What to know about Stevia rebaudiana (stevia) before using it medicinally

Stevia rebaudiana, commonly known as stevia, is a sweet-tasting herb that has been used to improve blood sugar control and blood pressure, while also providing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits.

This drought-tolerant perennial is native to the tropical regions of South America and is often cultivated in greenhouses or outdoor gardens in warmer climates. From a botanical perspective, Stevia rebaudiana belongs to the Asteraceae family and is characterized by its small, purple flowers and edible leaves that contain unique compounds such as stevioside and rebaudioside.

The herb has been used for centuries in traditional medicine by the indigenous Guarani people of Paraguay, who valued its sweetness and medicinal properties.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Stevia rebaudiana.

What are the medicinal properties of Stevia rebaudiana?

Stevia rebaudiana helps with weight loss, lowering blood pressure, and managing blood sugar levels due to its sweet-tasting compounds. Its extracts have been used as natural sweeteners, anti-inflammatory agents, and digestive aids.

The active constituents of Stevia rebaudiana, including stevioside and rebaudioside, possess medicinal properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. These compounds are responsible for its various health benefits, including lowering blood pressure and sugar levels.

The leaves of Stevia rebaudiana are most commonly used for medicinal purposes due to their high concentration of active constituents. They are usually dried, crushed, or extracted to create medicinal products such as teas, capsules, or powders.

When used improperly, Stevia rebaudiana may cause gastrointestinal issues, such as bloating, gas, or diarrhea, due to its high sugar content and potential allergy to some individuals. Additionally, its consumption may lead to kidney problems or allergic reactions in certain cases.

To use Stevia rebaudiana safely, individuals should consult a healthcare professional, especially pregnant or breastfeeding women, as well as those with kidney or liver issues. A safe dosage should be followed, and potential interactions with medications should be evaluated to avoid adverse effects.

What are the horticulural aspects of Stevia rebaudiana?

Stevia rebaudiana grow best in tropical and subtropical regions with temperatures ranging from 64°F to 90°F (18°C to 32°C). It requires full sun to partial shade and well-draining soil with a pH between 5.5 and 7.0.

For optimal growth, plant stevia seeds in well-draining seed trays 6-8 weeks before the last frost date. Transplant seedlings 12-18 inches apart in a location with adequate air circulation. Water thoroughly after planting and provide regular watering, but avoid overwatering.

Harvest stevia leaves when they reach 8-10 inches in length, typically 3-4 months after planting. Use scissors or a sharp knife to avoid damaging the plant. Cut the leaves at the base of the stem, and harvest individual leaves or the entire plant as needed.

Pests and diseases commonly affecting stevia include aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites, which can be controlled with neem oil or insecticidal soap. Root rot and leaf spot diseases can be prevented by maintaining good air circulation and avoiding overwatering.

What are the botanical aspects of Stevia rebaudiana?

Stevia rebaudiana is a perennial shrub native to the subtropical regions of South America, specifically Paraguay and Brazil. The plant has a small, branching stem, reaching a height of 1-2 meters, with small, oval-shaped leaves, approximately 2-3 cm long.

Stevia rebaudiana belongs to the family Asteraceae, which includes daisies, sunflowers, and lettuce. The taxonomic classification is: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Asterids, Order: Asterales, Family: Asteraceae, Genus: Stevia, Species: S. rebaudiana.

The plant has several variants, including S. rebaudiana var. minor and S. rebaudiana var. major. These variants differ in their leaf morphology, growth habit, and yield of steviol glycosides. The S. rebaudiana var. minor is more compact and has smaller leaves.

Stevia rebaudiana is native to the subtropical regions of South America, specifically Paraguay, Brazil, and parts of Argentina. It grows in the wild in areas with mild winters and hot, humid summers, typically at elevations between 200-1,000 meters.

The life cycle of Stevia rebaudiana consists of three stages: seed germination, vegetative growth, and flowering. Seeds germinate within 1-2 weeks after sowing, followed by 3-4 months of vegetative growth. The plant flowers within 6-8 months, producing small, yellowish flowers in clusters.

What are the historical aspects of Stevia rebaudiana?

Stevia rebaudiana is a plant native to South America that has been used for centuries as a sweetener and medicinal herb. The indigenous people of Paraguay and Brazil used stevia to sweeten their food and drinks, and it was also used to treat various health conditions.

In pre-Columbian times, the Guarani people of Paraguay believed that stevia was a gift from the gods. They called the plant ka'a he'ê, which means "sweet leaf", and used it in their rituals and ceremonies. The plant was also associated with the moon and the goddess of fertility.

In many South American cultures, stevia is a symbol of good luck, prosperity, and fertility. In some regions, the plant is considered a sacred herb, and is used in traditional medicine to treat a range of ailments, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and digestive problems.

The first written records of stevia were found in the 16th-century chronicles of Spanish missionaries in Paraguay. These texts described the plant as a sweet herb that was used to sweeten food and drinks, and as a treatment for various health conditions.

Archaeological evidence suggests that stevia was cultivated and used in ancient times. Excavations in Paraguay have uncovered ceramic vessels and other artifacts that date back to around 1000 AD, and which feature depictions of stevia leaves and other plant motifs.