By Leen Randell

Updated: Oct 20, 2024

What to know about Serenoa repens before using it medicinally

Serenoa repens, commonly known as saw palmetto, is a medicinal herb primarily used to address conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and androgenetic alopecia.

The main health benefits associated with this herb include improving urinary flow and reducing symptoms of BPH, as well as promoting hair growth and reducing male pattern baldness. The therapeutic properties of saw palmetto include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative effects, which contribute to its potential in treating various health conditions. The herb is rich in bioactive compounds such as free fatty acids, in particular, beta-sitosterol, which is believed to be responsible for its medicinal properties.

Saw palmetto is often prepared as a dietary supplement, with the most common herbal preparation being an extract of the fruit, which is often standardized to contain a specific amount of beta-sitosterol.

The following article explains in detail what are the medicinal uses of Serenoa repens, its health benefits, therapeutic properties, bioactive compounds, used parts, and herbal preparation. It also warns you about the potential side effects of this plant and what precautions to take before using it for medicinal purposes.

ARTICLE SUMMARY: The table below summarizes the most crucial information about Serenoa repens provided in the article below, which is useful if you are in a hurry and don't have time to dig deep into the very detailed content that follows.

BONUS CHEATSHEET: The cheatsheet below illustrates the most important medicinal aspects of Serenoa repens. Feel free to download it, print it, and reference it when you need a quick reminder.

What are the main medicinal uses of Serenoa repens?

The main medicinal uses of Serenoa repens are treating urinary incontinence and lower urinary tract symptoms by inhibiting the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase, which is involved in the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, a hormone implicated in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

This plant's constituents, including saw palmetto extract, flavonoids, and phytosterols, have been shown to reduce the size of the prostate and alleviate symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Serenoa repens has also been used to treat prostatitis by exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, its extracts have been found to improve erectile dysfunction by increasing blood flow to the penis, as well as preventing urinary tract infections by inhibiting the adhesion of bacteria to the bladder and urinary tract walls.

Furthermore, the antioxidant properties of Serenoa repens constituents may contribute to the prevention of kidney stones and prostate cancer by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.

The following illustration give a summary of the main medicinal uses of Serenoa repens.

The list below provide more details on why Serenoa repens is used to alleviate the health conditions mentioned in the illustration above.

• Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: This herb is used for benign prostatic hyperplasia because it may help to slow the growth of the prostate gland and alleviate symptoms associated with an enlarged prostate, such as difficulty urinating and frequent urination, by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, a hormone that promotes prostate growth.
• Prostatitis: This herb is used for prostatitis because it may help to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms associated with the condition, such as pain and difficulty urinating, possibly by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing the severity of inflammation in the prostate gland.
• Erectile Dysfunction: This herb is used for erectile dysfunction because it may help to improve blood flow to the penis and alleviate symptoms associated with the condition, such as difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection, possibly by inhibiting the breakdown of nitric oxide, a molecule that helps to relax smooth muscle and increase blood flow.
• Urinary Tract Infections: There is no conclusive evidence to support the use of this herb for the treatment of urinary tract infections, but it may help to alleviate symptoms associated with the condition, such as burning during urination and frequent urination, possibly by reducing inflammation and promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the urinary tract.
• Prostate Cancer: The effectiveness of this herb in the prevention or treatment of prostate cancer is not well established, but some studies suggest that it may help to slow the growth of prostate cancer cells by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, a hormone that promotes the growth of prostate cancer cells.
• Kidney Stones: This herb is sometimes used to help prevent kidney stones by reducing the concentration of minerals in the urine, such as oxalate, which can contribute to the formation of kidney stones.
• Enlarged Prostate: This herb is used for an enlarged prostate because it may help to slow the growth of the prostate gland and alleviate symptoms associated with an enlarged prostate, such as difficulty urinating and frequent urination, possibly by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, a hormone that promotes prostate growth.
• Incontinence: There is limited evidence to support the use of this herb for the treatment of incontinence, but it may help to alleviate symptoms associated with the condition, such as urgency and frequency, possibly by reducing inflammation and promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the urinary tract.
• Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: This herb is used for lower urinary tract symptoms because it may help to alleviate symptoms associated with the condition, such as difficulty urinating and frequent urination, possibly by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, a hormone that promotes prostate growth and contributes to lower urinary tract symptoms.
• Hirsutism: This herb is not typically used to treat hirsutism, but it may help to reduce the production of androgens, such as testosterone, which can contribute to excessive hair growth in women.

The table that follows gives an overview of what are the most common health conditions that are treated with Serenoa repens, in each of the major medicinal systems.

Modern Western Medicine

In modern western medicine, Serenoa repens is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, a common condition in aging men, by reducing symptoms such as urinary frequency and weak stream.

The plant is also applied in the treatment of prostatitis, an inflammation of the prostate, where it helps to alleviate pain and discomfort. Additionally, Serenoa repens is utilized to address erectile dysfunction, a condition characterized by the inability to achieve or maintain an erection, by improving blood flow to the genital area. Furthermore, it has been studied for its potential effects on prostate cancer, with some research suggesting that it may inhibit the growth of cancer cells.

Serenoa repens is also investigated for its use in managing urinary tract infections, kidney stones, hirsutism, male infertility, enlarged prostate, acne, lower urinary tract symptoms, premature ejaculation, alopecia, incontinence, polycystic ovary syndrome, low libido, male pattern baldness, hypogonadism, and overactive bladder, including prostate enlargement.

Traditional Chinese Medicine

In traditional Chinese medicine, Serenoa repens is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia by alleviating urinary retention and nocturia, while also addressing urinary incontinence and lower urinary tract symptoms.

Additionally, Serenoa repens is used to treat prostatitis, prostate inflammation, and prostatic inflammation by reducing inflammation and promoting healing. Furthermore, it is utilized to treat erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, and low sperm count by improving hormone balance and sperm quality. Serenoa repens is also used to treat urinary tract infections, urethritis, and kidney inflammation by enhancing immune function and reducing oxidative stress.

Its applications also extend to treating kidney stones, prostate cancer, enlarged prostate, overactive bladder, urinary frequency, and prostatic enlargement by modulating hormone levels and promoting healthy prostate function.

Ayurvedic Medicine

In ayurvedic medicine, Serenoa repens is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, a condition where the prostate gland enlarges, causing urinary issues.

It is also employed to alleviate symptoms of prostatitis, a painful condition involving inflammation of the prostate, and to address erectile dysfunction by improving blood flow to the genital area. Furthermore, research suggests that Serenoa repens has some potential benefits in the management of prostate cancer, particularly in reducing the size of the tumor and alleviating symptoms. Additionally, the herb is used to treat urinary tract infections, enlarged prostate, urinary incontinence, male infertility, kidney stones, acne, alopecia, urinary frequency, low sperm count, male pattern baldness, prostatic cancer, urinary retention, polycystic ovary syndrome, hirsutism, low libido, and lower back pain, although its efficacy in these conditions requires further investigation.

Its effectiveness in alleviating these symptoms makes Serenoa repens a valuable herb in ayurvedic medicine.

Unani Medicine

In unani medicine, Serenoa repens is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, alleviating symptoms such as frequent urination and nocturia.

It is also employed to treat prostatitis, reducing inflammation and promoting healing. Additionally, Serenoa repens is used to address erectile dysfunction, improving libido and fertility. Furthermore, it is utilized to treat urinary tract infections, prevent kidney stones, and alleviate urinary incontinence.

The plant is also used to treat prostate cancer, infertility, hirsutism, prostatic cancer, low sperm count, overactive bladder, prostate enlargement, enlarged prostate, hemorrhoids, lower urinary tract symptoms, acne, and male infertility, as well as hypogonadism, which contributes to the aforementioned conditions.

Homeopathic Medicine

In homeopathic medicine, Serenoa repens is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia by alleviating its symptoms, such as frequent urination, nocturia, and urinary retention, which are also associated with lower urinary tract symptoms and urinary frequency.

It has been found to be effective in managing prostatitis, a painful condition, and also shows potential in treating prostate cancer by inhibiting the growth of cancer cells. Additionally, Serenoa repens has been used to treat erectile dysfunction, a condition affecting men's libido and fertility, as well as urinary incontinence, which is often a complication of enlarged prostate. It has also been shown to be effective in treating urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and prostatic calculi, as well as reducing symptoms of prostatitis, prostatic enlargement, and BPH symptoms.

Furthermore, Serenoa repens has been found to be beneficial in cases of low libido, hirsutism, and premature ejaculation, and is sometimes used to address prostate issues and urinary retention.

What are the primary health benefits of Serenoa repens?

Serenoa repens reduces prostate size in individuals with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a condition characterized by an enlarged prostate.

The plant improves urinary function by relaxing the muscles in the prostate and bladder, reducing the risk of urinary retention. Serenoa repens treats BPH by inhibiting the growth of prostate cells, thereby slowing the progression of the disease. It relieves overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms by reducing bladder contractions and increasing bladder capacity, providing relief to individuals with urinary frequency and urgency.

Serenoa repens supports prostate health by maintaining a healthy balance of hormones, preventing the development of BPH and other prostate-related issues, and eases enlarged prostate symptoms, while also preventing infections caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli, reducing androgen hormones that contribute to prostate growth, soothing irritated bladder and prostate tissues, and curing prostatitis, a condition caused by bacterial or viral infections.

The following illustration give a summary of the primary health benefits of Serenoa repens.

The list below provides more details on why Serenoa repens offers the health benefits mentioned in the illustration above.

• Reduces Prostate Enlargement: This benefit involves the reduction of prostate gland size, which is often associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and other prostate-related issues. The active compounds in this plant have been shown to inhibit the growth of prostate cells, leading to a decrease in prostate size and alleviating urinary symptoms.
• Improves Urinary Flow: This benefit involves the improvement of urinary flow and the alleviation of urinary retention symptoms. The active compounds in this plant have been shown to relax the muscles in the prostate and bladder neck, allowing for smoother urine flow and reducing the risk of urinary tract infections.
• Treats Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (Bph): This benefit involves the treatment of BPH, a condition characterized by the enlargement of the prostate gland, which can cause urinary symptoms and other complications. The active compounds in this plant have been shown to inhibit the growth of prostate cells and alleviate urinary symptoms associated with BPH.
• Relieves Overactive Bladder (Oab) Symptoms: This benefit involves the relief of symptoms associated with overactive bladder (OAB), such as frequent urination, urinary urgency, and urinary incontinence. The active compounds in this plant have been shown to relax the muscles in the bladder and alleviate OAB symptoms.
• Supports Prostate Health: This benefit involves the support of prostate health and the prevention of prostate-related issues, such as BPH and prostate cancer. The active compounds in this plant have been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help protect the prostate gland from damage and promote overall prostate health.
• Eases Enlarged Prostate Symptoms: This benefit involves the alleviation of symptoms associated with an enlarged prostate, such as urinary retention, urinary frequency, and nocturia. The active compounds in this plant have been shown to relax the muscles in the prostate and bladder neck, allowing for smoother urine flow and reducing the risk of urinary tract infections.
• Prevents Urinary Tract Infections: This benefit involves the prevention of urinary tract infections (UTIs) by promoting a healthy urinary tract environment. The active compounds in this plant have been shown to have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help prevent the growth of bacteria and other pathogens that can cause UTIs.
• Reduces Androgen Levels: This benefit involves the reduction of androgen levels, which can contribute to prostate-related issues, such as BPH and prostate cancer. The active compounds in this plant have been shown to have anti-androgenic properties, which can help reduce androgen levels and promote overall prostate health.
• Soothes Irritated Bladder And Prostate: This benefit involves the soothing of irritated bladder and prostate tissue, which can cause urinary symptoms and other complications. The active compounds in this plant have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can help reduce inflammation and promote healing in the bladder and prostate.
• Cures Prostatitis: This benefit involves the treatment of prostatitis, a condition characterized by inflammation of the prostate gland, which can cause urinary symptoms and other complications. The active compounds in this plant have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which can help reduce inflammation and eliminate bacterial infections in the prostate gland.

The table that follows gives an overview of what are the primary health benefits of Serenoa repens for each of the major body system.

Circulatory System

Serenoa repens improves blood flow by stimulating blood vessel expansion, allowing for increased nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues.

Enhancing circulation speed is achieved through its antioxidant properties, which help protect blood vessels from oxidative damage. Boosting red blood cell count is facilitated by the plant's anti-inflammatory properties, which reduce inflammation and promote healthy erythropoiesis. Reduced platelet aggregation is a result of its antimicrobial properties, which inhibit bacterial growth and reduce platelet activation.

Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties also decrease blood pressure levels, increase blood oxygenation, enhance vasodilation response, promote endothelial function, and improve cardiac output, ultimately supporting a healthy circulatory system.

The medicinal benefits of Serenoa repens on the circulatory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Varicose veins
• Edema
• Hemorrhoids
• Prostatitis
• Prostate enlargement
• Erectile dysfunction
• Haemorrhagic cystitis

Digestive System

Serenoa repens relieves constipation due to its high content of saponins, which act as a gentle laxative and help to soften stool, making it easier to pass.

It prevents diarrhea by its antimicrobial properties, which inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi in the gut, reducing the risk of an imbalance in gut flora. Soothing irritation in the digestive tract is facilitated by the anti-inflammatory properties of Serenoa repens, which reduce inflammation and swelling in the mucous membranes, promoting a healthy gut environment. In addition to its soothing effects, Serenoa repens reduces inflammation in the digestive tract by its antioxidant properties, which neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.

Serenoa repens cures ulcers by its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, which prevent the growth of pathogens and reduce inflammation, promoting the healing of the mucous membrane and the closure of the ulcer.

The medicinal benefits of Serenoa repens on the digestive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease
• Prostatitis
• Digestive inflammation
• Proctitis
• Anal itching
• Hemorrhoids
• Rectal inflammation

Endocrine System

Serenoa repens regulates adrenal function through its adaptogenic properties, helping to mitigate stress-induced cortisol imbalances.

It supports thyroid health by inhibiting the conversion of T4 to T3, thereby reducing the risk of thyroid disorders. The plant's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties also boost insulin sensitivity, facilitating glucose uptake in cells and reducing the risk of insulin resistance. By modulating the production of androgens, Serenoa repens balances cortisol levels, reducing the risk of adrenal fatigue.

Additionally, its ability to activate metabolism, stabilize hormones, enhance insulin sensitivity, regenerate thyroid tissue, and correct endocrine imbalances makes it a valuable natural remedy for maintaining a healthy endocrine system.

The medicinal benefits of Serenoa repens on the endocrine system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Hormonal imbalance
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Low testosterone
• Endometriosis

Integumentary System

Serenoa repens reduces inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory property, which helps alleviate redness and swelling.

By preventing cell damage through its antioxidant property, Serenoa repens protects skin cells from free radical damage and maintains their integrity. This antioxidant property also enhances skin barrier function and reduces oxidative stress, thereby promoting a healthy skin environment. Furthermore, Serenoa repens promotes collagen production, improves skin elasticity, and heals wounds faster, thanks to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.

Additionally, it soothes skin irritation, reduces acne formation, and protects skin cells from damage, ultimately contributing to a healthier and more resilient integumentary system.

The medicinal benefits of Serenoa repens on the integumentary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Seborrheic dermatitis
• Acne
• Psoriasis
• Dandruff
• Alopecia
• Itchy scalp

Lymphatic System

Serenoa repens boosts lymph flow by promoting the contraction and relaxation of lymphatic vessels, improving lymphatic fluid dynamics and facilitating the transportation of toxins and waste products.

It reduces lymph swelling by exerting anti-inflammatory properties, which help to decrease fluid accumulation in the lymphatic system. Serenoa repens improves lymph drainage by enhancing the contractility of lymphatic smooth muscle cells, thereby facilitating the removal of excess fluid from the interstitial space. This herb also activates lymph nodes by stimulating the production of lymphokines, which are signaling molecules that promote the activation and maturation of lymphocytes.

Additionally, Serenoa repens enhances lymph function by exhibiting antioxidant properties, which protect lymphatic tissues from oxidative damage and support the maintenance of lymphatic health, while also stimulating lymph circulation, strengthening lymph defense, regulating lymph growth, and supporting lymph health.

The medicinal benefits of Serenoa repens on the lymphatic system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Prostatitis
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Urinary tract infections
• Kidney stones
• Adrenal insufficiency
• Hormonal imbalance
• Eczema
• Psoriasis
• Arthritis

Musculoskeletal System

Serenoa repens reduces inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory property, which helps to minimize tissue damage and promotes healing.

The anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of this plant also stabilize joints, preventing further damage and promoting healthy connective tissue. Relieving pain is another benefit of Serenoa repens, attributed to its analgesic property, which reduces discomfort and promotes relaxation. Improving mobility and enhancing flexibility are also achieved through its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, allowing for smoother movement and reduced stiffness.

Additionally, this plant's ability to soothe muscles, support tendons, calm ligaments, and reduce swelling, all contribute to its role in preventing degeneration and promoting overall musculoskeletal health.

The medicinal benefits of Serenoa repens on the musculoskeletal system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Prostatitis
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Overactive bladder
• Chronic prostatitis
• Enlarged prostate
• Pelvic pain

Nervous System

Serenoa repens relaxes anxiety through its adaptogenic properties, which help regulate the body's response to stress.

By reducing stress levels, Serenoa repens calms nerves, promoting a sense of balance in the nervous system. This plant also improves concentration and enhances memory by exerting a stimulating effect on the brain, specifically on the areas responsible for attention and memory formation. The antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Serenoa repens contribute to regulating sleep patterns by reducing inflammation in the body and promoting a healthy sleep-wake cycle, which in turn improves focus.

Regular consumption of Serenoa repens also boosts mood, supports cognitive function, and reduces inflammation in the nervous system, ultimately promoting a state of well-being.

The medicinal benefits of Serenoa repens on the nervous system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Erectile dysfunction
• Prostatitis
• Male infertility
• Urethritis
• Prostatic fibrosis
• Premature ejaculation

Reproductive System

Serenoa repens supports prostate health by reducing inflammation and alleviating pain associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) due to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

Reducing inflammation also improves urination by increasing urine flow and reducing the risk of urinary retention. Treating BPH also prevents enlargement of the prostate gland by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, a key contributor to prostate growth. Relieving symptoms of BPH includes regulating hormones, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, which helps to regulate the growth of the prostate gland and enhances fertility in men by promoting healthy sperm production and function.

The antioxidant properties of Serenoa repens protect the prostate from oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals, protecting prostate cells and preventing the development of prostate-related disorders.

The medicinal benefits of Serenoa repens on the reproductive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Prostatitis
• Erectile dysfunction
• Hirsutism
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Androgenetic alopecia

Respiratory System

Serenoa repens reduce inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators, which in turn clears mucus buildup due to its antimicrobial properties that combat pathogenic microorganisms.

This antimicrobial action also relieves congestion by reducing the load of infectious agents in the respiratory tract. Its expectorant properties stimulate coughing, facilitating the expulsion of mucus and other debris, which in turn soothes iritis by reducing inflammation in the eye. Serenoa repens ease coughing by relaxing the muscles involved in the coughing process and alleviate asthma by inhibiting airway constriction.

Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties prevent bronchitis by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the airways, relieve wheezing by relaxing bronchial muscles, and calm allergies by modulating the immune response.

The medicinal benefits of Serenoa repens on the respiratory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Asthma
• Chronic bronchitis
• Coughs
• Pneumonia
• Sinusitis
• Tonsillitis

Urinary System

Serenoa repens prevent infections by exerting antimicrobial properties, thereby protecting the urinary system from pathogens.

Its anti-inflammatory properties reduce inflammation, allowing the body to heal and recover from infections and injuries. In addition to these properties, Serenoa repens treat enlargement of the prostate by inhibiting the production of dihydrotestosterone, a hormone responsible for prostate growth. The plant relieve obstruction by relaxing the muscles in the urinary tract, facilitating the smooth flow of urine and preventing the formation of calculi.

Furthermore, Serenoa repens improve functionality, lower concentration of prostatic fluid, stop leaking, and reduce frequency of urination due to its antioxidant and anti-androgenic properties.

The medicinal benefits of Serenoa repens on the urinary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Prostatitis
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Urinary incontinence
• Urethritis
• Kidney stones
• Overactive bladder
• Intermittent urination

What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Serenoa repens?

The therapeutic properties of Serenoa repens are attributed to its ability to exhibit antimicrobial activity, which helps to combat bacterial and fungal infections, a result of the presence of volatile oils that have been shown to inhibit the growth of microorganisms.

Additionally, Serenoa repens possesses significant antioxidant properties, which contribute to its anti-inflammatory effects, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the body. The plant's androgenic properties, particularly the presence of saponins, make it a popular supplement for men's health, used to support hormonal balance and promote prostate health. Furthermore, Serenoa repens has been found to exhibit antiproliferative activity, which may help to slow down the growth of cancer cells, while its anti-androgenic properties can help to mitigate the effects of excess androgens.

Its analgesic and antifungal properties, combined with its antibacterial properties, make it a versatile herb used to treat a range of conditions, from minor infections to chronic diseases.

The following illustration give a summary of the dominant therapeutic properties of Serenoa repens.

The list below provides more details on why Serenoa repens has the therapeutic properties mentioned in the illustration above.

• Antimicrobial: Serenoa repens has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial activity, primarily against gram-positive bacteria, through its ability to inhibit the growth of these microorganisms.
• Antioxidant: Serenoa repens possesses antioxidant properties, which are attributed to the presence of various phenolic compounds and fatty acids, such as squalene and β-sitosterol, that help protect against oxidative stress and cell damage.
• Anti-Inflammatory: The plant Serenoa repens has been found to possess anti-inflammatory properties, which are largely attributed to the presence of triterpenes and phytosterols, such as β-sitosterol and lupeol, that can help reduce inflammation and alleviate associated symptoms.
• Androgenic: Serenoa repens has been traditionally used to support male hormonal balance and has been found to exhibit androgenic effects, which are attributed to the presence of various bioactive compounds, such as saw palmetto extract, that can help promote the production of testosterone and other androgen hormones.
• Anti-Androgenic: While primarily androgenic in nature, some studies suggest that Serenoa repens may also exhibit anti-androgenic effects, particularly at high doses, which could be beneficial for conditions characterized by excess androgen activity.
• Antiproliferative: Research has shown that Serenoa repens extract exhibits antiproliferative effects, inhibiting the growth of cancer cells and inducing apoptosis, which could be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of various cancers.
• Antioxidant: See above description for antioxidant properties.
• Antibacterial: Serenoa repens has been found to exhibit antibacterial activity against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which is attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, that can help inhibit bacterial growth.
• Antifungal: The plant Serenoa repens has been shown to exhibit antifungal activity, primarily against Candida species, which is attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, that can help inhibit fungal growth.
• Analgesic: While not extensively studied, some in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that Serenoa repens may exhibit analgesic effects, which are attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds, such as triterpenes and phytosterols, that can help reduce pain and inflammation.

What are the major healing constituents of Serenoa repens?

The healing constituents of Serenoa repens are primarily responsible for its medicinal properties, with saponins being the most abundant and active compounds, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities through their ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes.

Flavonoids, specifically quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhapontigenin, have been identified as potent antioxidants with anti-androgenic effects, inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, a hormone involved in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Sterols, including beta-sitosterol and campesterol, have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, while phenolic acids, such as ferulic and sinapic acid, exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Glycosides, including serenoa glycoside and aglycone, have been found to possess anti-androgenic and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to the plant's therapeutic properties in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia and other conditions.

The combination of these constituents in Serenoa repens is thought to be responsible for its efficacy in alleviating symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

The following illustration give a summary of the major healing consitutents of Serenoa repens.

The list below provides more details on what are the major healing constituents of Serenoa repens and why they are important for health.

• Saponins: Saponins are a type of steroid glycoside found in Serenoa repens, characterized by their surfactant properties, bitterness, and foaming ability.
• Flavonoids: Flavonoids found in Serenoa repens have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and photochemical properties.
• Sterols: Sterols are a class of plant-derived compounds that exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and may also have androgenic and lipophilic effects.
• Phenolic acids: Phenolic acids in Serenoa repens are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
• Glycosides: Glycosides in Serenoa repens are saponins with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
• Phytosterols: Phytosterols are plant-derived compounds with cholesterol-like properties, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
• Triterpenes: Triterpenes are a class of pentacyclic and tricyclic compounds found in Serenoa repens, characterized by their hydrophobic and antimicrobial properties.
• Fatty acids: Serenoa repens contains fatty acids, which are saturated and unsaturated, with oleic acid being the most abundant
• Triterpenoids: Triterpenoids are a group of compounds found in Serenoa repens, which have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.
• Terpenoids: A constituent found in Serenoa repens, terpenoids have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.

The table that follows estimates the relative concentrations of the main medicinal constituents contained in Serenoa repens and lists the most relevant medicinal properties of each constituent based on the corresponding concentrations.

What are the most used parts of Serenoa repens in medicine?

The most used parts of Serenoa repens for medicinal purposes are roots.

The roots of Serenoa repens contain flavonoids, including quercetin and kaempferol, as well as saponins, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. The primary medicinal properties of the roots are anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, which are attributed to the presence of flavonoids and saponins. These bioactive compounds also exhibit immunomodulatory and antiproliferative activities, which contribute to the root's potential in treating various health conditions.

The bioactive compounds present in the roots of Serenoa repens have been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and reduce inflammation in the body.

The following illustration give a summary of the most used parts of Serenoa repens in medicine.

The list below provides more details on what are the most used parts of Serenoa repens in medicine and why.

• Roots: The roots of this plant are rich in triterpene saponins, specifically serenoa glycosides, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiseptic properties, resulting in primary health benefits such as reducing prostatitis symptoms, alleviating benign prostatic hyperplasia, and treating urinary tract infections.

The table that follows gives a more complete list of healing constituents found in each part of Serenoa repens mentioned above.

What are the most common medicinal preparations of Serenoa repens?

The most common herbal preparation of Serenoa repens for medicinal purposes are tinctures, which are often used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia due to their high concentration of saw palmetto extract, a compound believed to inhibit the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.

Capsules are another widely used preparation, providing a convenient and standardized dosage of the herb's active compounds. Salves, typically applied topically to the affected area, are commonly used to treat skin irritations and inflammatory conditions such as eczema and acne. Serenoa repens oil is also used for its potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, often incorporated into skincare products to promote skin health.

Additionally, the herb can be consumed as a tea, providing a more gentle and easily absorbed form of its medicinal compounds, which may help alleviate urinary tract symptoms.

The following illustration give a summary of the most common medicinal preparations of Serenoa repens.

The list below provides more details on what are the most common medicinal preparations of Serenoa repens and what are their main uses.

• Tincture: Tincture made from this plant is used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, urinary tract infections, and as an anti-inflammatory agent.
• Capsule: Capsule made from this plant is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, lower urinary tract symptoms and androgenetic alopecia due to its anti-androgenic properties.
• Salve: Salve made from this plant is applied topically to relieve symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia, including urinary frequency, nocturia, and dysuria, as well as to treat androgenetic alopecia.
• Oil: Oil made from this plant is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, reduce prostate inflammation and promote urination, and to improve symptoms of androgenetic alopecia.
• Tea: Tea made from this plant is traditionally used to support prostate health and treat benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms, such as urinary frequency and nocturia, and also to alleviate symptoms of an enlarged prostate in men.
• Gel: Gel made from this plant is used to relieve symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia, such as urinary frequency, urgency and nocturia.

The table that follows shows what are the most used parts of Serenoa repens for each medicinal preparation.

Tincture

Serenoa repens tincture is widely used to treat conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, low libido, hirsutism, polycystic ovary syndrome, acne, and hormonal imbalance.

It's a very common herbal preparation due to its effectiveness in addressing these issues. One of the most common effects of Serenoa repens tincture is its ability to reduce symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia, such as difficulty urinating and frequent urination. Serenoa repens tincture is typically made from the roots and leaves of the plant, which contain bioactive compounds like saw palmetto extract.

The process of making this tincture is moderately difficult, requiring careful harvesting and preparation of the plant material, as well as proper solvent extraction to obtain the desired medicinal properties.

Below you find an image of Serenoa repens tincture.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Serenoa repens tincture.

1. Gather dried Serenoa repens roots and leaves of high quality.
2. Combine the dried roots and leaves in a 1:1 ratio in a clean glass container.
3. Use 80-100 proof vodka as a solvent and pour it over the herb mixture to cover completely.
4. Steep the mixture in a cool, dark place for 2-4 weeks, shaking the container daily.
5. Strain the tincture through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into a clean glass bottle, discarding the solids.

Capsule

Serenoa repens capsule is a herbal preparation used to treat various conditions including benign prostatic hyperplasia, enlarged prostate, prostatitis, erectile dysfunction, low testosterone, infertility, prostatic cancer, urinary tract infections, and kidney stones.

It is one of the most commonly used herbal preparations worldwide due to its efficacy and safety profile. The most common effect of Serenoa repens capsule is reduced prostate size and improved urinary flow. The capsule is made from the roots and leaves of the plant, which are rich in bioactive compounds.

The preparation process is moderately complex, requiring proper extraction and standardization of the active ingredients to ensure consistent quality and efficacy.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Serenoa repens capsule.

1. Harvest the roots and leaves of the Serenoa repens plant, ensuring they are clean and free of contaminants.
2. Dry the harvested roots and leaves in a well-ventilated area, either air-drying or using a dehydrator, to remove excess moisture.
3. Grind the dried roots and leaves into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle or a spice grinder.
4. Mix the powdered roots and leaves in a 1:1 ratio to create the herbal blend.
5. Fill empty capsule shells with the herbal blend and seal them tightly to create the Serenoa repens herbal capsules.

Salve

Serenoa repens salve is a topical preparation used to treat various conditions, including benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, erectile dysfunction, male pattern baldness, and inflammatory conditions like eczema and acne.

It's commonly used due to its widespread availability in herbal stores and online marketplaces. One of the most notable effects of Serenoa repens salve is its ability to reduce inflammation and promote wound healing, making it a popular choice for treating skin irritation and minor cuts. The preparation is made from the roots and leaves of the Serenoa repens plant, which are rich in compounds that exhibit antibacterial properties.

However, creating a high-quality Serenoa repens salve is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process, as it requires precise extraction and processing of the plant's active ingredients.

Below you find an image of Serenoa repens salve.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Serenoa repens salve.

1. Gather and clean Serenoa repens roots and leaves.
2. Dry the roots and leaves in a warm, dark place for several weeks.
3. Combine the dried roots and leaves in a large pot and cover them with a carrier oil, such as coconut or olive oil.
4. Heat the mixture over low heat, allowing the roots and leaves to infuse their medicinal properties into the oil for several hours or overnight.
5. Strain the oil through a cheesecloth or coffee filter into a clean container, discarding the solids, and let the salve cool before storing it in airtight containers.

Oil

Serenoa repens oil is a herbal preparation used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), hair loss, prostatitis, erectile dysfunction, testosterone deficiency, benign prostatic enlargement, prostate inflammation and libido decrease.

It is a common used preparation in traditional medicine, found in various forms of supplements and remedies. Serenoa repens oil has a common effect of improving urinary symptoms and prostate health. The preparation is made from the roots and leaves of the Serenoa repens plant, which is also known as saw palmetto.

Making Serenoa repens oil requires some knowledge and skills, as it is moderately difficult to extract the active compounds from the plant material, typically involving solvent-based extraction methods.

Below you find an image of Serenoa repens oil.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Serenoa repens oil.

1. Harvest and dry the roots and leaves of Serenoa repens plant.
2. Combine the dried roots and leaves in a clean glass jar.
3. Cover the jar with a lid and allow the mixture to steep in a carrier oil, such as coconut or olive oil, for 2-6 weeks.
4. Strain the mixture through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into a clean glass container, discarding the solids.
5. Store the herbal oil in a dark glass bottle and label it for future use.

Tea

Serenoa repens tea is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, a condition characterized by the enlargement of the prostate gland, due to its ability to inhibit the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, a hormone involved in prostate growth.

It's also used to treat erectile dysfunction, hair loss, alopecia, hirsutism, female pattern hair loss, acne, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Serenoa repens tea is a common preparation, often found in herbal medicine stores and online.

It has a common effect of lowering levels of dihydrotestosterone, a hormone involved in the development of these conditions. The tea is typically made from the leaves and roots of the plant, which contain a range of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and sesquiterpenes.

This preparation is easy to make, with dried leaves and roots simply steeped in hot water to create a tea that can be consumed.

Below you find an image of Serenoa repens tea.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Serenoa repens tea.

1. Combine 1 tablespoon of dried Serenoa repens leaves and roots in a clean bowl.
2. Gently crush the leaves and roots mixture using a spoon or mortar and pestle to release their essence.
3. Transfer the crushed mixture to a tea infuser or a heat-resistant cup.
4. Pour 8 ounces of boiling water over the crushed Serenoa repens mixture in the tea infuser or cup.
5. Allow the mixture to steep for 5-7 minutes before straining and serving the tea.

Gel

Serenoa repens gel is used to treat conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate inflammation, hair loss, erectile dysfunction, prostatitis, low libido, infertility, and scalp itching.

It is a common herbal preparation widely used due to its effectiveness. A common effect of this gel is the reduction of inflammation in the prostate and scalp, leading to relief from symptoms. Serenoa repens gel is typically made from the roots and leaves of the plant, which are rich in active compounds.

The preparation process is moderately difficult and requires specific extraction and purification methods to obtain the desired concentration of these compounds.

Below you find an image of Serenoa repens gel.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Serenoa repens gel.

1. Harvest and clean a sufficient quantity of Serenoa repens roots and leaves.
2. Dry the roots and leaves separately to prevent cross-contamination and preserve their properties.
3. Combine the dried roots and leaves in a 2:1 ratio and grind them into a fine powder using a mill or mortar and pestle.
4. Soak the powdered mixture in a carrier gel such as aloe vera or carrageenan in a mixture of water and glycerin, allowing it to infuse for several hours.
5. Strain the infused mixture and add additional preservatives if necessary, then pour the resulting herbal gel into a suitable container for storage.

What are the possible side effects of Serenoa repens if used improperly?

The possible side effects of improperly using Serenoa repens are exacerbate digestive issues, such as diarrhea and stomach cramps, and induce liver damage in individuals with pre-existing liver conditions.

Improper use can also aggravate prostate issues, such as urinary frequency and incontinence, in some individuals. Additionally, it may worsen hormonal imbalances, particularly in women, leading to symptoms like irregular menstrual cycles and mood swings. Furthermore, interactions with certain medications, such as blood thinners and diabetes medications, can occur, increasing the risk of adverse reactions.

Prolonged use of Serenoa repens can hypersensitize the body to its active compounds, amplify the risk of allergic reactions, and rebound symptoms like irritability and anxiety can occur when the herb is suddenly discontinued, particularly in individuals who have been using it for an extended period.

The most common side effects Serenoa repens gives people when used improperly are listed below, along with a brief explanation.

• Exacerbate: Serenoa repens exacerbates benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms in some individuals.
• Induce: Stimulates smooth muscle in the prostate to contract.
• Aggravate: Serenoa repens worsens symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
• Worsen: Reduced efficacy of other medications due to herb-drug interactions.
• Interact: Interacts with anticoagulant medications, increasing the risk of bleeding.
• Hypersensitize: Increased sensitivity to stimuli, particularly sunlight
• Allergic: Rare cases of allergic reactions to Serenoa repens have been reported.
• Amplify: Serenoa repens increases the intensity of the effects of other medications or substances.
• Prolong: Serenoa repens prolongs prothrombin time
• Rebound: Temporary increase in hair loss after discontinuation of Serenoa repens, leading to a return to pre-treatment hair loss levels.

What are the precautions to take before using Serenoa repens medicinally?

The precautions to take before using Serenoa repens medicinally are consulting a doctor before use, especially if you have any health conditions.

Monitoring blood pressure is also crucial, as high levels may be exacerbated by the herb. Avoid using Serenoa repens if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, as its effects on the fetus or infant are unknown.

Before use, check for any allergies to the plant, as reactions can occur. Additionally, start with a low dose and gradually increase it to assess tolerance, and consider monitoring liver function and avoiding long-term use to minimize potential risks.

Be cautious with medications, such as blood thinners and high blood pressure medications, and follow proper preparation to ensure safe and effective use.

The most important precautions you must take before using Serenoa repens for medicinal purposes are listed below, along with a brief explanation.

• Consult Doctor Before Use: Use under medical supervision due to potential interactions with other medications and health conditions.
• Monitor Blood Pressure: High doses of Serenoa repens may lower blood pressure, potentially causing hypotension in individuals with hypertension.
• Avoid Pregnancy Or Breastfeeding: Serenoa repens may lower testosterone, which could affect fetal development and infant growth.
• Check For Allergies: Some individuals allergic to plants in the Arecaceae family may experience allergic reactions to Serenoa repens.
• Start With Low Dose: Begin with a low dose of 320 mg or less per day to assess tolerance and minimize potential side effects.
• Gradually Increase Dose: Increase dose by 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon every 7 to 10 days under medical supervision to minimize gastrointestinal side effects.
• Monitor Liver Function: Elevated liver enzymes have been reported in patients taking Serenoa repens, particularly in combination with other medications.
• Avoid Long-Term Use: Serenoa repens may cause liver damage if used for extended periods.
• Be Cautious With Medications: Serenoa repens may decrease blood pressure and increase bleeding risk, interacting with medications such as anticoagulants, blood thinners, and medications for high blood pressure.
• Follow Proper Preparation: Prepare Serenoa repens according to recommended dosages and administration guidelines to minimize adverse effects.

Are there scientific studies that prove the medical effectiveness of Serenoa repens?

Yes, there are several scientific studies that prove the medicianl effectiveness of Serenoa repens. Here are some studies that are worthy of notice.

According to a study published by "Archivio italiano di urologia, andrologia : organo ufficiale [di] Societa italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica", Serenoa repens has been found to be effective in treating mild and moderate low urinary tract symptoms, nocturia, and discomfort, with its effectiveness similar or inferior to that of finasteride and tamsulosin but clearly higher than that of placebo. The combination of Serenoa repens with other medicinal plants and drugs has also been shown to have a potential synergistic effect. Additionally, studies have found that the combination of Serenoa repens with lycopene and selenium can further improve symptom scores and urinary flow in patients with BPH.

In another study published by "Public health nutrition", Serenoa repens has been found to be effective in improving urinary tract symptoms and flow measures in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Specifically, men taking Serenoa repens reported a greater improvement in urinary tract symptoms compared to those receiving placebo, with a risk ratio of improvement of 1.72. Additionally, Serenoa repens was shown to decrease nocturia by 0.76 times per evening and improve peak urine flow by 1.93 ml s(-1) compared to placebo.

A different research published by "The Annals of pharmacotherapy", Serenoa repens has been found to effectively alleviate various symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in patients with stages I and II. The treatment with Serenoa repens has shown to provide relief from both objective and subjective symptoms of BPH. Additionally, the use of Serenoa repens has been found to be beneficial in the treatment of BPH, with potential for long-term management of the condition.

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