What to know about Sesamum indicum (sesame) before using it medicinally

Sesamum indicum, commonly known as sesame, is a versatile herb renowned for its exceptional health benefits, which range from reducing inflammation and improving cardiovascular health to possessing antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Cultivating Sesamum indicum is a relatively straightforward process, as it is a hardy and adaptable annual herb that thrives in warm climates with minimal care. From a botanical standpoint, Sesamum indicum belongs to the Pedaliaceae family and is characterized by its distinctive, globular seeds and velvety leaves.

The herb has been documented in ancient texts such as the Ayurvedic and Chinese medical traditions, dating back over 3,000 years, where it was prized for its medicinal and culinary applications.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Sesamum indicum.

What are the medicinal properties of Sesamum indicum?

Sesamum indicum helps with various health conditions due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Its medicinal uses include relieving hypertension, reducing cholesterol levels, and treating skin conditions such as eczema and dermatitis. Sesame oil and seeds are also used to treat digestive issues.

The active constituents of Sesamum indicum include sesamin, sesamolin, and sesamol, which provide its medicinal properties. Sesamin is a lignan that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, while sesamolin is a lignan that has been found to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Sesamol is a phenolic compound that has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

The parts of the Sesamum indicum plant that are most used for medicinal purposes include the seeds, oil, and leaves. Sesame seeds are used to treat digestive issues and relieve hypertension. Sesame oil is used to treat skin conditions and relieve inflammation. Sesame leaves are used to treat fever and respiratory issues.

The possible side effects of Sesamum indicum include allergic reactions, stomach upset, and interactions with medications such as blood thinners and diabetes medications. Sesame oil can also cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some individuals. Improper use or excessive consumption of sesame seeds can cause digestive issues.

The most common precautions to take when using Sesamum indicum medicinally include proper identification and preparation of the plant, as well as monitoring for allergic reactions and interactions with medications. It is also essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using sesame oil or seeds, especially for pregnant or breastfeeding women.

What are the horticulural aspects of Sesamum indicum?

Sesamum indicum grow in tropical and subtropical climates, requiring well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. It prefers full sun to partial shade and can tolerate temperatures between 25°C and 30°C. Annual rainfall of 600-800 mm is ideal.

Planting tips for Sesamum indicum include sowing seeds 2-3 cm deep and 15-20 cm apart in rows 60-90 cm apart. Seedlings emerge in 7-10 days and require regular watering. Fertilize with a balanced fertilizer 2-3 times during the growing season. Companion planting with corn or beans can improve yields.

Sesame plants are ready for harvesting 120-130 days after sowing. Cut the stem near the base, leaving 2-3 cm of stem intact. Harvest seeds when they are mature and dry, usually in late morning. Use a machine or manual harvesting method, depending on the scale of production. Handle seeds carefully to avoid damage.

Common pests and diseases affecting Sesamum indicum include the sesame gall fly, which can cause galls on the stem and reduce yields. Other pests include aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites. Root rot and leaf spot diseases are common, caused by fungal pathogens such as Cercospora and Colletotrichum.

What are the botanical aspects of Sesamum indicum?

Sesamum indicum is an annual herbaceous plant with hairy stems, leaves, and flowers. It grows up to 1-2 meters in height and has a taproot system. Leaves are simple, alternate, and ovate, with a length of 10-30 cm.

Sesamum indicum belongs to the family Pedaliaceae and is classified as a species within the genus Sesamum. It is a member of the order Lamiales and has two subspecies, S. indicum var. indicum and S. indicum var. flexuosum. The plant's binomial name was first described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus.

The variants of Sesamum indicum include 'White', 'Red', and 'Brown' varieties, which differ in the color of their seeds. The 'White' variety has white or cream-colored seeds, while the 'Red' variety has reddish-brown seeds. The 'Brown' variety has dark brown or almost black seeds. These varieties are commonly cultivated for their oil content.

Sesamum indicum is widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions, including Africa, Asia, and parts of the Americas. It grows best in well-drained soils with a pH range of 6.0-7.5. The plant requires full sun to partial shade and has a high tolerance to drought conditions.

The life cycle of Sesamum indicum begins with seed germination, which takes place after 7-10 days of soaking in water. The seedling stage lasts for about 20-30 days, during which time the plant develops a taproot system. After the seedling stage, the plant enters the vegetative phase, which lasts for about 60-90 days. The reproductive phase begins when the plant flowers, usually in 150-180 days after sowing. The mature plant produces flowers, followed by seed formation, and eventually, the plant dies after seed dispersal.

What are the historical aspects of Sesamum indicum?

Sesamum indicum is an ancient crop with a rich history of use in medicine, cooking, and as a source of oil. In ancient civilizations, sesame seeds were used as a form of currency, food, and medicine. They were also used to treat a variety of ailments, including digestive issues and skin conditions. Sesame seeds were a staple in the diets of ancient cultures, including the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.

In mythology, sesame seeds were associated with the Egyptian god of fertility, Isis. The plant was also linked to the Hindu god of creation, Brahma. In Hindu mythology, sesame seeds were considered a symbol of good fortune and prosperity. The plant's association with fertility and prosperity likely arose from its high oil content, which was used as a form of sustenance in ancient times.

The symbolic meaning of Sesamum indicum is complex and multifaceted. In ancient cultures, the plant was associated with good fortune, prosperity, and fertility. In some traditions, sesame seeds are seen as a symbol of wisdom, creativity, and spiritual growth. In other cultures, the plant is associated with purification, protection, and healing. These symbolic meanings have been passed down through generations, influencing art, literature, and cultural practices.

Sesamum indicum is mentioned in several ancient historical texts, including the Ebers Papyrus, the Edwin Smith Papyrus, and the Ayurvedic text, the Charaka Samhita. These texts describe the plant's medicinal properties, culinary uses, and spiritual significance. The ancient Greeks and Romans also wrote about the plant in their literary and scientific works. These texts demonstrate the significant impact of sesame on ancient cultures.

Archaeological artifacts from ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptian tomb of Tutankhamun and the Roman villa of Pompeii, have yielded evidence of sesame seed production and trade. Excavations in ancient Mesopotamia have uncovered sesame seed jars and containers used for storing the seeds. These artifacts provide tangible evidence of the plant's importance in ancient societies.