Chinese parsnip

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• siler
• Spread-wide saposhnikovia

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Siler divaricatum
• Stenocoelium divaricatum
• Laser divaricatum
• Ledebouriella divaricata
• Ledebouriella seseloides
• Johrenia seseloides
• Trinia seselioides
• Cachrys seseloides
• Apinella seseliodes
• Saposhnikovia seseloides
• Rumia seseloides
• Trinia dahurica

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified under the phylum Streptophyta and the class Equisetopsida. Within the subclass Magnoliidae, it is further organized into the order Apiales and the family Apiaceae. Ultimately, its taxonomic identity is defined by its placement in the genus Saposhnikovia.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a broad geographical distribution across several key regions of Northern and Central Asia. In the vast territory of Siberia, it can be found specifically within the areas of Buryatiya and Chita. Its range extends further east into the Russian Far East, spanning the Amur and Primorye regions. Additionally, the species is documented in Central Asia, specifically within Kazakhstan. These diverse locations highlight the plant's ability to thrive in varying continental climates.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Saposhnikovia divaricata is characterized by its ability to thrive in demanding and semi-arid environments, specifically within desert, mountain, and steppe ecosystems. As a resilient perennial, it is adapted to the open, sun-drenched landscapes of these regions, where it often colonizes well-drained soils and rocky terrains. Its presence in such diverse habitats—ranging from the high-altitude slopes of mountains to the expansive, wind-swept stretches of the steppe and the harsh conditions of desert fringes—indicates a high degree of environmental tolerance, particularly regarding moisture fluctuations and intense solar radiation. This distribution allows the species to occupy ecological niches where competition from more moisture-dependent vegetation is limited, enabling it to stabilize soil and contribute to the biological complexity of these arid and semi-arid biomes.

Habitat :

desert, mountains, steppe

Life history

The life history of Saposhnikovia divaricata is characterized by its status as a perennial species, allowing it to persist through multiple growing seasons. As a perennial herb, it establishes a robust root system that enables it to survive dormancy periods and re-emerge annually. Its developmental cycle involves a vegetative phase where it develops compound leaves and a woody or semi-woody rhizome, followed by a reproductive phase where it produces inflorescences. The plant's longevity is supported by these perennial traits, ensuring its ability to colonize stable habitats and maintain a consistent presence in its natural ecosystem over many years.

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Saposhnikovia divaricata is characterized by its growth form as a non-woody herb and forb. This self-supporting, independent plant lacks climbing habits such as lianas or vines and does not function as a parasite or epiphyte, maintaining a strictly terrestrial existence. In terms of stature, it is a relatively small plant with a height that typically ranges from a minimum of 0.1 m to a maximum of 0.8 m, with an average plant height of approximately 0.55 m.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

herb

Growth form :

forb

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

0.8 m

Plant height mean:

0.55 m

Plant height min:

0.1 m

Woodiness :

non-woody

Physiology

The physiology of Saposhnikovia divaricata is characterized by a metabolic framework centered around a C3 photosynthetic pathway, which dictates its carbon fixation processes and energy utilization patterns. As a C3 plant, it utilizes the enzyme RuBisCO to directly fix atmospheric carbon dioxide into three-carbon compounds during the Calvin cycle, a mechanism that is highly efficient in the temperate, moist environments where the species typically thrives. This physiological trait influences its stomatal conductance and water-use efficiency, as the plant must balance the intake of CO2 with the risks of transpiration and photorespiration. Furthermore, its physiological activity is closely tied to seasonal temperature fluctuations, which modulate its enzymatic rates and the synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites. The metabolic flux within its tissues is optimized to support robust vegetative growth during favorable thermal periods, while its underlying C3 biochemistry provides the foundational energy required for the complex biochemical pathways that produce its characteristic medicinal compounds.

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Reproduction

The reproductive cycle of Saposhnikovia divaricata is characterized by a specific flowering period that typically commences in June and concludes in July. During this stage, the plant produces small fruits that exhibit consistent morphological dimensions; the fruit length generally ranges from a minimum of 0.4 cm to a maximum of 0.5 cm, with an average length of 0.45 cm. Similarly, the fruit width varies between a minimum of 0.2 cm and a maximum of 0.3 cm, maintaining a mean width of 0.25 cm. The resulting seeds are quite lightweight, possessing an average seed mass of 0.1806 g, which facilitates their dispersal following the fruiting stage.

Flowering time :

Jun

Flowering time :

Jul

Fruit length max:

0.5 cm

Fruit length mean:

0.45 cm

Fruit length min:

0.4 cm

Fruit width max:

0.3 cm

Fruit width mean:

0.25 cm

Fruit width min:

0.2 cm

Seed mass mean:

0.1806 g

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Saposhnikovia divaricata has 3 reported plant parts identified across 19 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include root, rhizome, fruit.

Root

1. Toxicological research
2. Scientific reports
3. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
4. Plant disease
5. Biological trace element research

Rhizome

1. Journal of natural medicines
2. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin

Fruit

1. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials

Chemicals

Saposhnikovia divaricata has 73 reported phytochemicals identified across 19 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Cimifugin, Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, Chromones, sec-o-Glucosylhamaudol, CHROMONE.

Cimifugin

1. Planta medica
2. International journal of molecular sciences
3. Scientific reports
4. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
5. Biomedical chromatography : BMC

Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin

1. Nature communications
2. Planta medica
3. Journal of natural medicines
4. Scientific reports
5. Biomedical chromatography : BMC

Chromones

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
2. Journal of natural medicines
3. International journal of molecular sciences
4. Scientific reports
5. Chinese journal of integrative medicine

sec-o-Glucosylhamaudol

1. Planta medica
2. Scientific reports
3. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
4. Journal of ethnopharmacology
5. Phytochemical analysis : PCA

CHROMONE

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
2. Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB
3. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology
4. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Coumarins

1. Journal of natural medicines
2. Chinese journal of integrative medicine
3. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

3'-O-Acetylhamaudol

1. Journal of natural medicines
2. Integrative medicine research

3'-O-Angeloylhamaudol

1. Planta medica
2. Integrative medicine research

4'-O-beta-D-Glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
2. Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica

5-O-Methylvisammioside

1. Phytochemical analysis : PCA
2. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Activities

Saposhnikovia divaricata has 8 reported activities identified across 19 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Analgesic, Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, Antipyretic, Antitumor.

Analgesic

1. Chinese journal of integrative medicine
2. Scientific reports
3. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
4. Phytochemical analysis : PCA
5. Integrative medicine research

Antioxidant

1. Chinese journal of integrative medicine
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology
3. Integrative medicine research

Antiproliferative

1. Scientific reports
2. Chinese journal of integrative medicine
3. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Antipyretic

1. Scientific reports
2. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Antitumor

1. Scientific reports
2. Chinese journal of integrative medicine

Antiinflammatory

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Antiviral

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Free-Radical Scavenging

1. Scientific reports

Conditions

Saposhnikovia divaricata has 32 reported investigations on conditions identified across 19 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include analgesic, inflammation, nervous system diseases, respiratory diseases, COVID-19.

Analgesic

1. Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi = Chinese journal of modern developments in traditional medicine
2. Scientific reports
3. Phytochemical analysis : PCA

Inflammation

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology
2. Integrative medicine research

Nervous system diseases

1. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology
2. Chinese journal of integrative medicine

Respiratory diseases

1. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology
2. Chinese journal of integrative medicine

Covid-19

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR

Colon cancer

1. International journal of molecular sciences

Acne

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Acne vulgaris

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Acute lung injury

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Allergic contact dermatitis

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

Preparations

Saposhnikovia divaricata has 15 reported preparations identified across 19 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include roots, Crude drug, Essential oil, Fangfeng, Saposhnikoviae Radix.

Roots

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Plant disease
3. Planta medica

Crude drug

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Essential oil

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Fangfeng

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Saposhnikoviae radix

1. Journal of natural medicines

Voa

1. Scientific reports

Vor

1. Scientific reports

Desiccated roots of the plant saposhnikovia divaricata (turcz.) schischk

1. Biomedical chromatography : BMC

Dried root and rhizome

1. Journal of natural medicines

Essential oil

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology