVP |
Plant Parts
This plant, commonly known as comfrey, is highly valued in traditional herbalism for the specific properties found within its underground structures. The most therapeutically significant part is the root, which contains high concentrations of allantoin to aid in tissue repair. When harvesting, practitioners often collect the thick, fleshy roots to ensure a potent extract, as the medicinal compounds are most concentrated in this area. Whether prepared as a decoction or a topical salve, the root serves as the primary source of the plant's healing potential.| Plant Part | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| root | Acta pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia) (and other 4 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
Chemicals
Symphytum officinale has 87 reported phytochemicals identified across 4 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Lycopsamine, rosmarinic acid, LASIOCARPINE, SYMPHYTINE, allantoin.
| Chemical | Supporting sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| Lycopsamine | 4 supporting sources | ★★☆☆☆ |
| rosmarinic acid | 4 supporting sources | ★★☆☆☆ |
| LASIOCARPINE | 3 supporting sources | ★★☆☆☆ |
| SYMPHYTINE | 3 supporting sources | ★★☆☆☆ |
| allantoin | 3 supporting sources | ★★☆☆☆ |
| ECHIMIDINE | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Flavonoids | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| GLOBOIDNAN B | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Globoidnan A | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Homospermidine | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Lycopsamine
- Dr. Duke
- Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP
- Talanta
- Phytochemical analysis : PCA
rosmarinic acid
- Dr. Duke
- Planta medica
- Phytochemical analysis : PCA
- Natural product research
LASIOCARPINE
- Dr. Duke
- Public health nutrition
- Talanta
SYMPHYTINE
- Dr. Duke
- Public health nutrition
- Phytochemical analysis : PCA
allantoin
- Dr. Duke
- Planta medica
- Journal of intercultural ethnopharmacology
ECHIMIDINE
- Dr. Duke
- Talanta
Flavonoids
- Journal of intercultural ethnopharmacology
- Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
GLOBOIDNAN B
- International journal of molecular sciences
- Phytochemical analysis : PCA
Globoidnan A
- International journal of molecular sciences
- Phytochemical analysis : PCA
Homospermidine
- Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
- Planta medica
Activities
Symphytum officinale has 450 reported activities identified across 4 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Analgesic, Hepatotoxic, Mutagenic, ABeta-Inhibitor, ACE-Inhibitor.
Most Reported Activities
| Activity | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| Analgesic | Dr. Duke (and other 4 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Hepatotoxic | Dr. Duke (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Mutagenic | Dr. Duke (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| ABeta-Inhibitor | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| ACE-Inhibitor | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| AP-1-Inhibitor | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Acetylcholinergic | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Acidulant | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Adenylate-Cyclase-Inhibitor | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Aggregant | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Medicinal Uses
Symphytum officinale has 23 reported medicinal uses identified across 4 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported uses include inflammation, pain, bone fractures, contusions, sprains.
Most Reported Uses
| Use | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| inflammation | Frontiers in pharmacology (and other 4 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| pain | Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology (and other 4 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| bone fractures | Phytochemical analysis : PCA (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| contusions | Phytotherapy research : PTR (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| sprains | Phytotherapy research : PTR (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Wounds and injuries | Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| abscesses | Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| analgesic | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| arthritis | Public health nutrition (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| decubitus ulcers | Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Preparations
| Preparations | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| 12C | Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 30C | Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 3C | Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 6C | Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Comfrey ointment | Journal of pharmacopuncture (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| MT | Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| alkaloid extract | Planta medica (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| decoction | Journal of intercultural ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| dry extracts | Molecular medicine reports (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| ethanolic extract of the roots | Phytochemistry (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |