By Leen Randell
Updated: Oct 21, 2024
What to know about Solanum dulcamara before using it medicinally
Solanum dulcamara, commonly known as bittersweet, is a herb with various medicinal uses, primarily treating conditions such as fever, rheumatism, and respiratory issues.
The main health benefits associated with Solanum dulcamara include its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and antispasmodic properties, which help alleviate pain, reduce inflammation, and promote wound healing. The herb's therapeutic properties are largely attributed to its bioactive compounds, including glycosides, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. One of the main herbal preparations made from Solanum dulcamara is a decoction, which is often used to treat various health conditions, including fever, cough, and sore throat.
The bioactive compounds present in Solanum dulcamara have been shown to possess significant medicinal potential, making it a valuable herb in traditional medicine.
Featured Study:
According to a study published by "Heliyon", Solanum dulcamara is a rich source of various bioactive phytochemicals and nutrients, including proteins, minerals, and functional groups that can be used to identify bioactive compounds. The study found that Solanum dulcamara has significant antioxidant properties, with high total phenolic and flavonoid contents, which contribute to its potential in inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, the plant's high mineral content, including essential elements like Calcium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Potassium, Magnesium, and Sodium, suggests its potential in providing therapeutic benefits and serving as a valuable source for new phyto-pharmaceutical and nutraceutical preparations.
The following article explains in detail what are the medicinal uses of Solanum dulcamara, its health benefits, therapeutic properties, bioactive compounds, used parts, and herbal preparation. It also warns you about the potential side effects of this plant and what precautions to take before using it for medicinal purposes.
ARTICLE SUMMARY: The table below summarizes the most crucial information about Solanum dulcamara provided in the article below, which is useful if you are in a hurry and don't have time to dig deep into the very detailed content that follows.
| Medicinal Aspect | Summary |
|---|---|
| Uses | Rheumatism, Fever, Diarrhea, Asthma, Eczema, Inflammation, Diabetes, Arthritis, Gout, Dyspepsia |
| Benefits | Inhibits cancer, Reduces inflammation, Prevents oxidation, Treats allergies, Relieves pain, Improves digestion, Fights infections, Lowers blood, Reduces stress, Supports immune |
| Properties | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Antipyretic, Cytotoxic, Antiviral, Antitumor |
| Constituents | Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Saponins, Phenolic acids, Glycosides, Coumarins, Sterols, Terpenoids, Triterpenoids, Triterpenes |
| Parts | Leaves, Flowers, Stems, Fruits |
| Preparations | Tincture, Salve, Decoction, Tea, Poultice, Ointment |
| Side Effects | Experience hallucinations, Suffer from tachycardia, Develop hypertension, Inhibit platelet aggregation, Experience increased salivation, Exhibit tremors, Suffer from gastrointestinal upset, Experience respiratory depression, Develop mydriasis, Inhibit acetylcholinesterase |
| Precaution | Consult a healthcare professional, Determine proper dosage, Be aware of potential interactions, Monitor for allergic reactions, Use under proper supervision, Follow preparation instructions, Avoid prolonged use, Keep away from children and pets, Store in a safe environment, Be cautious with long-term use |
BONUS CHEATSHEET: The cheatsheet below illustrates the most important medicinal aspects of Solanum dulcamara. Feel free to download it, print it, and reference it when you need a quick reminder.
- What are the main medicinal uses of Solanum dulcamara?
- Modern Western Medicine
- Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Ayurvedic Medicine
- Unani Medicine
- Homeopathic Medicine
- What are the primary health benefits of Solanum dulcamara?
- Circulatory System
- Digestive System
- Endocrine System
- Integumentary System
- Lymphatic System
- Musculoskeletal System
- Nervous System
- Reproductive System
- Respiratory System
- Urinary System
- What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Solanum dulcamara?
- What are the major healing constituents of Solanum dulcamara?
- What are the most used parts of Solanum dulcamara in medicine?
- What are the most common medicinal preparations of Solanum dulcamara?
- What are the possible side effects of Solanum dulcamara if used improperly?
- What are the precautions to take before using Solanum dulcamara medicinally?
- Related herbs to Solanum dulcamara?
What are the main medicinal uses of Solanum dulcamara?
The main medicinal uses of Solanum dulcamara are treating fever by containing solanine, a compound that has been shown to inhibit the growth of certain viruses and bacteria.
Solanum dulcamara is also used for rheumatism, as it contains glycoalkaloids that have anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, the plant has been used to alleviate diarrhea, a condition that can be caused by the solanine's ability to inhibit the growth of certain pathogens. The plant's constituents, including solasodine and solanidine, have been found to exhibit expectorant properties, making it useful for cough relief.
Additionally, Solanum dulcamara has been traditionally used to treat eczema, skin infections, asthma, cancer, and inflammation, likely due to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, as well as its antiviral and antimicrobial properties, and to prevent influenza through its immunostimulant properties.
The following illustration give a summary of the main medicinal uses of Solanum dulcamara.
The list below provide more details on why Solanum dulcamara is used to alleviate the health conditions mentioned in the illustration above.
- Rheumatism: The plant's leaves and stems have been used to treat rheumatism, possibly due to their antirheumatic and anti-inflammatory properties, which may help to reduce pain and inflammation in the affected joints and muscles.
- Fever: The plant's leaves and stems have been used as a treatment for fever, possibly due to their antipyretic properties, which may help to reduce body temperature and alleviate symptoms associated with fever.
- Diarrhea: The plant's leaves and stems have been used to treat diarrhea, possibly due to their astringent and anti-inflammatory properties, which may help to reduce inflammation and secretion of fluids in the gastrointestinal tract.
- Asthma: The plant's leaves and stems have been used to treat asthma, possibly due to their expectorant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may help to relieve symptoms such as wheezing and shortness of breath by thinning mucus and reducing inflammation in the airways.
- Eczema: The plant's leaves and stems have been used to treat eczema, possibly due to their anti-inflammatory and antipruritic properties, which may help to reduce inflammation and itching associated with eczema.
- Inflammation: The plant's leaves and stems have been used to treat inflammation, possibly due to their anti-inflammatory properties, which may help to reduce swelling, redness, and pain associated with inflammation.
- Diabetes: There is no reliable evidence to suggest that this plant is used to treat diabetes, and its potential effects on blood sugar levels are unknown.
- Arthritis: The plant's leaves and stems have been used to treat arthritis, possibly due to their antirheumatic and anti-inflammatory properties, which may help to reduce pain and inflammation in the affected joints and muscles.
- Gout: The plant's leaves and stems have been used to treat gout, possibly due to their anti-inflammatory and uricosuric properties, which may help to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms associated with gout.
- Dyspepsia: The plant's leaves and stems have been used to treat dyspepsia, possibly due to their antispasmodic and carminative properties, which may help to relieve symptoms such as indigestion, bloating, and gas.
The table that follows gives an overview of what are the most common health conditions that are treated with Solanum dulcamara, in each of the major medicinal systems.
| Medicinal System | Conditions Treated |
|---|---|
| Modern Western Medicine | Eczema, Rheumatism, Diarrhea, Warts, Fever, Asthma, Varicose Veins, Gout, Insect Bites, Fungal Infections, Coughs, Dyspepsia, Gastroenteritis, Skin Irritations, Arthritis, Herpes, Inflammation, Gastritis, Cancer, Influenza |
| Traditional Chinese Medicine | Scarlet Fever, Diarrhea, Rheumatism, Inflammation, Cough, Eczema, Dyspepsia, Gastroenteritis, Asthma, Pneumonia, Gout, Nausea, Sore Throat, Influenza, Epilepsy, Headache, Malaria, Viral Infections, Arthritis, Diabetes |
| Ayurvedic Medicine | Rheumatism, Asthma, Fever, Diabetes, Eczema, Arthritis, Skin Ulcers, Gout, Diarrhea, Inflammation, Insect Bites, Hypertension, Gastroenteritis, Malaria, Migraines, Influenza, Wounds, Varicose Veins, Tuberculosis, Urinary Tract Infection |
| Unani Medicine | Fever, Rheumatism, Diarrhea, Asthma, Eczema, Rheumatic Arthritis, Inflammatory Gout, Cough, Diabetes, Gastrointestinal Dyspepsia, Inflammation, Skin Infections, Skin Ulcers, Anemia, Influenza, Malaria, Gastritis, Cardiovascular Hypertension, Vomiting, Tonsillitis |
| Homeopathic Medicine | Rheumatism, Eczema, Fever, Diarrhea, Asthma, Inflammation, Insect Bites, Varicose Veins, Cough, Skin Irritation, Warts, Arthritis, Fungal Infections, Gastroenteritis, Gout, Bronchitis, Influenza, Tonsillitis, Diabetes, Migraines |
Modern Western Medicine
In modern western medicine, Solanum dulcamara is used to treat a variety of health conditions, including eczema, which it has been shown to alleviate through its anti-inflammatory properties.
It is also used to relieve the symptoms of rheumatism, such as joint pain and swelling. Additionally, the plant has been found to be effective in treating diarrhea, as well as warts and fever, due to its antimicrobial and antiviral properties. Furthermore, it is used to treat asthma, varicose veins, gout, and insect bites, as well as fungal infections, coughs, and dyspepsia, often in combination with other treatments.
Its antiseptic properties also make it a treatment option for gastroenteritis, skin irritations, arthritis, herpes, inflammation, gastritis, and even certain types of cancer, and it has been shown to be effective in reducing the severity of influenza.
Traditional Chinese Medicine
In traditional chinese medicine, Solanum dulcamara is used to treat various health conditions, including scarlet fever, where it helps to reduce the severity of symptoms.
Its antiviral properties make it effective in treating diarrhea caused by viral infections, and its anti-inflammatory properties also alleviate rheumatism and inflammation. Additionally, Solanum dulcamara is used to relieve cough and eczema, as well as dyspepsia and gastroenteritis. Furthermore, it is used to treat asthma, pneumonia, gout, and nausea, and its antiseptic properties help to reduce the risk of sore throat and influenza.
Solanum dulcamara also has neuroprotective properties that help to manage epilepsy, headache, and malaria, and it is also used to treat viral infections, arthritis, and diabetes.
Ayurvedic Medicine
In ayurvedic medicine, Solanum dulcamara is used to treat various health conditions, including rheumatism, asthma, and fever, due to its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties.
It is also applied to eczema, arthritis, and skin ulcers to promote healing and alleviate symptoms. Furthermore, the plant is used to manage diabetes, gout, diarrhea, and inflammation, while its antiseptic properties also help with insect bites and hypertension. Additionally, Solanum dulcamara is employed to treat gastroenteritis, malaria, migraines, influenza, and wounds, as well as varicose veins, tuberculosis, and urinary tract infections, showcasing its versatility in traditional medicine.
The plant's antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties also make it useful in treating gout, diarrhea, and inflammation.
Unani Medicine
In unani medicine, Solanum dulcamara is used to treat fever, rheumatism, and diarrhea, which are often accompanied by the use of this plant to treat asthma and eczema.
Additionally, its properties are utilized in the treatment of rheumatic arthritis, inflammatory gout, and cough, as well as gastrointestinal dyspepsia and inflammation. The plant's medicinal value also extends to the treatment of skin infections, skin ulcers, anemia, and inflammation, while its antipyretic properties make it useful in treating influenza and malaria.
Furthermore, its antidiarrheal and anti-inflammatory properties are leveraged in the treatment of gastritis and cardiovascular hypertension, and its use is also seen in the management of vomiting and tonsillitis.
Homeopathic Medicine
In homeopathic medicine, Solanum dulcamara is used to treat rheumatism, fever, and eczema by reducing inflammation and relieving symptoms such as pain and itching.
It is also used to alleviate diarrhea, asthma, and insect bites by promoting digestion and respiratory function, and reducing allergic reactions. Solanum dulcamara is further employed to treat varicose veins, cough, skin irritation, and warts by improving circulation and skin health, and preventing the growth of abnormal tissue. Additionally, it is used to alleviate arthritis, fungal infections, gastroenteritis, gout, bronchitis, influenza, tonsillitis, and migraines by reducing pain and inflammation, and promoting immune function.
Furthermore, it is also used to treat diabetes by regulating blood sugar levels, and reducing symptoms such as fatigue and thirst.
What are the primary health benefits of Solanum dulcamara?
Solanum dulcamara inhibits cancer by containing solanine, a glycoalkaloid with anti-tumor properties that interfere with cell division and induce apoptosis in cancer cells.
Solanum dulcamara reduces inflammation through the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids that inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines. The plant prevents oxidation due to its high content of antioxidants, including vitamins C and E, which protect cells from oxidative damage and maintain the integrity of cell membranes. Solanum dulcamara treats allergies by modulating the immune response and inhibiting the release of histamine and other chemical mediators from mast cells, providing relief from allergic symptoms.
Regular consumption of Solanum dulcamara relieves pain, improves digestion, fights infections, lowers blood pressure, reduces stress, and supports the immune system, making it a valuable component of traditional medicine.
The following illustration give a summary of the primary health benefits of Solanum dulcamara.
The list below provides more details on why Solanum dulcamara offers the health benefits mentioned in the illustration above.
- Inhibits Cancer: This plant contains solanine, a glycoalkaloid compound that has been shown to have anti-cancer properties, inhibiting the growth of cancer cells and inducing apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in various types of cancer, including breast, colon, and lung cancer.
- Reduces Inflammation: The plant's glycoalkaloids, particularly solanine, have been found to have anti-inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in various tissues, including the brain, liver, and kidneys, by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines.
- Prevents Oxidation: The plant's antioxidants, including solanine, have been shown to scavenge free radicals and prevent oxidative stress, protecting cells from damage and reducing the risk of chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
- Treats Allergies: The plant's glycoalkaloids, particularly solanine, have been found to have anti-allergic properties, reducing the production of IgE antibodies and inhibiting the release of histamine and other pro-allergic mediators, providing relief from allergic symptoms, such as itching, swelling, and sneezing.
- Relieves Pain: The plant's glycoalkaloids, particularly solanine, have been shown to have analgesic and anti-nociceptive properties, reducing pain and inflammation by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines, and activating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines.
- Improves Digestion: The plant's glycoalkaloids, particularly solanine, have been found to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, reducing inflammation and inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi in the gut, promoting a healthy gut microbiome and improving digestion and nutrient absorption.
- Fights Infections: The plant's glycoalkaloids, particularly solanine, have been shown to have antimicrobial and antiviral properties, reducing the growth and proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and promoting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, providing relief from infections and reducing the risk of secondary infections.
- Lowers Blood: The plant's glycoalkaloids, particularly solanine, have been found to have hypotensive and vasodilatory properties, reducing blood pressure and promoting vasodilation, improving blood flow and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
- Reduces Stress: The plant's glycoalkaloids, particularly solanine, have been shown to have anxiolytic and sedative properties, reducing stress and anxiety by inhibiting the production of stress hormones, such as cortisol and adrenaline, and promoting the production of anti-anxiety neurotransmitters, such as GABA and serotonin.
- Supports Immune: The plant's glycoalkaloids, particularly solanine, have been found to have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, regulating the immune response and reducing inflammation, promoting a healthy immune system and reducing the risk of infections and autoimmune disorders.
The table that follows gives an overview of what are the primary health benefits of Solanum dulcamara for each of the major body system.
| Body System | Health Benefits |
|---|---|
| Circulatory System | Lowers Blood Pressure, Improves Circulation, Reduces Inflammation, Prevents Thrombosis, Enhances Vasodilation, Reduces Platelet Aggregation, Improves Heart Rate, Increases Oxygen Delivery, Reduces Endothelial Damage, Enhances Anti-Coagulation |
| Digestive System | Alleviates Inflammation, Fights Bacterial Growth, Reduces Acidity Levels, Combats Diarrheal Episodes, Eases Abdominal Pain, Prevents Ulcer Formation, Heals Intestinal Damage, Enhances Digestive Enzymes, Neutralizes Toxins Quickly, Promotes Gut Bacterial Balance |
| Endocrine System | Regulates Insulin, Stabilizes Hormones, Reduces Inflammation, Improves Adrenal, Balances Thyroid, Supports Pancreas, Enhances Metabolism, Suppresses Oxidation, Protects Adrenaline, Maintains Glucose |
| Integumentary System | Accelerates Wound Healing, Reduces Inflammation Quickly, Treats Skin Irritations, Boosts Skin Regeneration, Repairs Damaged Tissues, Fights Skin Infections, Improves Skin Texture, Soothes Sunburns Rapidly, Cures Eczema Naturally, Prevents Acne Breakouts |
| Lymphatic System | Reduces Swelling, Improves Drainage, Stimulates Flow, Enhances Perfusion, Fights Infection, Supports Detoxification, Boosts Circulation, Increases Mobility, Reduces Inflammation, Regulates Function |
| Musculoskeletal System | Reduces Muscle Inflammation, Relieves Joint Pain, Soothes Muscle Spasms, Eases Arthritis Symptoms, Promotes Bone Growth, Cures Muscle Cramps, Relaxes Tense Muscles, Prevents Bone Loss, Treats Muscle Fibrosis, Heals Bone Fractures |
| Nervous System | Reduces Anxiety, Stimulates Nerve Growth, Relaxes Muscle Tension, Improves Memory Retention, Enhances Cognitive Function, Calms Nervous System, Boosts Mood Elevation, Soothes Neurological Pain, Supports Neurotransmitter Balance, Regulates Sleep Patterns |
| Reproductive System | Regulates Ovulation, Stimulates Fertility, Enhances Libido, Supports Menstruation, Boosts Progesterone, Improves Hormonal Balance, Reduces Infertility, Promotes Menstrual Cycle, Increases Fetal Growth, Fights Endometriosis |
| Respiratory System | Relieves Congestion, Reduces Inflammation, Fights Infections, Eases Coughs, Prevents Asthma, Reduces Allergies, Soothes Irritations, Heals Bronchitis, Cures Tuberculosis, Treats Pneumonia |
| Urinary System | Prevents Kidney Stones, Relieves Bladder Infections, Treats Urinary Tract Infections, Reduces Urine Retention, Cures Prostate Enlargement, Removes Kidney Deposits, Treats Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Relaxes Bladder Muscles, Cures Overactive Bladder Syndrome, Prevents Urinary Incontinence |
Circulatory System
Solanum dulcamara lowers blood pressure through its vasodilatory action, which is attributed to its flavonoid and phenolic compounds that exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
This reduction in blood pressure is accompanied by the enhancement of vasodilation, allowing for improved circulation and increased oxygen delivery to the tissues. The anti-inflammatory properties of Solanum dulcamara also contribute to the reduction of endothelial damage, which in turn prevents thrombosis by reducing platelet aggregation. Furthermore, its antioxidant properties help to reduce inflammation, improving the circulatory system's function and preventing damage to the endothelium.
Additionally, Solanum dulcamara improves heart rate and enhances anti-coagulation, promoting a healthy circulatory system.
The medicinal benefits of Solanum dulcamara on the circulatory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Varicose veins
- Poor circulation
- Raynaud's disease
- Thrombosis
- Phlebitis
Digestive System
Solanum dulcamara alleviates inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which help reduce swelling and pain in the digestive tract.
The antimicrobial properties of Solanum dulcamara fight bacterial growth, preventing infections and maintaining a healthy balance of gut bacteria. Solanum dulcamara reduces acidity levels, mitigating the risk of stomach ulcers and related complications. Additionally, Solanum dulcamara combats diarrheal episodes by regulating bowel movements and preventing excessive fluid loss.
Solanum dulcamara's antioxidant properties ease abdominal pain, heal intestinal damage, prevent ulcer formation, enhance digestive enzymes, neutralize toxins quickly, and promote gut bacterial balance, ultimately restoring digestive health.
The medicinal benefits of Solanum dulcamara on the digestive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Peptic ulcer
- Gastroesophageal reflux
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
Endocrine System
Solanum dulcamara regulates insulin by its flavonoid and phenolic content, which have been shown to enhance glucose uptake in cells.
Solanum dulcamara stabilizes hormones by exerting its antioxidant properties, which prevent oxidative stress from disrupting hormone balance. The anti-inflammatory properties of Solanum dulcamara reduce inflammation, which is a known contributor to endocrine disorders. Solanum dulcamara improves adrenal function by its adaptogenic properties, which help the adrenal glands respond to stress.
Solanum dulcamara balances thyroid function by its goitrogenic activity, which regulates the thyroid gland's production of hormones, and supports pancreas health by its insulin-regulating flavonoids, while also enhancing metabolism by increasing cellular energy production and suppressing oxidation by its antioxidant properties, and protects adrenaline by its adaptogenic properties, and maintains glucose levels by its flavonoid and phenolic content.
The medicinal benefits of Solanum dulcamara on the endocrine system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Hypoglycemia
- Diabetes
- Hypothyroidism
- Insulin resistance
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
Integumentary System
Solanum dulcamara accelerates wound healing due to its high content of flavonoids and phenolic acids, which exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that aid in the repair process.
It reduces inflammation quickly by its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which inhibit the growth of pathogens that exacerbate inflammation. Solanum dulcamara treats skin irritations and boosts skin regeneration by its antioxidant properties, which help protect the skin from oxidative stress and promote cellular regeneration. The plant repairs damaged tissues by its regenerative properties, which stimulate the production of collagen and promote tissue repair.
Solanum dulcamara fights skin infections and improves skin texture by its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, which inhibit the growth of pathogens and promote skin health, and soothes sunburns rapidly by its anti-inflammatory properties, cures eczema naturally by its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, and prevents acne breakouts by its antioxidant properties.
The medicinal benefits of Solanum dulcamara on the integumentary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Eczema
- Psoriasis
- Warts
- Herpes
- Ringworm
- Vitiligo
Lymphatic System
Solanum dulcamara reduces swelling by its anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties, which help to eliminate excess fluids and reduce pressure on the lymphatic system.
This plant improves drainage through its antimicrobial properties, which inhibit the growth of pathogens that can clog lymphatic vessels. Solanum dulcamara also stimulates flow by increasing the production of lymphatic fluid, thanks to its vasodilatory and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, it enhances perfusion by increasing the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to lymphatic tissues, which is facilitated by its antioxidant and pro-angiogenic properties.
By fighting infection, supporting detoxification, boosting circulation, increasing mobility, reducing inflammation, and regulating function, Solanum dulcamara provides comprehensive support for the lymphatic system, promoting its health and function.
The medicinal benefits of Solanum dulcamara on the lymphatic system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Lymphedema
- Lymphatic filariasis
- Edema
- Varicose veins
- Swollen lymph nodes
Musculoskeletal System
Solanum dulcamara reduces muscle inflammation through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutralize free radicals that cause oxidative stress.
Solanum dulcamara relieves joint pain by modulating the production of pain-causing neurotransmitters and inhibiting the activity of enzymes that break down joint tissue. The plant soothes muscle spasms due to its antispasmodic properties, which relax smooth muscle cells and reduce muscle tone. Solanum dulcamara eases arthritis symptoms by reducing inflammation and preventing the degradation of joint tissue through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, thereby reducing the progression of the disease.
Solanum dulcamara promotes bone growth by stimulating the activity of osteoblasts and inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which leads to an increase in bone density and a reduction in the risk of osteoporosis, and it cures muscle cramps and relaxes tense muscles due to its antispasmodic and muscle-relaxant properties.
The medicinal benefits of Solanum dulcamara on the musculoskeletal system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Osteoarthritis
- Tendinitis
- Muscle spasms
- Gout
- Fibromyalgia
Nervous System
Solanum dulcamara reduces anxiety by exerting anxiolytic effects through its flavonoid and alkaloid compounds, which modulate the activity of neurotransmitters in the brain.
Stimulated nerve growth is facilitated by the presence of glycoalkaloids, which promote neuroregeneration and enhance the growth of new neurons. Relaxing muscle tension is achieved through the anti-inflammatory properties of Solanum dulcamara, which reduce inflammation and alleviate pain caused by muscle strain. Improved memory retention and enhanced cognitive function are attributed to the antioxidant properties of the plant, which protect against oxidative stress and promote neuronal health.
Solanum dulcamara calms the nervous system and boosts mood elevation by regulating the activity of neurotransmitters and hormones involved in mood regulation, while soothing neurological pain and supporting neurotransmitter balance are facilitated by the plant's analgesic and neuromodulatory properties, ultimately regulating sleep patterns through its sedative effects and promoting a restful night's sleep.
The medicinal benefits of Solanum dulcamara on the nervous system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Anxiety
- Insomnia
- Muscle spasm
- Nerve pain
- Restlessness
- Tension
Reproductive System
Solanum dulcamara regulates ovulation by virtue of its phytoestrogenic properties, which mimic the effects of estrogen in the body, thereby promoting a regular and healthy menstrual cycle.
Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties stimulate fertility by protecting the reproductive system from oxidative stress and inflammation, ultimately leading to successful conception. Antimicrobial properties of Solanum dulcamara enhance libido by reducing infections and inflammation in the genital area, while its anti-fibrotic properties support menstruation by preventing the formation of scar tissue in the uterus. Solanum dulcamara boosts progesterone production through its progestogenic activity, thereby improving hormonal balance and reducing the risk of miscarriage.
Its anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic properties work synergistically to promote menstrual cycle regularity, increase fetal growth, and fight endometriosis by inhibiting cell death and promoting the growth of healthy tissue in the uterus, ultimately reducing infertility.
The medicinal benefits of Solanum dulcamara on the reproductive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Infertility
- Menorrhagia
- Dysmenorrhea
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Endometriosis
- Hysteritis
- Ovarian cysts
Respiratory System
Solanum dulcamara relieves congestion through its expectorant properties, promoting the removal of mucus and phlegm from the respiratory tract.
Its anti-inflammatory properties reduce inflammation in the airways, making it easier to breathe. The antimicrobial properties of Solanum dulcamara fight infections such as bronchitis by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Eases coughs by soothing the mucous membranes and relaxing the bronchial muscles, while its antioxidant properties prevent asthma by neutralizing free radicals and protecting lung tissue.
Solanum dulcamara also sooths irritations, heals bronchitis, reduces allergies, and cures tuberculosis by eliminating the root cause of the disease, and treats pneumonia by regulating the immune response and promoting the recovery of lung tissue.
The medicinal benefits of Solanum dulcamara on the respiratory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Asthma
- Bronchitis
- Pneumonia
- Cough
- Sore throat
Urinary System
Solanum dulcamara prevents kidney stones due to its diuretic properties, which increase urine production and help flush out minerals that contribute to stone formation.
It relieves bladder infections by exhibiting antimicrobial activity, particularly against gram-positive bacteria, thereby reducing bacterial loads in the urinary tract. Solanum dulcamara treats urinary tract infections and reduces urine retention through its anti-inflammatory properties, which decrease swelling and spasms in the urinary tract. Additionally, it cures prostate enlargement by inhibiting the growth of prostate cells, thereby reducing the size of the prostate gland and alleviating associated symptoms.
Solanum dulcamara also removes kidney deposits, relaxes bladder muscles, treats benign prostatic hyperplasia, cures overactive bladder syndrome, and prevents urinary incontinence due to its antioxidant properties, which protect the kidneys and urinary tract from oxidative damage.
The medicinal benefits of Solanum dulcamara on the urinary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Kidney stones
- Urinary tract infection
- Enuresis
- Pyelonephritis
- Urethritis
- Cystitis
What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Solanum dulcamara?
The therapeutic properties of Solanum dulcamara are multifaceted, with its antimicrobial properties attributed to flavonoids and phenolic acids, which inhibit the growth of various pathogens.
The antioxidant properties of Solanum dulcamara are primarily due to the presence of phenolic compounds, which protect against oxidative stress and cell damage. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory properties are mediated by glycoalkaloids, which reduce inflammation and alleviate pain, making it effective as an analgesic and antipyretic agent. Furthermore, Solanum dulcamara exhibits cytotoxic and antiviral properties, largely attributed to the presence of solanumine and solasodine glycoalkaloids, which inhibit viral replication and induce cell death.
The plant's antitumor properties are also noteworthy, with glycoalkaloids and phenolic compounds showing potential in inhibiting cancer cell growth and inducing apoptosis.
The following illustration give a summary of the dominant therapeutic properties of Solanum dulcamara.
The list below provides more details on why Solanum dulcamara has the therapeutic properties mentioned in the illustration above.
- Antimicrobial: The plant Solanum dulcamara has been found to exhibit antimicrobial properties, which involve the inhibition of the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens, thus preventing the spread of infections and promoting wound healing.
- Antioxidant: Solanum dulcamara has been reported to possess antioxidant properties, which enable it to neutralize free radicals and mitigate oxidative stress, thereby protecting cells from damage and contributing to the prevention of chronic diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
- Anti-Inflammatory: The plant Solanum dulcamara has been found to possess anti-inflammatory properties, which involve the reduction of inflammation and swelling in the body, thus alleviating symptoms associated with conditions such as arthritis, wounds, and other inflammatory diseases.
- Analgesic: Solanum dulcamara has been reported to exhibit analgesic properties, which enable it to relieve pain by interfering with the transmission of pain signals to the brain, thus providing relief from various types of pain, including headaches and joint pain.
- Antipyretic: The plant Solanum dulcamara has been found to possess antipyretic properties, which involve the reduction of fever by interfering with the hypothalamus's ability to regulate body temperature, thus alleviating symptoms associated with fever, such as headaches, fatigue, and restlessness.
- Cytotoxic: Solanum dulcamara has been reported to exhibit cytotoxic properties, which enable it to inhibit the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, thus potentially providing a basis for the development of new anticancer therapies.
- Antiviral: The plant Solanum dulcamara has been found to possess antiviral properties, which enable it to inhibit the replication of viruses, thus providing protection against various viral infections, including herpes simplex virus and influenza virus.
- Antitumor: Solanum dulcamara has been reported to exhibit antitumor properties, which involve the inhibition of tumor growth and proliferation, thus potentially providing a basis for the development of new anticancer therapies.
What are the major healing constituents of Solanum dulcamara?
The healing constituents of Solanum dulcamara are flavonoids such as kaempferol and quercetin which have antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.
Alkaloids like solanine and solamargine have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes. Saponins present in Solanum dulcamara possess antimicrobial and antitumor activities by disrupting cell membrane integrity and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Phenolic acids including caffeic and ferulic acids exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the activity of pro-inflammatory enzymes.
Glycosides such as solasonine and soladulcine have been found to have antitumor and immunomodulatory effects by inducing apoptosis and modulating the immune response.
The following illustration give a summary of the major healing consitutents of Solanum dulcamara.
The list below provides more details on what are the major healing constituents of Solanum dulcamara and why they are important for health.
- Flavonoids: A type of plant compound that has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, with the ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes.
- Alkaloids: Solanum dulcamara alkaloids are pyrrolidines and tropane derivatives with anticholinergic properties.
- Saponins: Saponins are a type of glycoside that have foaming properties and are characterized by their ability to produce a soap-like substance when mixed with water.
- Phenolic acids: Phenolic acids present in Solanum dulcamara are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and have antimicrobial properties.
- Glycosides: Glycosides from Solanum dulcamara are iridoid glycosides, aucubin, solamargine, and solanine, which are known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties.
- Coumarins: Coumarins are a class of organic compounds found in Solanum dulcamara, known for their anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.
- Sterols: Sterols are a constituent of Solanum dulcamara, with reported properties including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects.
- Terpenoids: Terpenoids found in Solanum dulcamara have antimicrobial and antifungal properties.
- Triterpenoids: A type of compound found in Solanum dulcamara with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties.
- Triterpenes: A constituent of Solanum dulcamara with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties
The table that follows estimates the relative concentrations of the main medicinal constituents contained in Solanum dulcamara and lists the most relevant medicinal properties of each constituent based on the corresponding concentrations.
| Constituent | Concentration | Properties |
|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antiproliferative, Antiviral, Cytoprotective |
| Alkaloids | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Spasmolytic, Sedative, Anticholinesterase |
| Saponins | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Immunomodulatory, Cytotoxic |
| Phenolic acids | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antiviral, Antibacterial, Anticancer, Antiproliferative |
| Glycosides | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Vasodilatory, Cardioactive |
| Coumarins | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Anticancer, Antiviral |
| Sterols | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory |
| Terpenoids | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Anticancer, Antiviral, Antibacterial |
| Triterpenoids | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Antiviral, Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, Cytotoxic |
| Triterpenes | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory |
What are the most used parts of Solanum dulcamara in medicine?
The most used parts of Solanum dulcamara for medicinal purposes are leaves, flowers, stems, and fruits.
The leaves contain flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic acids, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, making them useful in treating fever, rheumatism, and wounds. The flowers are rich in flavonoids, particularly quercetin and kaempferol, which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, contributing to their use in treating allergies, colds, and bronchitis. The stems contain glycoalkaloids, such as solasodine and solasonine, which have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, used in treating arthritis and immune disorders.
The fruits of Solanum dulcamara contain glycoalkaloids and flavonoids, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making them useful in treating digestive issues and as a diuretic.
The following illustration give a summary of the most used parts of Solanum dulcamara in medicine.
The list below provides more details on what are the most used parts of Solanum dulcamara in medicine and why.
- Leaves: The leaves of this plant contain bioactive compounds such as solanine, solamargine, and solasodine, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral properties, providing health benefits that include pain relief, wound healing, and protection against infections.
- Flowers: The flowers of this plant contain bioactive compounds like solanine, solamargine, and solasodine, which possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral activities, offering health benefits like pain relief, wound healing, and immunity enhancement.
- Stems: The stems of this plant are rich in bioactive compounds including solanine, solamargine, and solasodine, which display anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral properties, providing health benefits such as pain relief, wound healing, and protection against infections.
- Fruits: The fruits of this plant contain bioactive compounds like solanine, solamargine, and solasodine, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral activities, offering health benefits that include pain relief, wound healing, and immunity enhancement.
The table that follows gives a more complete list of healing constituents found in each part of Solanum dulcamara mentioned above.
| Part | Constituents |
|---|---|
| Leaves | Solanine, Chaconine, Glycoalkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins, Volatile oils |
| Flowers | Iridoids, Flavonoids, Phenolic acids, Alkaloids, Saponins, Volatile oils |
| Stems | Saponins, Alkaloids, Tannins, Volatile oils, Phenolic acids, Flavonoids, Glycosides |
| Fruits | Saponins, Flavonoids, Phenolic acids, Volatile oils, Iridoid glycosides, Solanine |
What are the most common medicinal preparations of Solanum dulcamara?
The most common herbal preparation of Solanum dulcamara for medicinal purposes are tinctures, which are used to treat various conditions, including fever, rheumatism, and skin problems.
A salve made from the plant is also used to treat wounds and skin irritations. Decoctions are prepared by boiling the plant in water to treat respiratory issues such as coughs and colds. Solanum dulcamara tea is consumed to alleviate digestive problems and as a diuretic.
Poultices are applied topically to reduce inflammation and relieve pain, while ointments made from the plant are used to treat skin conditions, including eczema and dermatitis.
The following illustration give a summary of the most common medicinal preparations of Solanum dulcamara.
The list below provides more details on what are the most common medicinal preparations of Solanum dulcamara and what are their main uses.
- Tincture: Tincture made from this plant is used to treat fever, rheumatism, and skin conditions such as eczema and herpes.
- Salve: Salve made from this plant is used to treat eczema, skin wounds, and ulcers, and to reduce inflammation and pain.
- Decoction: Decoction made from this plant is used to treat fever, rheumatism, and gastrointestinal issues, as well as to reduce inflammation and promote wound healing.
- Tea: Tea made from this plant is used to treat fever, inflammation, and as a diuretic, and is also used to reduce blood pressure and improve circulation.
- Poultice: Poultice made from this plant is used topically to treat skin irritations, wounds, and joint pains, and is also used to reduce fever and inflammation.
- Ointment: Ointment made from this plant is used to treat eczema, minor skin irritations and wounds, and to relieve pain from sprains and bruises.
The table that follows shows what are the most used parts of Solanum dulcamara for each medicinal preparation.
| Preparation | Parts |
|---|---|
| Tincture | Stems, Leaves, Fruits |
| Salve | Leaves, Stems |
| Decoction | Leaves, Stems |
| Tea | Leaves, Flowers |
| Poultice | Leaves, Stems, Fruits |
| Ointment | Leaves, Stems |
Tincture
Solanum dulcamara tincture is a herbal preparation used to treat various conditions including herpes zoster, varicose veins, psoriasis, eczema, rheumatism, wound healing, gastritis, tuberculosis, urinary tract infections and skin ulcers.
It's one of the most commonly used herbal remedies due to its broad range of applications. A common effect of taking Solanum dulcamara tincture is its ability to stimulate blood circulation and reduce inflammation. The preparation is made from the stems, leaves and fruits of the Solanum dulcamara plant.
However, its production is considered challenging due to the plant's toxicity and the need for precise processing methods to extract its active compounds.
Below you find an image of Solanum dulcamara tincture.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Solanum dulcamara tincture.
- Gather Solanum dulcamara stems, leaves, and fruits and clean them thoroughly.
- Dry the collected plant parts in a shaded area or using a food dehydrator until they are completely dry.
- Combine 1 part dried Solanum dulcamara plant parts with 2 parts 80% ethanol in a clean glass jar.
- Seal the jar and store it in a cool, dark place, allowing the mixture to steep for at least 2 weeks, shaking the jar daily.
- Strain the mixture through cheesecloth or a coffee filter into another clean glass container, discarding the solids and reserving the tincture.
Salve
Solanum dulcamara salve is a preparation used to treat various conditions, including wounds, bruises, insect bites, skin irritations, muscle strain, sprains, skin ulcers and fungal infections.
This preparation is commonly used in herbal medicine due to its widespread availability and ease of use. The common effect of this preparation is the reduction of inflammation and promotion of wound healing. Solanum dulcamara salve is typically made from the leaves and stems of the Solanum dulcamara plant, which are extracted and combined with a carrier oil to create a salve.
However, the process of making this preparation can be challenging, as it requires precise dosing and careful consideration of the plant's toxicity to ensure a safe and effective outcome.
Below you find an image of Solanum dulcamara salve.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Solanum dulcamara salve.
- Gather fresh Solanum dulcamara leaves and stems, and clean them thoroughly to prepare for processing.
- Dry the collected leaves and stems in a warm, well-ventilated area, or using a food dehydrator at a low temperature.
- Combine the dried leaves and stems in a heat-proof bowl, and cover them with a carrier oil such as olive or grapeseed oil.
- Heat the mixture in a double boiler or a saucepan over low heat, allowing the herbs to infuse into the oil for several hours or overnight.
- Strain the infused oil through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into a clean bowl, discard the solids, and allow the oil to cool before transferring it to a salve jar.
Decoction
Solanum dulcamara decoction is used to treat fever, diarrhea, cough, inflammation, skin irritation, rheumatism, and respiratory issues.
It is a common preparation in herbal medicine, often employed in traditional treatments. A common effect of Solanum dulcamara decoction is its ability to reduce fever and alleviate inflammation. The decoction is typically made with the leaves and stems of the Solanum dulcamara plant, which are combined and steeped in hot water.
Preparation of the decoction is moderately difficult, requiring attention to detail and a basic understanding of herbal extraction techniques.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Solanum dulcamara decoction.
- Gather a quantity of Solanum dulcamara leaves and stems, preferably fresh and free of contaminants.
- Rinse the leaves and stems with clean water to remove any dirt or debris.
- Chop the leaves and stems into smaller pieces to increase their surface area and facilitate extraction.
- Combine the chopped leaves and stems with a sufficient amount of water in a saucepan, and bring to a boil.
- Reduce the heat and let the mixture simmer for an extended period, allowing the herbal properties to infuse into the water.
Tea
Solanum dulcamara tea is a preparation used to treat various health issues, including rheumatism, gout, inflammation, fever, cold, diarrhea, sore throat, cough, and urinary tract infections.
It's a very common herbal tea used worldwide due to its effectiveness. Solanum dulcamara tea has been observed to lower body temperature and relieve pain, which are its most common effects. This preparation is made by infusing the leaves and flowers of the Solanum dulcamara plant in hot water.
Making Solanum dulcamara tea is relatively easy, requiring only the plant material and boiling water, making it accessible to many people.
Below you find an image of Solanum dulcamara tea.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Solanum dulcamara tea.
- Gather fresh Solanum dulcamara leaves and flowers from a trusted source.
- Rinse the leaves and flowers in cold water to remove any impurities.
- Combine the leaves and flowers in a clean tea infuser or a heat-resistant cup.
- Pour boiling water over the leaves and flowers, and let it steep for a few minutes.
- Strain the tea and discard the solids, then serve hot or allow it to cool.
Poultice
Solanum dulcamara poultice is a preparation commonly used to treat various ailments, including wounds, rheumatism, bruises, sprains, burns, and eczema, as well as insect bites.
This poultice is widely used, with a long history of application in folk medicine. One of its common effects is reducing inflammation and promoting healing. The preparation is typically made from the leaves, stems, and fruits of the Solanum dulcamara plant, which are crushed or boiled to extract their active compounds.
Making the poultice requires some effort, as it involves gathering and processing the plant material, but the process is not extremely complex.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Solanum dulcamara poultice.
- Gather Solanum dulcamara leaves, stems, and fruits, and clean them thoroughly.
- Crush the Solanum dulcamara leaves and stems into a pulp, and chop the fruits into small pieces.
- Combine the crushed leaves and stems with the chopped fruits to form a uniform mixture.
- Add a sufficient amount of water to the mixture to create a thick paste, and stir well to combine.
- Apply the Solanum dulcamara poultice to the affected area, securing it with a cloth or bandage if necessary.
Ointment
Solanum dulcamara ointment is a herbal preparation used to treat various skin conditions including warts, bruises, boils, eczema, cuts, insect bites and skin irritations.
It's a common remedy in folk medicine, widely used across different cultures. The application of Solanum dulcamara ointment often results in reduced inflammation and pain. The ointment is made from the leaves and stems of the Solanum dulcamara plant, which are rich in bioactive compounds.
However, the process of extracting these compounds and creating the ointment is often complex and time-consuming, requiring careful processing to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.
Below you find an image of Solanum dulcamara ointment.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Solanum dulcamara ointment.
- Gather fresh Solanum dulcamara leaves and stems, and clean them thoroughly.
- Dry the leaves and stems in a cool, dark place, or using a food dehydrator, until they reach a brittle consistency.
- Grind the dried leaves and stems into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle or a spice grinder.
- Combine the powdered Solanum dulcamara with a carrier oil, such as olive or coconut oil, in a heat-proof bowl.
- Heat the mixture gently over low heat, stirring occasionally, until the oil has infused with the herbal properties, then strain and bottle the ointment.
What are the possible side effects of Solanum dulcamara if used improperly?
The most common side effects Solanum dulcamara gives people when used improperly are listed below, along with a brief explanation.
- Experience Hallucinations: Consuming Solanum dulcamara causes anticholinergic psychosis with visual hallucinations.
- Suffer From Tachycardia: Cardiac stimulation causes rapid heart rate in response to Solanum dulcamara ingestion.
- Develop Hypertension: Consuming Solanum dulcamara causes an increase in blood pressure.
- Inhibit Platelet Aggregation: Solanum dulcamara contains solanine, a glycoalkaloid that inhibits platelet aggregation by interfering with the binding of fibrinogen to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa.
- Experience Increased Salivation: Solanum dulcamara causes excessive salivation.
- Exhibit Tremors: Tremors occur due to neurological effects of Solanum dulcamara toxicity.
- Suffer From Gastrointestinal Upset: Ingestion causes nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
- Experience Respiratory Depression: Respiratory rate and depth decrease due to central nervous system depression.
- Develop Mydriasis: Solanum dulcamara causes dilation of the pupils.
- Inhibit Acetylcholinesterase: Solanum dulcamara extracts inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase
What are the precautions to take before using Solanum dulcamara medicinally?
The precautions to take before using Solanum dulcamara medicinally are to consult a healthcare professional to determine the suitability of the treatment for your specific condition.
Determine proper dosage, taking into account the potential variability in the plant's potency and the individual's sensitivity. Be aware of potential interactions with other medications, as Solanum dulcamara may exacerbate conditions such as hypoglycemia or increase the risk of bleeding. Monitor for allergic reactions, including skin irritation and respiratory problems, and use under proper supervision to prevent misuse.
Follow preparation instructions carefully, avoiding prolonged use to minimize the risk of dependency, and store in a safe environment out of reach of children and pets to ensure safe handling.
The most important precautions you must take before using Solanum dulcamara for medicinal purposes are listed below, along with a brief explanation.
- Consult A Healthcare Professional: Solanum dulcamara contains solanine, a toxic glycoalkaloid, and consultation with a healthcare professional is advised before using it medicinally.
- Determine Proper Dosage: Dosage must be established based on individual tolerance and medical supervision.
- Be Aware Of Potential Interactions: Solanum dulcamara interacts with anticholinesterase inhibitors and may exacerbate bradycardia, but more evidence is needed to confirm this interaction.
- Monitor For Allergic Reactions: Some people experience dermatitis or anaphylaxis after contact with Solanum dulcamara sap or ingestion of its berries.
- Use Under Proper Supervision: Administered by trained professionals to minimize risk of overdose and adverse effects.
- Follow Preparation Instructions: Prepare Solanum dulcamara according to standard culinary or medicinal protocols to avoid adverse effects.
- Avoid Prolonged Use: Prolonged use of Solanum dulcamara can cause cardiovascular toxicity and seizures.
- Keep Away From Children And Pets: Solanum dulcamara contains solanine, a toxic glycoalkaloid causing vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain if ingested by children and pets.
- Store In A Safe Environment: Store in a location protected from direct sunlight and out of reach of children and pets.
- Be Cautious With Long-Term Use: Prolonged consumption of Solanum dulcamara may cause toxic effects due to glycoalkaloid accumulation.
