comfrey

Symphytum officinale · Accepted scientific name

Scientific literature: Very Extensive (639 studies) · ★★★★★

Comfrey, scientifically known as Symphytum officinale, is a perennial herb renowned for its potent healing properties. Historically valued in traditional medicine, it contains allantoin, which promotes cell regeneration. Often used topically for skin irritations, bruises, and bone fractures, this versatile plant remains a cornerstone of herbal wound care.

Family
Boraginaceae
Native range
Europe
Parts used
Root
Common names
Bruisewort · Comfrey · 7 more
Scientific synonyms
Not available

Names

Common Names

Regional and Traditional Names

Spanish:

  • lengua de buey
  • consuelda
  • suelda
  • consuelda mayor
  • oreha mulo
  • oreja de asno
  • ricasuelda
  • silbote
  • sinfito
  • sínfito
  • sinfito mayor
  • sínfito mayor
  • suelda consuelda
  • suelda-consuelda
  • sueldaconsuelda
  • consólida
  • consólida mayor
  • consuelda áspera
  • consuelda blanca
  • hierba de las cortaduras
  • hierba de los cerdos
  • consuelda
  • consuelda mayor
  • suelda consuelda

German:

  • Echter Beinwell
  • Bienenkraut
  • Schwarzwurz
  • Gemeiner Beinwell
  • Wundallheil
  • Beinwurz
  • Schadheilwurzel
  • Arznei-Beinwell
  • Milchwurz
  • Schmalwurz
  • Hasenlaub
  • Komfrei
  • Beinwell
  • Wallwurz
  • consoude officinale
  • echter Beinwell
  • gemeiner Beinwell
  • gewöhnlicher Beinwell
  • Gewöhnlicher Arznei-Beinwell
  • Echte Wallwurz
  • Gebraeuchlicher Beinwell

French:

  • Grande consoude
  • Consoude officinale
  • Oreille d'âne
  • Sirop de Fernel
  • Langue de vache
  • Confée
  • consoude officinale
  • grande consoude
  • herbe du cardinal
  • herbe à la coupure
  • langue de vache

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Symphytum officinale

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified under the phylum Streptophyta and class Equisetopsida. Within the subclass Magnoliidae, it is organized into the order Boraginales and the family Boraginaceae. Finally, its specific taxonomic identity is established under the genus Symphytum.

Rank Classification Source
Kingdom Plantae WCVP
Phylum Streptophyta WCVP
Class Equisetopsida WCVP
Subclass Magnoliidae WCVP
Order Boraginales WCVP
Family Boraginaceae WCVP
Genus Symphytum WCVP

Distribution

This plant, known as Symphytum officinale, exhibits a specific distribution pattern throughout Northern Europe. It can be found growing naturally across the landscape of Denmark. The species is also widely documented within the territories of Finland and Norway. Furthermore, its presence extends to the islands of Great Britain and Ireland. Together, these locations define its regional range across the northern reaches of the continent.

Region Area Source
Northern Europe Denmark WCVP
Northern Europe Finland WCVP
Northern Europe Great Britain WCVP
Northern Europe Ireland WCVP
Northern Europe Norway WCVP
Northern Europe Sweden WCVP
Middle Europe Austria WCVP
Middle Europe Belgium WCVP
Middle Europe Czechia-Slovakia WCVP
Middle Europe Germany WCVP

Plant Parts

This plant, commonly known as comfrey, is highly valued in traditional herbalism for the specific properties found within its underground structures. The most therapeutically significant part is the root, which contains high concentrations of allantoin to aid in tissue repair. When harvesting, practitioners often collect the thick, fleshy roots to ensure a potent extract, as the medicinal compounds are most concentrated in this area. Whether prepared as a decoction or a topical salve, the root serves as the primary source of the plant's healing potential.
Plant Part Sources Consensus
root Acta pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia) (and other 4 sources) ★★☆☆☆

Chemicals

Symphytum officinale has 87 reported phytochemicals identified across 4 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Lycopsamine, rosmarinic acid, LASIOCARPINE, SYMPHYTINE, allantoin.

Chemicals reported in Symphytum officinale
Chemical Supporting sources Consensus
Lycopsamine 4 supporting sources ★★☆☆☆
rosmarinic acid 4 supporting sources ★★☆☆☆
LASIOCARPINE 3 supporting sources ★★☆☆☆
SYMPHYTINE 3 supporting sources ★★☆☆☆
allantoin 3 supporting sources ★★☆☆☆
ECHIMIDINE 2 supporting sources ★☆☆☆☆
Flavonoids 2 supporting sources ★☆☆☆☆
GLOBOIDNAN B 2 supporting sources ★☆☆☆☆
Globoidnan A 2 supporting sources ★☆☆☆☆
Homospermidine 2 supporting sources ★☆☆☆☆

Lycopsamine

  1. Dr. Duke
  2. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP
  3. Talanta
  4. Phytochemical analysis : PCA

rosmarinic acid

  1. Dr. Duke
  2. Planta medica
  3. Phytochemical analysis : PCA
  4. Natural product research

LASIOCARPINE

  1. Dr. Duke
  2. Public health nutrition
  3. Talanta

SYMPHYTINE

  1. Dr. Duke
  2. Public health nutrition
  3. Phytochemical analysis : PCA

allantoin

  1. Dr. Duke
  2. Planta medica
  3. Journal of intercultural ethnopharmacology

ECHIMIDINE

  1. Dr. Duke
  2. Talanta

Flavonoids

  1. Journal of intercultural ethnopharmacology
  2. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

GLOBOIDNAN B

  1. International journal of molecular sciences
  2. Phytochemical analysis : PCA

Globoidnan A

  1. International journal of molecular sciences
  2. Phytochemical analysis : PCA

Homospermidine

  1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
  2. Planta medica

Activities

Symphytum officinale has 450 reported activities identified across 4 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Analgesic, Hepatotoxic, Mutagenic, ABeta-Inhibitor, ACE-Inhibitor.

Most Reported Activities

Activity Sources Consensus
Analgesic Dr. Duke (and other 4 sources) ★★☆☆☆
Hepatotoxic Dr. Duke (and other 3 sources) ★★☆☆☆
Mutagenic Dr. Duke (and other 2 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
ABeta-Inhibitor Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
ACE-Inhibitor Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
AP-1-Inhibitor Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
Acetylcholinergic Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
Acidulant Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
Adenylate-Cyclase-Inhibitor Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
Aggregant Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆

Medicinal Uses

Symphytum officinale has 23 reported medicinal uses identified across 4 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported uses include inflammation, pain, bone fractures, contusions, sprains.

Most Reported Uses

Use Sources Consensus
inflammation Frontiers in pharmacology (and other 4 sources) ★★☆☆☆
pain Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology (and other 4 sources) ★★☆☆☆
bone fractures Phytochemical analysis : PCA (and other 2 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
contusions Phytotherapy research : PTR (and other 2 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
sprains Phytotherapy research : PTR (and other 2 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
Wounds and injuries Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
abscesses Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
analgesic Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
arthritis Public health nutrition (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
decubitus ulcers Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆

Preparations

Preparations Sources Consensus
12C Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
30C Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
3C Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
6C Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
Comfrey ointment Journal of pharmacopuncture (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
MT Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
alkaloid extract Planta medica (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
decoction Journal of intercultural ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
dry extracts Molecular medicine reports (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆
ethanolic extract of the roots Phytochemistry (and other 1 sources) ★☆☆☆☆