What to know about Saussurea lappa (costus) before using it medicinally

Saussurea lappa, commonly known as costus, is a medicinal herb that has been prized for its diverse health benefits, which include reducing inflammation, relieving digestive issues, and alleviating pain.

As a hardy perennial, this herb requires well-draining soil and partial shade to thrive, making it a popular choice for gardeners in temperate climates. Saussurea lappa has a distinctive botanical profile, with large, sword-shaped leaves and a tall, branching stem adorned with small, white or purple flowers.

Historically, this herb has been mentioned in traditional Ayurvedic medicine and has been used for centuries to treat a range of ailments, including arthritis and skin conditions.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Saussurea lappa .

What are the medicinal properties of Saussurea lappa ?

Saussurea lappa helps with various health conditions, including fever, rheumatism, and digestive issues, due to its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and antispasmodic properties.

The active constituents of Saussurea lappa include safflor yellow, costunolide, and costic acid, which contribute to its medicinal properties, such as reducing inflammation and killing bacteria.

The rhizome and roots of Saussurea lappa are primarily used for medicinal purposes, as they contain the highest concentration of active constituents, and are often dried and processed into powder or extracts.

Improper use of Saussurea lappa can cause side effects, such as allergic reactions, nausea, and diarrhea, especially when used in large doses or for extended periods.

Precautions when using Saussurea lappa medicinally include pregnant women avoiding its use, individuals with bleeding disorders being cautious, and those with kidney or liver issues monitoring their condition closely, as the plant may interact with medications.

What are the horticulural aspects of Saussurea lappa ?

Saussurea lappa grow best in well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade. The optimal temperature range for its growth is between 15-30°C (59-86°F). Water requirement is moderate, but it can tolerate some drought.

Planting tips for Saussurea lappa include selecting a spot with good air circulation to prevent fungal diseases. Plant rhizomes 10-15 cm deep and 30-60 cm apart. Mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds. Soil pH should be slightly acidic to neutral.

Harvesting tips for Saussurea lappa include digging up rhizomes in autumn after the foliage has died back. Cut off the foliage, leaving 2-3 cm of stem attached to the rhizome. Clean and dry the rhizomes to prevent moisture from causing decay.

Pests and diseases commonly affecting Saussurea lappa include root rot caused by overwatering, aphids, and spider mites. Regular monitoring and maintenance can help prevent these issues.

What are the botanical aspects of Saussurea lappa ?

Saussurea lappa is a perennial plant with a thick, fleshy root and a tall stem, typically growing up to 2 meters in height. The leaves are alternate, lance-shaped, and serrated, measuring up to 30 cm in length. The inflorescence is a terminal spike, bearing yellow or purple flowers.

Saussurea lappa belongs to the family Asteraceae, order Asterales, and is classified as a member of the genus Saussurea. It is closely related to the species Saussurea cochlearia and Saussurea obvallata. The genus Saussurea comprises over 200 species, most of which are native to the Himalayan region.

There are several variants of Saussurea lappa, including S. lappa var. alba and S. lappa var. lappa. These variants differ in their leaf shape, size, and color, as well as the color and size of their flowers. Some variants also have different growth habits, such as being more or less woody.

Saussurea lappa is widely distributed in the Himalayan region, including India, Nepal, Bhutan, and parts of China. It also grows in other parts of Asia, such as Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. It typically grows at high altitudes, between 1,500 and 3,000 meters above sea level.

The life cycle of Saussurea lappa is perennial, with a single stem growing from the same root each year. The plant produces flowers in the summer months, which are followed by seed production. The seeds are dispersed by wind and animals, allowing the plant to colonize new areas. The cycle repeats itself annually, with the plant dying back to the root after the winter months.

What are the historical aspects of Saussurea lappa ?

Saussurea lappa is a plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine, dating back to ancient China, India, and Tibet. It was used to treat various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and respiratory problems.

In Hindu mythology, Saussurea lappa is associated with the god Shiva, who is said to have used it to treat his wife's illness. In Buddhist mythology, it is associated with the medicine Buddha, who is said to have used it to cure the sick.

In various cultures, Saussurea lappa is associated with purification, protection, and spiritual growth. In Tibetan culture, it is considered a sacred plant, used in rituals and ceremonies to ward off evil spirits. In Ayurvedic medicine, it is used to balance the body's doshas and promote overall well-being.

Historical texts such as the "Rigveda" and the "Charaka Samhita" describe the use of Saussurea lappa in ancient Indian medicine. The "Ben Cao Gang Mu" by Li Shizhen, a Chinese medical textbook, also describes its medicinal properties.

Excavations in ancient cities such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in modern-day Pakistan have uncovered evidence of the use of Saussurea lappa in ancient trade and commerce. Pottery and other artifacts have been found with depictions of the plant, highlighting its importance in ancient cultures.