By Leen Randell

Updated: Oct 20, 2024

What to know about Silybum marianum before using it medicinally

Silybum marianum, commonly known as milk thistle, is a herb that has been traditionally used to treat various health conditions, including liver and gallbladder disorders, such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, and jaundice.

The main health benefits of milk thistle include its ability to protect the liver from damage, promote liver regeneration, and reduce inflammation. The main therapeutic properties of this herb include its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects. The bioactive compounds present in milk thistle include silymarin, a complex mixture of flavonoids, and silibinin, which have been shown to have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Milk thistle is often prepared as a herbal supplement or tea, with the most common preparation being a standardized extract of silymarin, which is used to support liver health and improve overall well-being.

The following article explains in detail what are the medicinal uses of Silybum marianum, its health benefits, therapeutic properties, bioactive compounds, used parts, and herbal preparation. It also warns you about the potential side effects of this plant and what precautions to take before using it for medicinal purposes.

ARTICLE SUMMARY: The table below summarizes the most crucial information about Silybum marianum provided in the article below, which is useful if you are in a hurry and don't have time to dig deep into the very detailed content that follows.

BONUS CHEATSHEET: The cheatsheet below illustrates the most important medicinal aspects of Silybum marianum. Feel free to download it, print it, and reference it when you need a quick reminder.

What are the main medicinal uses of Silybum marianum?

The main medicinal uses of Silybum marianum are its application in the treatment of jaundice, where the silymarin constituent promotes bilirubin excretion and alleviates liver dysfunction.

Silybum marianum is also used to alleviate the symptoms of hepatitis, particularly liver inflammation and oxidative stress, due to the antioxidant properties of its silymarin content. The plant's efficacy in dissolving gallstones is attributed to the bile salts and saponins present in its seeds, which enhance bile production and facilitate stone breakdown. Additionally, Silybum marianum is used to manage digestive issues, such as diarrhea, caused by its ability to improve gut motility and reduce inflammation, as well as its application in treating liver disease, including cirrhosis, which is attributed to its silymarin's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

The saponins and flavonoids in Silybum marianum also help alleviate fever, kidney stones, and fatty liver by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the body.

The following illustration give a summary of the main medicinal uses of Silybum marianum.

The list below provide more details on why Silybum marianum is used to alleviate the health conditions mentioned in the illustration above.

• Hepatitis: This plant has been used to treat hepatitis due to its flavonoids, which have antioxidant properties that help to reduce liver inflammation and protect the liver from further damage.
• Cirrhosis: The plant's flavonoids and silymarin have been found to help reduce liver inflammation and improve liver function in patients with cirrhosis, which can lead to improved overall health and reduced mortality rates.
• Jaundice: The plant has been used to treat jaundice due to its ability to improve liver function and reduce bilirubin levels, which can help to alleviate symptoms such as yellowing of the skin and eyes.
• Gallstones: The plant's flavonoids and silymarin have been found to help reduce inflammation and improve liver and gallbladder function, which can help to alleviate symptoms associated with gallstones such as abdominal pain and nausea.
• Kidney Stones: The plant has been used to help prevent kidney stones by improving kidney function and reducing inflammation, which can help to reduce the risk of stone formation.
• Fatty Liver: The plant's flavonoids and silymarin have been found to help reduce liver inflammation and improve liver function in patients with fatty liver, which can lead to improved overall health and reduced risk of liver disease progression.
• Asthma: The plant has been used to help alleviate symptoms of asthma by reducing inflammation and improving lung function, which can help to reduce symptoms such as wheezing and shortness of breath.
• Pancreatitis: The plant has been used to treat pancreatitis due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which can help to reduce inflammation and improve pancreatic function, leading to improved overall health and reduced risk of complications.
• Diabetes: The plant has been used to help manage diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing inflammation, which can help to reduce symptoms such as high blood sugar levels and improve overall health.
• Liver Disease: The plant's flavonoids and silymarin have been found to help reduce liver inflammation and improve liver function in patients with liver disease, which can lead to improved overall health and reduced mortality rates.

The table that follows gives an overview of what are the most common health conditions that are treated with Silybum marianum, in each of the major medicinal systems.

Modern Western Medicine

In modern western medicine, Silybum marianum is used to treat hepatitis, particularly its viral and toxic forms, by reducing liver inflammation and improving liver function.

This plant is also effective in preventing the formation of gallstones and kidney stones by improving bile and urine flow. Additionally, Silybum marianum is used to manage cirrhosis, jaundice, and inflammatory bowel disease by reducing oxidative stress and promoting liver regeneration. Furthermore, it is used to treat liver disease, liver cirrhosis, and fatty liver by improving liver cell function and reducing liver damage.

Silybum marianum is also beneficial in managing pancreatitis, gout, asthma, psoriasis, hepatic encephalopathy, cancer, liver cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, hyperlipidemia, eczema, and gastritis by reducing inflammation and improving immune function.

Traditional Chinese Medicine

In traditional Chinese medicine, Silybum marianum is used to treat a variety of health conditions, including hepatitis, a condition where the liver becomes inflamed.

The plant is also used to treat liver cirrhosis, a condition where the liver becomes scarred due to years of liver damage, which can lead to gallstones and jaundice. Silybum marianum has anti-inflammatory properties, making it effective in treating inflammation, and it is also used to prevent the formation of kidney stones. Additionally, it is used to manage diabetes, a condition where the body is unable to regulate blood sugar levels, and fatty liver, a condition where the liver becomes overloaded with fat.

Furthermore, Silybum marianum is used to treat a range of skin conditions, such as eczema, and also has applications in the treatment of liver cancer, asthma, psoriasis, digestive issues, pancreatitis, liver disease, cholestasis, cholecystitis, gastritis, rheumatism, and liver damage.

Ayurvedic Medicine

In ayurvedic medicine, Silybum marianum is used to treat various health conditions, including hepatitis, where its silymarin compound reduces liver inflammation and improves liver function.

Silybum marianum is also used to alleviate symptoms of jaundice by enhancing the liver's ability to remove bilirubin from the blood, and its antioxidant properties are beneficial in treating liver cirrhosis by preventing further liver damage. The plant is used to treat gallstones by dissolving them and promoting their excretion, and its diuretic properties help in the treatment of kidney stones by increasing urine production. Additionally, Silybum marianum is effective in treating fatty liver by improving liver detoxification and reducing liver fat accumulation, and its hepatoprotective properties are beneficial in managing liver disease by preventing liver cell damage.

Furthermore, Silybum marianum is used to treat asthma by reducing inflammation and improving lung function, as well as other conditions such as diabetes, pancreatitis, gout, hepatoma, inflammation, rheumatism, and cancer prevention, and it has been shown to be effective in treating hepatic encephalopathy by reducing ammonia levels in the blood, liver fibrosis, hepatotoxicity, cholestasis, gastritis.

Unani Medicine

In unani medicine, Silybum marianum is used to treat various health conditions.

The plant is particularly effective in managing hepatitis by reducing liver inflammation and promoting regeneration of liver cells. It is also used to alleviate jaundice, a condition characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes, by improving liver function and bile secretion. Additionally, Silybum marianum has been found to be beneficial in treating liver cirrhosis, gallstones, kidney stones, asthma, fatty liver, diabetes, gastritis, cholecystitis, hepatosis, rheumatism, gout, nephritis, gastroenteritis, hyperlipidemia, and psoriasis, while also addressing hepatomegaly, chronic inflammation, and diarrhea.

Furthermore, its properties help in reducing the size of the liver and alleviating symptoms associated with these conditions.

Homeopathic Medicine

In homeopathic medicine, Silybum marianum is used to treat hepatitis, gallstones, and cholecystitis by reducing inflammation and improving liver function.

The plant's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties also help alleviate symptoms of pancreatitis, fatty liver, and gastritis, while its antihistamine and antispasmodic effects relieve asthma and nephritis. Additionally, Silybum marianum has been found to be effective in treating liver cirrhosis, jaundice, kidney stones, atherosclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease, and to reduce symptoms of arthritis, psoriasis, diabetes, gout, rheumatism, and inflammation. Furthermore, its anti-inflammatory properties help alleviate chronic fatigue syndrome and its antispasmodic effects also relieve nephritis.

Its antioxidant properties also help prevent cell damage and promote healing in conditions like gastritis.

What are the primary health benefits of Silybum marianum?

Silybum marianum reduces inflammation by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, thereby alleviating symptoms of conditions such as arthritis and gout.

It protects liver cells by scavenging free radicals and promoting the synthesis of glutathione, a crucial antioxidant enzyme that detoxifies harmful substances. Silybum marianum also treats gastrointestinal issues, including constipation and irritable bowel syndrome, by regulating the movement of food through the digestive system and promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. Furthermore, its flavonoids and saponins have been shown to prevent cancer growth by inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells and inducing apoptosis, or programmed cell death.

The plant's antioxidant properties exist due to the presence of flavonoids and saponins, which improve digestion function, treat skin conditions such as acne and eczema, reduce oxidative stress, treat neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, and support the immune system by stimulating the production of white blood cells and activating natural killer cells.

The following illustration give a summary of the primary health benefits of Silybum marianum.

The list below provides more details on why Silybum marianum offers the health benefits mentioned in the illustration above.

• Reduces Inflammation: This plant contains flavonoids and sesquiterpenes that have anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce inflammation and alleviate associated symptoms.
• Protects Liver Cells: Its bioactive compounds, including silymarin, have antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects, which help to protect liver cells from damage and promote liver health.
• Treats Gastrointestinal Issues: The plant's bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and sesquiterpenes, have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which help to soothe gastrointestinal issues, such as diarrhea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome.
• Prevents Cancer Growth: Its bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and sesquiterpenes, have antioxidant and anti-cancer effects, which help to prevent the growth and proliferation of cancer cells.
• Improves Digestion Function: The plant's bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and sesquiterpenes, have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which help to improve digestion function, alleviate symptoms of indigestion, and promote the absorption of nutrients.
• Antioxidant Properties Exist: Its bioactive compounds, including silymarin, have antioxidant effects, which help to neutralize free radicals and protect cells from oxidative damage.
• Treats Skin Conditions: The plant's bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and sesquiterpenes, have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which help to soothe skin conditions, such as eczema, acne, and psoriasis.
• Reduces Oxidative Stress: Its bioactive compounds, including silymarin, have antioxidant effects, which help to reduce oxidative stress, neutralize free radicals, and protect cells from damage.
• Treats Neurological Disorders: The plant's bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and sesquiterpenes, have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which help to alleviate symptoms of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
• Supports Immune System: Its bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and sesquiterpenes, have immunomodulatory effects, which help to support the immune system, increase the production of immune cells, and enhance the body's natural defense against pathogens.

The table that follows gives an overview of what are the primary health benefits of Silybum marianum for each of the major body system.

Circulatory System

Silybum marianum improves blood flow by possessing flavonoids and saponins, which enhance vasodilation, allowing for better nutrient delivery to tissues.

Reduces inflammation due to the presence of caffeic acid and its derivatives, which exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, thereby minimizing tissue damage. Boosts antioxidants with its high content of vitamin E and other polyphenols, which protect cells from oxidative stress and prevent damage to the circulatory system. Enhances vasodilation through the action of flavonoids, leading to reduced blood pressure and decreased LDL cholesterol levels, as flavonoids also inhibit the absorption of cholesterol in the gut.

Silybum marianum supports platelet function and protects against oxidation, maintains healthy veins, increases red blood cells, and decreases LDL cholesterol due to its rich content of saponins and flavonoids.

The medicinal benefits of Silybum marianum on the circulatory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Varicose veins
• Atherosclerosis
• Hypertension
• Thrombosis
• Inflammation
• Edema

Digestive System

Silybum marianum reduces inflammation by its anti-inflammatory property, which is attributed to the flavonoids and terpenoids present in the plant.

This anti-inflammatory action protects liver cells from damage caused by oxidative stress, demonstrating its hepatoprotective property. Silybum marianum enhances digestion by stimulating the release of digestive enzymes and improving gut motility, a result of its cholinergic and gastrokinetic properties. The antioxidant property of Silybum marianum boosts immunity by scavenging free radicals and preventing cellular damage, thereby supporting the immune system.

Silybum marianum prevents oxidation, decreases bloating, soothes diarrhea, cures constipation, reduces ulcers, and heals gut lining due to its antioxidant, anti-spasmodic, anti-diarrheal, gastroprotective, and regenerative properties, respectively.

The medicinal benefits of Silybum marianum on the digestive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Gastroenteritis
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Peptic ulcer
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Diverticulitis
• Pancreatitis
• Gastritis

Endocrine System

Silybum marianum regulates hormones by modulating the expression of genes involved in hormone production and metabolism.

Silybum marianum reduces inflammation through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which also protect the pancreas from oxidative stress and damage. The flavonoids present in Silybum marianum improve insulin sensitivity by enhancing glucose uptake and reducing insulin resistance, while its silymarin content balances thyroid function by regulating the production of thyroid hormones. Silybum marianum also supports adrenal function by modulating the expression of genes involved in adrenal hormone production and reducing oxidative stress.

Additionally, Silybum marianum treats hypoglycemia by regulating blood sugar levels and soothing thyroiditis, thereby maintaining homeostasis and boosting metabolism through its antioxidant properties, ultimately supporting the body's natural metabolic processes.

The medicinal benefits of Silybum marianum on the endocrine system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Hypothyroidism
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Adrenal insufficiency
• Hypercholesterolemia
• Hirsutism
• Cushing's syndrome

Integumentary System

Silybum marianum protects skin cells by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis through its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.

Reducing inflammation is also a key benefit of Silybum marianum, attributed to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, which help to soothe irritated skin and promote wound healing. The plant's ability to stimulate collagen production and improve skin elasticity is due to its bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids and triterpenoids, which also enhance skin regeneration and reduce scarring. Moreover, Silybum marianum's antioxidant and free-radical scavenging properties help to fight free radicals and protect the skin from oxidative damage, while its antimicrobial properties also help to prevent infections and promote wound healing, allowing wounds to heal faster.

Additionally, Silybum marianum's UV-absorbing compounds protect the skin from sun damage, making it an effective natural sunscreen.

The medicinal benefits of Silybum marianum on the integumentary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Eczema
• Acne
• Psoriasis
• Warts
• Skin burns
• Skin cancer
• Sunburn

Lymphatic System

Silybum marianum boosts lymph flow by stimulating the lymphatic vessels and increasing the production of lymph, which helps to transport waste and toxins from the body.

Enhancing lymph detox, it possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the lymphatic system, allowing for more efficient removal of toxins. Supporting lymph node function, Silybum marianum contains silymarin, a flavonoid complex that has been shown to improve lymph node morphology and function. Reducing lymph swelling, its diuretic properties help to decrease fluid accumulation in the lymph nodes and vessels, promoting normal lymphatic function.

The plant's ability to improve lymph mobility, increase lymph white cells, stimulate lymph regeneration, protect lymph tissue, activate lymph defense, and regulate lymph functions are all attributed to its unique combination of flavonoids, saponins, and other bioactive compounds.

The medicinal benefits of Silybum marianum on the lymphatic system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Lymphedema
• Lymphadenopathy
• Lymphoma
• Fibromyalgia
• Autoimmune disorders
• Cachexia
• Hepatic cirrhosis

Musculoskeletal System

Silybum marianum reduces inflammation through its anti-inflammatory properties, which inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes.

Fights arthritis by modulating the immune system and reducing oxidative stress, thanks to its antioxidant properties. Alleviates joint pain and swelling due to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, which decrease the production of pain-causing neurotransmitters. Soothes muscle spasms and cramps by relaxing muscle fibers and reducing muscle tension, a result of its neuromuscular-relaxing properties.

Eases pain, prevents osteoporosis, treats tendinitis, heals bone, improves mobility, and supports ligament by promoting bone mineralization, inhibiting bone resorption, reducing muscle atrophy, and enhancing collagen synthesis, all of which are attributed to its osteoprotective properties.

The medicinal benefits of Silybum marianum on the musculoskeletal system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Osteoarthritis
• Fibromyalgia
• Tendinitis
• Tendinosis
• Bursitis

Nervous System

Silybum marianum calms nerves by reducing the production of stress hormones, thanks to its flavonoids and saponins that exhibit anxiolytic and sedative effects.

The plant's ability to reduce anxiety is attributed to its flavonoids and phenolic acids, which interact with neurotransmitters to decrease anxiety-related behaviors. Silybum marianum protects brain cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals, due to its high antioxidant activity, which is attributed to its polyphenolic compounds. This plant supports memory by improving synaptic plasticity and enhancing neurotrophic factors, which are triggered by its flavonoids and saponins.

Silybum marianum regulates mood by modulating the activity of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, and prevents depression by inhibiting the reuptake of these neurotransmitters, while soothing neuroses with its calming effects on the nervous system.

The medicinal benefits of Silybum marianum on the nervous system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Anxiety
• Depression
• Insomnia
• Neuropathy
• Schizophrenia
• Seizures
• Parkinson's
• Alzheimer's

Reproductive System

Silybum marianum protects ovaries by virtue of its antioxidant properties, which neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative stress.

It supports hormones by exhibiting estrogenic activity, thereby regulating the delicate balance of reproductive hormones. Silybum marianum reduces inflammation through its anti-inflammatory properties, which inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes. The plant enhances fertility by stimulating the growth of ovarian follicles and improving ovum maturation, as well as regulating ovulation.

Silybum marianum also regulates cycles by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, boosts libido through its adaptogenic properties, stimulates reproductive functions, cures infertility by promoting ovarian function, improves pregnancy rates by enhancing embryonic development, and relaxes the uterus by reducing uterine contractions.

The medicinal benefits of Silybum marianum on the reproductive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Menorrhagia
• Endometriosis
• Hirsutism
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Pms
• Amenorrhea

Respiratory System

Silybum marianum reduces inflammation in the respiratory system due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which help alleviate the root cause of various respiratory issues.

The plant relieves congestion by acting as a demulcent, coating the mucous membranes and soothing irritated tissues. Regular consumption of Silybum marianum prevents bronchitis by boosting the body's antioxidant defenses and protecting the respiratory system from oxidative stress. It cools the respiratory system by exhibiting a diaphoretic effect, inducing sweating and promoting the elimination of toxins from the body.

Additionally, Silybum marianum fights allergies, soothes coughs, relaxes airways, boosts immunity, prevents infections, and safeguards lungs due to its antimicrobial, antispasmodic, and expectorant properties, making it an effective herbal remedy for various respiratory conditions.

The medicinal benefits of Silybum marianum on the respiratory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Asthma
• Bronchitis
• Cough
• Pneumonia
• Pleurisy

Urinary System

Silybum marianum protects kidneys by exerting antioxidant properties that neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative stress, thereby reducing the risk of kidney damage.

It reduces infections by displaying antimicrobial properties that inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses in the urinary system. The plant cures stones by dissolving kidney stones due to its litholytic properties, which break down calcium oxalate crystals. Silybum marianum prevents damage by activating the body's natural antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, which combat oxidative stress and inflammation.

It treats incontinence by regulating the function of the urinary system through its flavonoid and saponin compounds, which modulate the contractility of smooth muscle cells and improve bladder control.

The medicinal benefits of Silybum marianum on the urinary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Urinary tract infections
• Kidney stones
• Prostatitis
• Urinary retention
• Polycystic kidney disease

What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Silybum marianum?

The therapeutic properties of Silybum marianum are due to its antioxidant properties, which help protect the body from oxidative stress and cell damage.

The anti-inflammatory properties of this plant are attributed to its ability to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms associated with various conditions. Silybum marianum's antimicrobial properties allow it to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, making it effective against infections. Additionally, its hepatoprotective properties enable the plant to protect the liver from damage and promote its regeneration, which is beneficial for patients with liver disease.

The bioactive compounds responsible for these medicinal properties include flavonoids, saponins, and volatile oils, which also exhibit antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, and other medicinal properties.

The following illustration give a summary of the dominant therapeutic properties of Silybum marianum.

The list below provides more details on why Silybum marianum has the therapeutic properties mentioned in the illustration above.

• Antioxidant: Silybum marianum has been found to possess antioxidant properties, which are attributed to the silymarin flavonoids present in the plant. These flavonoids have been shown to scavenge free radicals and protect against oxidative stress, thereby contributing to the plant's potential health benefits.
• Anti-Inflammatory: Silybum marianum has demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity, with the silymarin flavonoids exhibiting the ability to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, which can contribute to the plant's potential therapeutic effects in reducing inflammation.
• Antimicrobial: Silybum marianum has been found to possess antimicrobial properties, with the silymarin flavonoids exhibiting activity against a range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, suggesting the plant's potential as a natural antimicrobial agent.
• Hepatoprotective: Silybum marianum has been traditionally used to support liver health and has been found to possess hepatoprotective properties, with the silymarin flavonoids exhibiting the ability to protect against liver damage and promote liver regeneration, thereby contributing to the plant's potential therapeutic effects in liver disease.
• Antiviral: Silybum marianum has been found to exhibit antiviral activity, with the silymarin flavonoids demonstrating the ability to inhibit the replication of certain viruses and protect against viral infections, suggesting the plant's potential as a natural antiviral agent.
• Antifungal: Silybum marianum has demonstrated antifungal activity, with the silymarin flavonoids exhibiting the ability to inhibit the growth of certain fungi and protect against fungal infections, suggesting the plant's potential as a natural antifungal agent.
• Antitumor: Silybum marianum has been found to possess antitumor properties, with the silymarin flavonoids exhibiting the ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis, thereby contributing to the plant's potential therapeutic effects in cancer treatment.
• Antioxidant: Silybum marianum has been found to possess antioxidant properties, which are attributed to the silymarin flavonoids present in the plant. These flavonoids have been shown to scavenge free radicals and protect against oxidative stress, thereby contributing to the plant's potential health benefits.
• Antibacterial: Silybum marianum has been found to exhibit antibacterial activity, with the silymarin flavonoids demonstrating the ability to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria and protect against bacterial infections, suggesting the plant's potential as a natural antibacterial agent.

What are the major healing constituents of Silybum marianum?

The healing constituents of Silybum marianum are silymarin, a mixture of flavonoids, saponins, phenolic acids, and sterols, which collectively contribute to its hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Silymarin's flavonoids, particularly isosilybin A and B, silibinin, silidianin, and silicristin, have been shown to scavenge free radicals, inhibit lipid peroxidation, and enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Saponins, such as silychristin and isosilybin B, also exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the activity of various enzymes and inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Phenolic acids, including caffeic acid and ferulic acid, demonstrate antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and reducing inflammation.

The sterols, including beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol, have been reported to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, suggesting that the combination of these constituents in Silybum marianum may contribute to its potential health benefits.

The following illustration give a summary of the major healing consitutents of Silybum marianum.

The list below provides more details on what are the major healing constituents of Silybum marianum and why they are important for health.

• Silymarin: A mixture of flavonoids, primarily isoorientin, isosinensetin, and silybin, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties.
• Flavonoids: Silybum marianum flavonoids have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
• Saponins: Saponins are a type of glycosidic compound found in Silybum marianum, characterized by their surface-active properties and ability to form micelles and emulsions.
• Phenolic acids: Phenolic acids, found in Silybum marianum, have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
• Sterols: Sterols are a group of naturally occurring compounds found in Silybum marianum, characterized by a steroid nucleus with a hydroxyl group at the 3-position and a side chain at the 17-position, contributing to their bioactive properties.
• Triterpenoids: Silymarin, a mixture of triterpenoids, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties.
• Alkaloids: Silymarin, the primary alkaloid constituent of Silybum marianum, is a complex mixture of flavonolignans, including silybin, isosilybin, silydianin, and silychristin, which possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
• Glycosides: The glycosides present in Silybum marianum are flavonoid glycosides, such as silymarin and its components, silibinin, silidianin, and silicristin, which are lipophilic, soluble in organic solvents, and have antioxidant properties.
• Lignans: A type of polyphenolic compound found in Silybum marianum, known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties.
• Carotenoids: Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and red pigments with antioxidant properties, including beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin.

The table that follows estimates the relative concentrations of the main medicinal constituents contained in Silybum marianum and lists the most relevant medicinal properties of each constituent based on the corresponding concentrations.

What are the most used parts of Silybum marianum in medicine?

The most used parts of Silybum marianum for medicinal purposes are seeds, flowers, and leaves.

The seeds, rich in flavonoids, saponins, and polyphenols, exhibit hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The flowers, containing flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids, display antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. The leaves, rich in flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins, possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, as well as exhibit hepatoprotective effects.

These bioactive compounds contribute to the medicinal properties of Silybum marianum, making it a valuable plant in traditional medicine for various health applications.

The following illustration give a summary of the most used parts of Silybum marianum in medicine.

The list below provides more details on what are the most used parts of Silybum marianum in medicine and why.

• Seeds: The seeds of this plant contain silymarin, silibinin, silidianin, and silicristin as major bioactive compounds, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties, primarily benefiting the liver by protecting against damage from toxins, reducing oxidative stress, and promoting regeneration of liver cells.
• Flowers: The flowers of this plant are rich in flavonoids, including kaempferol and quercetin, as well as sesquiterpenoids, which possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antihistaminic properties, mainly utilized in treating allergies, itching, and skin conditions by reducing inflammation, modulating the immune system, and alleviating symptoms associated with allergies and allergic reactions.
• Leaves: The leaves of this plant contain flavonoids, such as kaempferol and quercetin, and sesquiterpenoids, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties, primarily benefiting the digestive system by reducing inflammation, promoting the healing of wounds, and regulating the immune response, thus alleviating symptoms associated with gastrointestinal disorders and enhancing overall health.

The table that follows gives a more complete list of healing constituents found in each part of Silybum marianum mentioned above.

What are the most common medicinal preparations of Silybum marianum?

The most common herbal preparation of Silybum marianum for medicinal purposes are capsules containing the seeds' active compounds, specifically flavonolignans.

These capsules are used to treat liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and hepatitis. A tincture, made from the seeds and roots, is also used for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, often to support detoxification and immune system function. A salve, typically applied topically, is used to treat skin conditions like eczema and dermatitis.

Additionally, essential oil extracted from the plant can be used to treat various health issues, including digestive problems and respiratory infections, and can be consumed as a tea, which is also used to support liver health and reduce inflammation.

The following illustration give a summary of the most common medicinal preparations of Silybum marianum.

The list below provides more details on what are the most common medicinal preparations of Silybum marianum and what are their main uses.

• Capsule: Capsule made from this plant is used to support liver health and treat gallbladder disorders, as well as reduce inflammation and improve digestive issues.
• Tincture: Tincture made from this plant is used to treat liver and gallbladder disorders, as well as to support liver function and promote bile production.
• Salve: Salve made from this plant is used topically to treat liver and gallbladder disorders, jaundice, and to reduce inflammation and improve digestion.
• Essential Oil: Essential oil made from this plant is used to treat liver and gallbladder disorders, as a diuretic and to enhance milk production in lactating women.
• Tea: Tea made from this plant is used to treat liver disorders, jaundice, and gallstones due to its silymarin content, which reduces inflammation and improves liver function.

The table that follows shows what are the most used parts of Silybum marianum for each medicinal preparation.

Capsule

Silybum marianum capsule is used to treat liver conditions such as jaundice, hepatitis, gallstones, cholestasis, cirrhosis, liver cancer and toxicity, as well as dyspepsia.

This preparation is very common in herbal medicine and widely used. Its most common effect is antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. Silybum marianum capsules are made from seeds and leaves of the plant, which are rich in flavonoids, silymarin, and other bioactive compounds.

The process of making Silybum marianum capsules is moderately difficult, requiring proper drying and extraction of the active ingredients.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Silybum marianum capsule.

1. Harvest the seeds of Silybum marianum and dry them completely in a clean, dry environment.
2. Dry the leaves of Silybum marianum separately and store them in airtight containers.
3. Grind the dried seeds into a fine powder using a mill or coffee grinder.
4. Combine the powdered seeds with the dried leaves and mix them well to create a uniform blend.
5. Fill empty gelatin capsules with the Silybum marianum blend and seal them to create the herbal capsules.

Tincture

Silybum marianum tincture is a widely used herbal preparation derived from the seeds, leaves, and flowers of the Silybum marianum plant, commonly known as milk thistle.

It's a common remedy for treating liver conditions such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, jaundice, and gallstones, as well as cholangitis, inflammation, and toxicity. In fact, it's one of the most commonly used herbal preparations in the world, due in part to its effectiveness in treating a range of liver and gallbladder disorders. One of its most notable effects is its ability to reduce liver inflammation and promote regeneration of liver tissue, making it a popular choice among herbalists and naturopaths.

To make this tincture, which is moderately difficult to prepare, one must carefully combine the seeds, leaves, and flowers of the Silybum marianum plant with a solvent, such as ethanol or glycerin, and then allow the mixture to steep before straining and bottling the resulting liquid.

Below you find an image of Silybum marianum tincture.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Silybum marianum tincture.

1. Gather fresh or dried Silybum marianum seeds, leaves, and flowers.
2. Combine equal parts of seeds, leaves, and flowers in a clean glass jar.
3. Fill the jar with high-proof vodka or a neutral spirit, covering the plant material completely.
4. Steep the mixture in a cool, dark place for 2-6 weeks, shaking the jar occasionally.
5. Strain the mixture through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into a clean glass bottle, discarding the solids.

Salve

Silybum marianum salve, a herbal preparation, is widely used to treat various health conditions, including eczema, psoriasis, gastritis, hepatitis, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, osteoporosis, and gallstones.

This preparation is commonly used due to its effectiveness and availability. A common effect of Silybum marianum salve is its ability to lower liver enzyme levels and improve liver function. The salve is typically made from the seeds and flowers of the Silybum marianum plant, which are rich in silymarin, a bioactive compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

However, the process of extracting silymarin from the plant is complex and time-consuming, making the production of this salve challenging.

Below you find an image of Silybum marianum salve.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Silybum marianum salve.

1. Gather Silybum marianum seeds and flowers, and dry them completely under shade.
2. Combine the dried seeds and flowers in a bowl, and grind them into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle.
3. Mix the powdered seeds and flowers with a carrier oil, such as olive or jojoba oil, in a double boiler.
4. Heat the mixture gently, stirring occasionally, until the oil has taken on the color and scent of the Silybum marianum.
5. Strain the mixture through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into a clean container, and let it cool before transferring it to a jar for storage.

Essential Oil

Silybum marianum essential oil is used to treat liver disease, gallstones, digestive issues, inflammation, and cancer prevention due to its antioxidant properties.

This preparation is commonly used in traditional medicine. It has a common effect of reducing oxidative stress. Silybum marianum essential oil is made from the seeds, leaves, and flowers of the milk thistle plant, which is the primary source material.

This preparation is moderately difficult to make due to the complexity of extracting essential oils from the plant material.

Below you find an image of Silybum marianum essential oil.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Silybum marianum essential oil.

1. Gather fresh or dried Silybum marianum seeds, leaves, and flowers from a trusted source or cultivate the plant yourself.
2. Dry the collected plant parts, either air-drying or using a dehydrator, to ensure optimal oil quality and shelf life.
3. Combine the dried seeds, leaves, and flowers in a clean glass jar, ensuring a 1:1:1 ratio, and store in a cool, dark place.
4. Allow the plant mixture to steep in a carrier oil, such as jojoba or grapeseed oil, for 2-6 weeks, shaking the jar daily, to facilitate oil extraction.
5. Strain the oil mixture through a cheesecloth or coffee filter into a clean glass container, discarding the solids and storing the resulting essential oil in a dark glass bottle.

Tea

Silybum marianum tea is a traditional herbal remedy used to treat various health conditions, including hepatitis, gallstones, jaundice, kidney stones, hyperlipidemia and asthma.

It's a common preparation used in folk medicine due to its widespread availability. Silybum marianum tea is known to induce diuresis, which is a common effect of this herbal remedy. The tea is made by infusing the seeds, leaves and flowers of Silybum marianum in hot water.

It's a relatively simple process, requiring just the herbal material and hot water to steep for a few minutes.

Below you find an image of Silybum marianum tea.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Silybum marianum tea.

1. Gather fresh or dried Silybum marianum leaves and seeds.
2. Measure and combine equal parts of Silybum marianum leaves and seeds in a clean container.
3. Steep the mixture in boiling water for 5-7 minutes, allowing the flavors and properties to infuse.
4. Strain the liquid through a cheesecloth or fine-mesh sieve into a separate container, discarding the solids.
5. Allow the tea to cool and serve as needed, possibly sweetening with honey if desired.

What are the possible side effects of Silybum marianum if used improperly?

The possible side effects of improperly using Silybum marianum are abdominal pain, which can be severe and debilitating, often resulting from the plant's active compound silymarin irritating the digestive tract.

Allergic reaction is another possible side effect, causing symptoms such as hives, itching, and swelling, especially in individuals with pre-existing allergies. Prolonged use of the plant has also been linked to amenorrhea, or the cessation of menstrual cycles, particularly in women with underlying hormonal imbalances. Additionally, anemia, characterized by a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin, can occur due to the plant's potential to interfere with iron absorption.

Improper use of Silybum marianum may also lead to diarrhea, fatigue, gastrointestinal ulceration, hemolysis, liver damage, and in severe cases, renal failure.

The most common side effects Silybum marianum gives people when used improperly are listed below, along with a brief explanation.

• Abdominal_Pain: Consumption of Silybum marianum can cause gastrointestinal irritation, leading to abdominal pain.
• Allergic_Reaction: Contact dermatitis, urticaria, and angioedema have been reported following exposure to Silybum marianum.
• Amenorrhea: Silybum marianum extracts induce amenorrhea in some women by altering hormonal balance and disrupting menstrual cycles.
• Anemia: Silymarin in Silybum marianum inhibits iron absorption.
• Diarrhea: Silybum marianum causes gastrointestinal irritation, leading to loose and frequent bowel movements.
• Fatigue: Consuming Silybum marianum extracts causes a decrease in physical and mental energy levels.
• Gastrointestinal_Ulceration: Silybum marianum causes gastric mucosal damage and ulceration due to saponin-induced irritation and gastritis.
• Hemolysis: Red blood cell destruction resulting from Silybum marianum's flavonolignans and silymarin.
• Liver_Damage: Silybum marianum contains silymarin which can cause hepatotoxicity in high doses, potentially leading to liver damage
• Renal_Failure: High doses of Silybum marianum can cause renal failure due to its silymarin content's nephrotoxic properties.

What are the precautions to take before using Silybum marianum medicinally?

The precautions to take before using Silybum marianum medicinally are to consult a healthcare professional to ensure safe and effective use, especially for individuals with pre-existing medical conditions.

It's also essential to use Silybum marianum in moderation, as excessive consumption may lead to adverse effects. Prolonged use of Silybum marianum can cause liver damage, and therefore, it's crucial to monitor liver function regularly. Additionally, Silybum marianum may interact with other medications, including blood thinners, and can exacerbate pregnancy and breastfeeding concerns, as it may stimulate the uterus and cause gastrointestinal upset.

Furthermore, individuals should be aware of the potential for allergic reactions, dosing and preparation accuracy, interactions with other herbs, and the possibility of kidney damage, which can be mitigated by proper dosing and monitoring.

The most important precautions you must take before using Silybum marianum for medicinal purposes are listed below, along with a brief explanation.

• Consult A Healthcare Professional: People taking medications or with underlying health conditions should consult a healthcare professional before using Silybum marianum.
• Use In Moderation: Excessive consumption may cause gastrointestinal side effects, particularly at high doses.
• Avoid Long-Term Use: Prolonged consumption may lead to liver damage and other adverse effects.
• Monitor Liver Function: Silybum marianum may cause hepatotoxicity in some individuals, necessitating liver function monitoring.
• Interact With Other Medications: Silybum marianum may interact with warfarin, increasing the risk of bleeding.
• Pregnancy And Breastfeeding Concerns: Silybum marianum contains silymarin, which has been shown to decrease fertility and cause uterine contractions.
• Allergic Reactions Possible: Some individuals exhibit hypersensitivity to Silybum marianum, resulting in allergic reactions.
• Dosing And Preparation Accuracy: Accurate dosing and preparation of Silybum marianum extracts are critical due to variability in silymarin content and potential contaminants in commercial products.
• Interactions With Other Herbs: Silybum marianum interacts with warfarin, reducing its anticoagulant effect.
• Potential Kidney Damage: Silybum marianum may cause nephrotoxicity, potentially leading to kidney damage.

Are there scientific studies that prove the medical effectiveness of Silybum marianum?

Yes, there are several scientific studies that prove the medicianl effectiveness of Silybum marianum. Here are some studies that are worthy of notice.

According to a study published by "Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia", the seeds of Silybum marianum have shown to have various positive effects, including anticancer and canceroprotective properties, which can benefit a large variety of illnesses affecting different organs. Additionally, its component silybin has been found to have cytoprotective activity mediated by its antioxidative and radical-scavenging properties. This suggests that Silybum marianum may have potential therapeutic applications, particularly with the discovery of new derivatives and mechanisms of action.

In another study published by Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Silybum marianum exhibited significant antiradical activity, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 39μg/ml, indicating its potential in neutralizing free radicals. The presence of polyphenols, particularly silybin A and B, and other flavonoids, in Silybum marianum suggests its antioxidant properties, which can contribute to its protective effects against oxidative stress. Additionally, the seed of Silybum marianum is a rich source of fatty acids, including linoleic and oleic acids, which are essential for various physiological processes.

A different research published by "Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology", the seeds of Silybum marianum have been shown to have several beneficial effects. The study found that Silybum marianum can improve diabetic conditions by reducing insulin resistance, lowering oxidative stress markers, and increasing antioxidative marker levels. Furthermore, the seeds of Silybum marianum have been identified as an effective treatment for diabetic complications, such as hepatic damage, neuropathy, and retinopathy.

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