What to know about Symphytum officinale (comfrey) before using it medicinally

Symphytum officinale, commonly known as comfrey, is a herb renowned for its impressive array of health-promoting properties, which include wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects, ultimately contributing to improved health outcomes.

This hardy perennial herb is relatively easy to cultivate and grows well in a variety of soil types, making it a popular choice for gardeners and herbalists alike. Comfrey is a member of the borage family and its botanical name, Symphytum officinale, reflects its complex botanical composition, comprising a mix of alkaloids and glycosides.

With a rich history dating back to ancient civilizations, comfrey has been a staple in traditional medicine for centuries, with references to its use found in the works of esteemed herbalists such as Nicholas Culpeper and John Gerard.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Symphytum officinale.

What are the medicinal properties of Symphytum officinale?

Symphytum officinale helps with wound healing, reduces inflammation, and eases pain due to its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties. It is used topically to treat skin conditions, sprains, and bruises. Comfrey tea is also used to treat internal injuries and ulcers.

The active constituents of comfrey responsible for its medicinal properties are allantoin, rosmarinic acid, and triterpenoid saponins. Allantoin, in particular, accelerates wound healing by promoting collagen synthesis and tissue regeneration. Rosmarinic acid has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

The leaves and roots of comfrey are primarily used for medicinal purposes. The leaves are harvested when they are young and tender, while the roots are dug up in the fall. The leaves are used to make teas, infusions, and topical creams, while the roots are used to make decoctions and tinctures.

Comfrey can cause liver and kidney damage if used in excess or over a prolonged period. The plant contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which can accumulate in the liver and kidneys and cause damage.

The most common precautions to take when using comfrey medicinally are to use it in moderation and avoid using it for extended periods. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should also avoid using comfrey due to the risk of harm to the fetus or baby.

What are the horticulural aspects of Symphytum officinale?

Symphytum officinale grow best in full sun to partial shade with rich, moist soil and a slightly acidic pH between 6.0 and 7.0. It tolerates a wide range of soil types, including clay, loam, and sand. Comfrey grows up to 3 feet tall.

Comfrey prefers to be planted in late spring or early fall, when the weather is cooler. Plant roots 2-4 inches deep and 12-18 inches apart in rows spaced 18-24 inches apart. Comfrey can be planted as a companion crop with vegetables and herbs. It grows rapidly and can outcompete weeds.

Comfrey leaves can be harvested in 60-90 days after planting, when they reach 6-8 inches tall. Cut the leaves at the base of the plant to encourage regrowth. Comfrey can be harvested continuously, with new growth emerging within 7-10 days. It can be used as a green manure crop or as a fertilizer plant.

Comfrey is susceptible to pests such as aphids, whiteflies, and slugs. It is also affected by diseases like powdery mildew, leaf spot, and root rot. Regular monitoring and control measures can help prevent infestations and infections. Comfrey has some natural resistance to pests and diseases, making it a low-maintenance crop.

What are the botanical aspects of Symphytum officinale?

Symphytum officinale is a perennial herb belonging to the borage family (Boraginaceae). Its stem is erect, hairy, and branched, growing up to 1.5 meters in height. Leaves are ovate, 10-30 cm long, and arranged oppositely on the stem.

Taxonomically, Symphytum officinale is classified as a member of the order Lamiales, family Boraginaceae, tribe Boragineae, and genus Symphytum. Its closest relatives are other Symphytum species and Echium species. This classification is based on morphological and molecular characteristics.

The plant exhibits considerable morphological variation, with different regions producing distinct varieties. The most notable variants are Symphytum officinale var. officinale and Symphytum officinale var. latifolium. These variants differ in leaf shape, size, and flower color.

Symphytum officinale is native to Europe and Western Asia but has been naturalized in many parts of the world. It thrives in temperate climates, typically found in fields, meadows, and along roadsides. It prefers moist, rich soils and full sun to partial shade conditions.

The life cycle of Symphytum officinale involves a rosette of leaves in its juvenile stage. As it matures, it produces tall stems with white, yellow, or red flowers. Seeds are formed in pods, which open to release the seeds. The plant dies back after flowering but regenerates from underground roots in the following growing season.

What are the historical aspects of Symphytum officinale?

Symphytum officinale is a perennial herb with a rich history of use in traditional medicine. In ancient times, it was used to treat various ailments, including broken bones, wounds, and skin conditions. The plant's healing properties were well-documented in medieval European herbals.

In mythological references, comfrey is associated with the Greek goddess of fertility, Demeter, who was said to have used the plant's leaves to nurse her daughter, Persephone. Similarly, in Celtic mythology, comfrey was believed to have healing properties that could cure even the most serious of injuries. These associations highlight the plant's widespread reverence across cultures.

In symbolic meanings, comfrey has long been associated with healing, growth, and fertility. The plant's ability to revitalize and strengthen tissues has led to its use in spells and rituals for fertility and prosperity. Its association with Demeter and Persephone also underscores its connection to the cycles of life and death.

Historical texts on comfrey date back to the 12th century, when it was mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon medical treatise 'Lacnunga Gripe'. The 16th-century herbalist Gerard referred to comfrey as a "woundwort" and noted its ability to heal broken bones. The 18th-century English herbalist John Gerard also documented the plant's use in treating a range of ailments.

Archaeological findings have revealed the presence of comfrey in ancient burial sites, suggesting its use in rituals and ceremonies. In some regions, comfrey is still found growing in and around ancient burial grounds, underscoring its long-standing connection to human culture and tradition. Excavations have also uncovered comfrey seeds in medieval pottery and artifacts, further highlighting its widespread use and reverence.