What to know about Satureja hortensis (summer savory) before using it medicinally

Satureja hortensis, commonly known as summer savory, is an herb renowned for its numerous health benefits, including its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which work in tandem to boost the immune system, reduce stress, and alleviate various digestive issues.

This fragrant perennial herb is prized for its compact growth habit and versatility, making it an ideal addition to herb gardens, windowsill planters, and even indoor containers. From a botanical standpoint, summer savory is an annual herb that belongs to the Lamiaceae family, characterized by its small, ovate leaves and delicate white or pink flowers.

Historically, summer savory has been a staple in Mediterranean cuisine, with ancient Greek and Roman physicians, including Hippocrates, lauding its medicinal and culinary properties.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Satureja hortensis.

What are the medicinal properties of Satureja hortensis?

Satureja hortensis helps with various health issues, including digestive problems, menstrual cramps, and respiratory conditions such as asthma and bronchitis. Its essential oils have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.

The active constituents of summer savory include thymol, carvacrol, and borneol, which give its medicinal properties. These compounds have been shown to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria and fungi, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and antiseptic activities.

The leaves and flowers of summer savory are the most commonly used parts for medicinal purposes. They can be used fresh or dried, and are often infused in hot water or used in ointments and salves.

Improper use of summer savory can lead to side effects such as skin irritation, allergic reactions, and interactions with medications. Prolonged consumption of its essential oils can also cause liver damage and other health issues.

Precautions when using summer savory medicinally include consulting a healthcare professional, using it in moderation, and being aware of potential interactions with other medications. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should also exercise caution when using its essential oils.

What are the horticulural aspects of Satureja hortensis?

Satureja hortensis grow in well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade, with a preference for temperatures between 15-30°C (59-86°F). It thrives in dry to moist conditions, with a pH range of 6.0-7.0. Summer savory is a hardy, perennial herb that can tolerate some drought.

Plant summer savory in spring or early summer, 12-18 inches apart, in a location that receives full sun to partial shade. Water thoroughly after planting and during the first growing season. Fertilize lightly, as excessive fertilization can lead to leaf loss.

Harvest summer savory leaves regularly, starting when plants are about 6 inches tall. Pinch or cut off individual leaves or stems, leaving at least one-third of the foliage intact to promote regrowth. Harvest in the morning, when oils and flavor compounds are at their peak.

Summer savory is susceptible to aphids, spider mites, and powdery mildew, as well as root rot and crown rot caused by overwatering. Regular monitoring and removal of infested plants can prevent the spread of pests and diseases. Apply neem oil or insecticidal soap to control aphid and spider mite infestations.

What are the botanical aspects of Satureja hortensis?

Satureja hortensis is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It has a taproot and a branched stem that can grow up to 60 cm in height. Leaves are ovate, oppositely arranged, and have a fragrant, pungent aroma.

Taxonomically, Satureja hortensis is classified as a species within the genus Satureja, family Lamiaceae, order Lamiales, class Magnoliopsida, phylum Angiospermophyta, and kingdom Plantae. Its binomial nomenclature is Satureja hortensis L. (Linnaeus, 1753).

Variants of Satureja hortensis include Satureja hortensis subsp. hortensis and Satureja hortensis subsp. serpyllum. They differ in their leaf morphology and essential oil composition. Some cultivars, like 'Aurea' and 'Nana', are grown for their ornamental value.

Satureja hortensis is native to the Mediterranean region, where it grows in dry areas with well-drained soil. It has been naturalized in other parts of the world, including North America, South Africa, and Australia. It is often found in wild areas, roadsides, and waste lands.

The life cycle of Satureja hortensis is annual or perennial, depending on the conditions. It germinates in spring, produces flowers in summer, and sets seed in autumn. In cooler climates, it may persist as a perennial. In warmer climates, it may die back after flowering.

What are the historical aspects of Satureja hortensis?

Satureja hortensis is a herb that has been used for various purposes throughout history. In ancient Rome, it was used as a medicinal herb to treat digestive issues and as an antiseptic. In medieval Europe, it was used to preserve meat and as a flavoring agent in cooking.

In mythological references, Satureja hortensis is associated with the Greek goddess of the harvest, Demeter. According to Ovid's Metamorphoses, the goddess used the herb to purify the earth and ensure a bountiful harvest. This association highlights the plant's importance in ancient agricultural practices.

In many cultures, Satureja hortensis has been used to symbolize love, loyalty, and fidelity. In medieval Europe, it was given as a gift to newlyweds to promote a strong and healthy marriage. In some African cultures, it is used in wedding ceremonies to ward off evil spirits and ensure a happy union.

Historical texts, such as the De Re Coquinaria by Apicius, and the Book of Herbs by John Gerard, provide evidence of the use of Satureja hortensis in cooking and medicine. These texts highlight the plant's versatility and importance in ancient and medieval kitchens and apothecaries.

Archaeological artifacts, such as cooking vessels and ceramic containers, have been found with residues of Satureja hortensis, indicating its widespread use in ancient culinary practices. These findings confirm the plant's significance in the history of food and medicine.