Angled Sida

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• Queensland Hemp
• Queensland-Hemp
• Cuban-jute
• arrowleaf sida
• broomjue sida
• common sida
• paddy-lucerne
• sida-retusa
• sidaweed
• teaweed
• Big Jack
• Cuban jute
• Indian Hemp
• Paddy Lucerne
• Rhombus-leaved sida
• Sida Hemp

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Napaea rhombifolia
• Malva rhombifolia
• Diadesma rhombifolia

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified under the phylum Streptophyta and the class Equisetopsida. Within the subclass Magnoliidae, it is positioned in the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae. Finally, its specific taxonomic identity is established within the genus Sida.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a diverse range of habitats across several European regions. In Middle Europe, its presence is documented in Belgium, Germany, and the areas encompassing Czechia and Slovakia. Moving toward the Mediterranean, the species can also be found in Southwestern Europe, specifically within Portugal. Furthermore, its distribution extends to Southeastern Europe, where it is located in Sicilia. Consequently, Sida rhombifolia maintains a broad geographical footprint across the continent.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Sida rhombifolia is characterized by its remarkable adaptability to diverse environments, specifically demonstrating a strong affinity for anthropogenic areas (Área Antrópica). This species exhibits a broad vertical distribution, thriving across a significant altitudinal gradient that spans from sea level (0 m AMSL) up to a maximum elevation of 2100 m AMSL. This extensive elevational range allows the plant to colonize various ecological niches, often appearing in disturbed lands, roadsides, and human-modified landscapes where it can exploit open spaces and varying climatic conditions.

Elevational range max:

2100 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

0 m AMSL

Habitat :

Área Antrópica

Genetics

The genetics of Sida rhombifolia are characterized by a notable degree of chromosomal variation and complexity within its genome. The species exhibits a range of chromosome numbers, specifically documented as 14, 16, 18, 28, and 36, which suggests a capacity for polyploidization and chromosomal rearrangements. Despite this numerical diversity, the plant is fundamentally identified as having a diploid ploidy level of 2, indicating that while multiple chromosomal counts exist across different populations or accessions, the base genetic structure maintains a diploid organization.

Chromosome number :

14, 16, 18, 28, 36

Ploidy :

2

Life history

The life history of Sida rhombifolia is characterized by a lifecycle that can be described as perennial, although its survival strategy often exhibits variable tendencies depending on environmental conditions. As a plant with a lifespan typically reaching 1 year in many seasonal contexts, it functions primarily as a therophyte. This life form indicates that the plant completes its biological cycle by producing seeds that persist through unfavorable periods, allowing the organism to persist across multiple seasons through its seed bank.

Life form :

therophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Lifespan :

1

Morphology

The morphology of Sida rhombifolia is characterized by a growth form that ranges from a subshrub to a shrub, typically exhibiting a non-woody texture. The plant is terrestrial in its habitat, functioning as an independent organism rather than a parasite or an epiphyte. It possesses an erect shoot orientation and is a self-supporting plant, lacking the climbing habits of vines or lianas. In terms of stature, the plant height varies significantly, with a minimum recorded height of 0.11 m, a mean height of approximately 1.27 m, and a maximum height reaching up to 2 m.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

shrub

Growth form :

subshrub

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

2 m

Plant height mean:

1.27272727272727 m

Plant height min:

0.11 m

Shoot orientation :

erect

Woodiness :

non-woody

Physiology

The physiology of Sida rhombifolia is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, reflecting its metabolic approach to carbon fixation. The plant does not exhibit succulence and lacks the physiological capability to act as a nitrogen fixer. Its foliage displays significant morphological variability in size and shape, with elliptic leaf forms that range in length from a minimum of 0.5 cm to a maximum of 8 cm, maintaining a mean leaf length of approximately 2.65 cm. The leaf width is similarly variable, ranging from a minimum of 0.4 cm to a maximum of 3 cm, with a mean width recorded at approximately 1.23 cm.

Leaf form :

elliptic

Leaf length max:

8 cm

Leaf length mean:

2.65 cm

Leaf length min:

0.5 cm

Leaf width max:

3 cm

Leaf width mean:

1.23333333333333 cm

Leaf width min:

0.4 cm

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Succulence :

no

Reproduction

The reproduction of Sida rhombifolia is characterized by a sexual, bisexual reproductive system, as asexual reproduction is absent and self-fertilization is also noted to be absent. The plant produces yellow flowers that range in length from 0.6 cm to 0.8 cm, arranged in inflorescences with a length between 0.01 m and 0.04 m. The flowering period is quite extensive, beginning in April and continuing through December. Pollination is achieved through biotic means, specifically via an insect pollination syndrome. Following fertilization, the plant develops dry, dehiscence-type fruits classified as a schizocarp. These fruits are relatively small, with a length ranging from 0.25 cm to 0.35 cm. Each fruit is highly prolific, containing between 101 and 1000 seeds. The seeds themselves are minute, with a mean mass of approximately 0.00242777766666667 g (ranging from a minimum of 0.00188 g to a maximum of 0.00317 g), a volume of approximately 2.2 mm³, and dimensions spanning 1.5 mm to 2.4 mm in length and 1.1 mm to 1.9 mm in width. Seed dispersal follows a zoochorous pattern, specifically utilizing epizoochory to spread across the environment.

Dehiscence :

dehiscent

Dispersal syndrome :

zoochorous

Dispersal syndrome :

epizoochorous

Flower colour :

yellow

Flower length max:

0.8 cm

Flower length min:

0.6 cm

Flowering time :

Apr

Flowering time :

Dec

Fruit dryness :

dry

Fruit length max:

0.35 cm

Fruit length min:

0.25 cm

Fruit type :

schizocarp

Inflorescence length max:

0.04 m

Inflorescence length min:

0.01 m

Pollination syndrome :

insect

Pollination syndrome :

biotic

Reproduction asexual :

absent

Reproduction sexual :

bisexual

Seed length max:

2.4 mm

Seed length min:

1.5 mm

Seed mass max:

0.00317 g

Seed mass mean:

0.00242777766666667 g

Seed mass min:

0.00188 g

Seed volume max:

2.2 mm³

Seed width max:

1.9 mm

Seed width min:

1.1 mm

Seeds_per_fruit :

101-1000

Self fertilization :

absent

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Sida rhombifolia has 2 reported plant parts identified across 2 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include root, stem.

Root

1. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology

Stem

1. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology

Chemicals

Sida rhombifolia has 33 reported phytochemicals identified across 2 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include 20-HYDROXYECDYSONE, Cryptolepine, RUTIN, (E)-Suberenol, 1,6-Dihydroxyxanthone.

20-HYDROXYECDYSONE

1. Natural product research
2. Talanta

Cryptolepine

1. Natural product research
2. Talanta

RUTIN

1. Talanta
2. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP

(E)-Suberenol

1. Natural product research

1,6-Dihydroxyxanthone

1. Natural product research

Ash

1. Dr. Duke

CALCIUM

1. Dr. Duke

Cryptolepinone

1. Talanta

Ephedrine

1. Dr. Duke

Epicatechin

1. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP

Activities

Sida rhombifolia has 244 reported activities identified across 2 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Acidulant, Adrenergic, Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Allergenic, Analgesic.

Acidulant

1. Dr. Duke

Adrenergic

1. Dr. Duke

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

Allergenic

1. Dr. Duke

Analgesic

1. Dr. Duke

Androgenic?

1. Dr. Duke

Anesthetic

1. Dr. Duke

Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker

1. Dr. Duke

AntiAGE

1. Dr. Duke

AntiCFS

1. Dr. Duke

Conditions

Sida rhombifolia has 6 reported investigations on conditions identified across 2 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include HepG2 cells, Plasmodium falciparum, arthritis, fever, inflammations.

Hepg2 cells

1. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP

Plasmodium falciparum

1. Natural product research

Arthritis

1. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology

Fever

1. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)

Inflammations

1. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)

Wounds

1. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)

Preparations

Sida rhombifolia has 4 reported preparations identified across 2 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include extracts, crude extract of Sida rhombifolia (CESR), paste, powder.

Extracts

1. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology
2. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)

Crude extract of sida rhombifolia (cesr)

1. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP

Paste

1. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)

Powder

1. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)