Solanum mammosum

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• Solanum mammosum
• macawbush
• nipplefruit
• pig's-ears

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Solanum maccai
• Solanum platyphyllum
• Solanum toxicarium
• Solanum acanthifolium
• Solanum demerarense
• Solanum mammosum
• Solanum trichocarpum
• Solanum undecimangulare

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified under the phylum Streptophyta within the class Equisetopsida. It is further organized under the subclass Magnoliidae and the order Solanales, falling into the family Solanaceae. Finally, its specific taxonomic identity is defined by the genus Solanum.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a broad geographical distribution spanning several distinct regions. Within the Indian Subcontinent, it is documented to grow in India, specifically in the state of Assam. Its presence extends across the Atlantic to the Caribbean, where it can be found in Trinidad and Tobago. In Central America, the species is also established in both Nicaragua and Panamá. Together, these locations highlight the varied environmental range of this particular variety.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Solanum stramoniifolium var. stramoniifolium is characterized by its ability to colonize diverse landscapes, with a particular affinity for anthropic areas (Área Antrópica) where human activity has altered the natural terrain. This species exhibits a broad altitudinal distribution, allowing it to thrive across a significant vertical gradient. It is found at sea level, with a minimum elevation of 0 m AMSL, and can ascend to high-altitude environments reaching a maximum of 2400 m AMSL. Despite this wide potential range, the species maintains a mean elevation of approximately 285 m AMSL, suggesting that while it is highly adaptable to varying topographic pressures, it frequently occupies lower-elevation disturbed habitats.

Elevational range max:

2400 m AMSL

Elevational range mean:

285 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

0 m AMSL

Habitat :

Área Antrópica

Life history

The life history of Solanum stramoniifolium var. stramoniifolium is characterized by its status as a perennial organism, allowing it to persist through multiple growing seasons. Unlike annuals that complete their life cycle in a single year or biennials that require two years to reach reproductive maturity, this variety exhibits a long-term developmental strategy that enables it to establish a stable presence within its ecological niche. Throughout its lifespan, the plant undergoes continuous cycles of vegetative growth and reproductive phases, utilizing its perennial nature to recover from seasonal fluctuations and sustain its biological functions over an extended period.

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Solanum stramoniifolium var. stramoniifolium is characterized by a growth form that can be classified as both a shrub and a forb. It typically reaches a plant height of approximately 1 meter, with a maximum height not exceeding 1 meter. As a terrestrial organism, it does not exhibit aquatic or epiphytic tendencies, functioning as an independent species rather than a parasite or an epiphyte. The plant's structure is self-supporting, lacking the climbing habits of vines or lianas, and its woodiness is described as variable.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

shrub

Growth form :

forb

Parasite :

independent

Plant height mean:

1 m

Woodiness :

variable

Physiology

The physiology of Solanum stramoniifolium var. stramoniifolium is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, a metabolic process typical of many plants in the Solanaceae family that utilizes the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation. The plant's vegetative morphology, particularly regarding its foliar structures, displays a specific range of dimensions that facilitate efficient light interception and gas exchange. The leaves exhibit a mean length of 7.5 cm, with individual leaf lengths ranging from a minimum of 5 cm to a maximum of 10 cm. In terms of lateral expansion, the leaf width varies from a minimum of 5 cm to a maximum of 10 cm, creating a structural profile that supports its metabolic requirements through optimized surface area for photosynthesis.

Leaf length max:

10 cm

Leaf length mean:

7.5 cm

Leaf length min:

5 cm

Leaf width max:

10 cm

Leaf width min:

5 cm

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Reproduction

The reproduction of Solanum stramoniifolium var. stramoniifolium is primarily facilitated through the production of specialized fruits that serve as the vessel for seed dispersal. These fruits exhibit specific morphological dimensions that characterize the reproductive output of the variety, specifically in terms of their longitudinal development. The fruit length within this variety demonstrates a consistent range, with a recorded minimum length of 4.5 cm and a maximum length reaching up to 5.5 cm. On average, the fruit length settles at a mean value of 5 cm, ensuring a standardized physical structure for the protection and eventual dissemination of the seeds essential for the continuation of the species.

Fruit length max:

5.5 cm

Fruit length mean:

5 cm

Fruit length min:

4.5 cm

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Solanum stramoniifolium var. stramoniifolium has 5 reported plant parts identified across 18 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include leaf, fruit, root, seed, stem.

Leaf

1. ACS chemical neuroscience
2. Drug and chemical toxicology
3. Parasitology research
4. Fitoterapia
5. Tropical biomedicine

Fruit

1. Fitoterapia
2. Frontiers in nutrition
3. International journal of mycobacteriology
4. Phytochemistry

Root

1. Fitoterapia
2. Journal of natural medicines
3. International journal of mycobacteriology

Seed

1. Tropical biomedicine
2. Research in veterinary science

Stem

1. International journal of mycobacteriology

Chemicals

Solanum stramoniifolium var. stramoniifolium has 55 reported phytochemicals identified across 18 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include CHLOROGENIC ACID, Chlorogenin, Flavonoids, (E)-geranyl acetone, 2-pentyl furan.

CHLOROGENIC ACID

1. Dr. Duke
2. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials

Chlorogenin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics

Flavonoids

1. Drug and chemical toxicology
2. TheScientificWorldJournal

(E)-geranyl acetone

1. Natural product communications

2-pentyl furan

1. Natural product communications

Anthraquinones

1. TheScientificWorldJournal

Ash

1. Dr. Duke

CALCIUM

1. Dr. Duke

Corosolic acid

1. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics

ETHYL ACETATE

1. Tropical biomedicine

Activities

Solanum stramoniifolium var. stramoniifolium has 300 reported activities identified across 18 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Hypoglycemic.

Antibacterial

1. Dr. Duke
2. Fitoterapia

Antidiabetic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Frontiers in nutrition

Antioxidant

1. Dr. Duke
2. Drug and chemical toxicology

Hepatoprotective

1. Dr. Duke
2. Frontiers in nutrition

Hypoglycemic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Frontiers in nutrition

Hypolipidemic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Frontiers in nutrition

Acidulant

1. Dr. Duke

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

Allelochemic

1. Dr. Duke

Allergenic

1. Dr. Duke

Preparations