By Leen Randell
Updated: Oct 20, 2024
What to know about Sambucus nigra before using it medicinally
Sambucus nigra, commonly known as elder, is a medicinal herb used to treat various health conditions, including fever, colds, flu, and respiratory infections.
Its main medicinal uses involve reducing inflammation and fighting off viral and bacterial infections. The main health benefits of Sambucus nigra include its ability to alleviate symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections and its immunomodulatory effects.
The herb is known to possess therapeutic properties such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antimicrobial properties. The main bioactive compounds found in Sambucus nigra include flavonoids, phenolic acids, and essential oils, which are responsible for its medicinal properties.
A common herbal preparation made with Sambucus nigra is elderberry syrup or elderberry tea, which is often consumed to help alleviate symptoms of colds and flu.
The following article explains in detail what are the medicinal uses of Sambucus nigra, its health benefits, therapeutic properties, bioactive compounds, used parts, and herbal preparation. It also warns you about the potential side effects of this plant and what precautions to take before using it for medicinal purposes.
ARTICLE SUMMARY: The table below summarizes the most crucial information about Sambucus nigra provided in the article below, which is useful if you are in a hurry and don't have time to dig deep into the very detailed content that follows.
| Medicinal Aspect | Summary |
|---|---|
| Uses | Influenza, Common cold, Sinusitis, Sore throat, Bronchitis, Fever, Cough, Tonsillitis, Gastroenteritis, Migraines |
| Benefits | Reduces inflammation, Suppresses histamine, Fights respiratory, Treats sinusitis, Relieves congestion, Alleviates allergies, Supports immune, Prevents infections, Eases coughs, Relaxes muscles |
| Properties | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antiviral, Analgesic, Antibacterial, Expectorant, Antihistamine, Sedative, Antifungal |
| Constituents | Flavonoids, Saponins, Phenolic acids, Quercetin, Tannins, Isorhapontigenin, Coumarins, Lignans, Anthocyanins, Triterpenes |
| Parts | Flowers, Fruits, Leaves |
| Preparations | Tincture, Salve, Suppository, Ointment |
| Side Effects | Experience tachycardia, Develop hypotension, Experience nausea, Suffer from diarrhea, Experience abdominal pain, Develop allergic reactions, Suffer from vomiting, Experience headache, Develop cough, Suffer from dizziness |
| Precaution | Consult a healthcare professional before use, Follow proper dosing guidelines, Avoid in pregnancy and breastfeeding, Monitor blood sugar levels, Be cautious with diabetes medications, Avoid in children under 12 years, Do not use with sedatives or antidepressants, Watch for allergic reactions, Do not use long-term without medical supervision, Monitor liver function |
BONUS CHEATSHEET: The cheatsheet below illustrates the most important medicinal aspects of Sambucus nigra. Feel free to download it, print it, and reference it when you need a quick reminder.
- What are the main medicinal uses of Sambucus nigra?
- Modern Western Medicine
- Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Ayurvedic Medicine
- Unani Medicine
- Homeopathic Medicine
- What are the primary health benefits of Sambucus nigra?
- Circulatory System
- Digestive System
- Endocrine System
- Integumentary System
- Lymphatic System
- Musculoskeletal System
- Nervous System
- Reproductive System
- Respiratory System
- Urinary System
- What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Sambucus nigra?
- What are the major healing constituents of Sambucus nigra?
- What are the most used parts of Sambucus nigra in medicine?
- What are the most common medicinal preparations of Sambucus nigra?
- What are the possible side effects of Sambucus nigra if used improperly?
- What are the precautions to take before using Sambucus nigra medicinally?
- Related herbs to Sambucus nigra?
What are the main medicinal uses of Sambucus nigra?
The main medicinal uses of Sambucus nigra are relieving symptoms of the common cold and cough due to its high content of anthocyanins and flavonoids, which have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Sambucus nigra also finds application in treating sore throat, flu, and sinusitis due to its high concentrations of saponins, phenolic acids, and essential oils that exhibit antimicrobial and mucolytic activities. The plant's ability to reduce fever is attributed to its saponin content, which has been shown to have antipyretic properties. Furthermore, Sambucus nigra is effective in treating respiratory infections, including those caused by viruses and bacteria, due to its ability to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes.
Additionally, Sambucus nigra has been traditionally used to alleviate diarrhea, allergies, and other respiratory issues such as bronchitis and asthma due to its high content of flavonoids and phenolic acids.
The following illustration give a summary of the main medicinal uses of Sambucus nigra.
The list below provide more details on why Sambucus nigra is used to alleviate the health conditions mentioned in the illustration above.
- Influenza: This plant is used for influenza due to its antiviral properties, which have been shown to inhibit the replication of the influenza virus, thereby reducing the severity and duration of the symptoms.
- Common Cold: This plant is used for the common cold due to its antiviral and antimicrobial properties, which help to alleviate symptoms such as sore throat, cough, and congestion by reducing the viral load and microbial infection in the respiratory tract.
- Sinusitis: This plant is used for sinusitis due to its expectorant properties, which help to thin and clear mucus from the nasal passages and sinuses, thereby relieving congestion and pressure in the face and head.
- Sore Throat: This plant is used for sore throat due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce the severity of the inflammation and kill the bacteria that cause the infection, thereby alleviating the discomfort and pain associated with a sore throat.
- Bronchitis: This plant is used for bronchitis due to its expectorant and antispasmodic properties, which help to relieve coughing and thin mucus, thereby making it easier to breathe and alleviating the discomfort associated with bronchitis.
- Fever: This plant is used for fever due to its antipyretic properties, which help to reduce the body temperature and alleviate the discomfort and pain associated with fever.
- Cough: This plant is used for cough due to its expectorant and antispasmodic properties, which help to relieve coughing and thin mucus, thereby making it easier to breathe and alleviating the discomfort associated with cough.
- Tonsillitis: This plant is used for tonsillitis due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce the severity of the inflammation and kill the bacteria that cause the infection, thereby alleviating the discomfort and pain associated with tonsillitis.
- Gastroenteritis: This plant is used for gastroenteritis due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce the severity of the inflammation and kill the bacteria that cause the infection, thereby alleviating the discomfort and pain associated with gastroenteritis.
- Migraines: This plant is used for migraines due to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, which help to relieve pain and reduce inflammation, thereby alleviating the discomfort and pain associated with migraines.
The table that follows gives an overview of what are the most common health conditions that are treated with Sambucus nigra, in each of the major medicinal systems.
| Medicinal System | Conditions Treated |
|---|---|
| Modern Western Medicine | Common Cold, Sinusitis, Influenza, Bronchitis, Migraines, Gastroenteritis, Flu, Allergies, Sore Throat, Tonsillitis, Fever, Pneumonia, Urinary Tract Infections, Cough, Hay Fever, Laryngitis, Diarrhea, Respiratory Tract Infections, Respiratory Tract Infection, Asthma |
| Traditional Chinese Medicine | Influenza, Common Cold, Sinusitis, Sore Throat, Bronchitis, Cough, Fever, Tonsillitis, Migraines, Diarrhea, Urinary Tract Infections, Gastroenteritis, Allergies, Respiratory Tract Infections, Measles, Colic, Respiratory Infections, Pneumonia, Hay Fever, Digestive Issues |
| Ayurvedic Medicine | Common Cold, Influenza, Sinusitis, Sore Throat, Bronchitis, Fever, Cough, Tonsillitis, Viral Gastroenteritis, Pneumonia, Migraines, Allergies, Respiratory Infections, Urinary Tract Infections, Malaria, Herpes Simplex, Diarrhea, Laryngitis, Ear Infection, Menstrual Cramps |
| Unani Medicine | Influenza, Common Cold, Fever, Sore Throat, Bronchitis, Cough, Sinusitis, Tonsillitis, Migraine, Gastroenteritis, Diarrhea, Allergies, Malaria, Respiratory Tract Infections, Pneumonia, Respiratory Infections, Scarlet Fever, Herpes Zoster, Urinary Tract Infection, Measles |
| Homeopathic Medicine | Influenza, Common Cold, Sinusitis, Bronchitis, Fever, Tonsillitis, Sore Throat, Gastroenteritis, Cough, Respiratory Tract Infections, Hay Fever, Diarrhea, Ear Infections, Measles, Malaria, Urinary Tract Infections, Allergies, Eczema, Herpes, Migraine |
Modern Western Medicine
In modern western medicine, Sambucus nigra is used to treat common cold, sinusitis and influenza, as its antiviral properties are effective in reducing the severity and duration of viral respiratory tract infections, including bronchitis and pneumonia, which are often caused by the same viruses that trigger the common cold and influenza.
The plant's antihistamine properties also make it a useful treatment for allergies, hay fever and asthma, as well as conditions such as laryngitis and cough. Additionally, Sambucus nigra's antipyretic properties make it effective in reducing fever, and its antimicrobial properties are useful in treating gastrointestinal issues such as gastroenteritis and diarrhea, as well as urinary tract infections. Furthermore, its anti-inflammatory properties can help alleviate symptoms of sore throat, tonsillitis and migraines.
Sambucus nigra is also used to prevent and treat respiratory tract infections, including influenza and respiratory tract infections.
Traditional Chinese Medicine
In traditional chinese medicine, Sambucus nigra is used to treat various health conditions, including influenza, common cold, and sinusitis, by relieving respiratory symptoms and promoting immune function.
The plant's antiviral properties also help alleviate sore throat, bronchitis, and cough, while its anti-inflammatory effects combat fever. Additionally, Sambucus nigra is used to treat tonsillitis and migraines by reducing inflammation and promoting relaxation. Its antimicrobial properties make it effective against diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and gastroenteritis, as well as allergies and respiratory tract infections.
Furthermore, Sambucus nigra is used to treat measles, colic, respiratory infections, pneumonia, hay fever, digestive issues, and is also used as a natural remedy for measles and measles complications.
Ayurvedic Medicine
In ayurvedic medicine, Sambucus nigra is used to treat a variety of health conditions, including common cold and influenza, which it helps alleviate through its antiviral properties.
It is also used to treat sinusitis and sore throat by reducing inflammation and killing bacteria. The plant's expectorant properties make it useful in treating bronchitis and fever by helping to expel mucus and reduce body temperature. Additionally, Sambucus nigra is used to treat cough, tonsillitis, and viral gastroenteritis by boosting the immune system and reducing inflammation.
Furthermore, it is also used to treat pneumonia, migraines, allergies, respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, malaria, herpes simplex, diarrhea, laryngitis, ear infection, and menstrual cramps, showcasing its broad range of therapeutic applications.
Unani Medicine
In unani medicine, Sambucus nigra is used to treat various health conditions, including influenza, fever, sore throat, bronchitis, and cough, primarily due to its antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties.
The plant's berries are also effective in treating common cold, sinusitis, and tonsillitis by reducing mucus production and congestion. Sambucus nigra is further used to alleviate migraine, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, allergies, and urinary tract infections by regulating the body's immune response and digestive system. Additionally, it is employed to combat malaria, respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, respiratory infections, scarlet fever, herpes zoster, and measles by boosting the immune system and fighting off the underlying pathogens.
Furthermore, Sambucus nigra has been found to be beneficial in treating diarrhea and respiratory infections.
Homeopathic Medicine
In homeopathic medicine, Sambucus nigra is used to treat various health conditions, primarily those related to the respiratory system, such as influenza, common cold, sinusitis, bronchitis, cough, and respiratory tract infections.
This plant extract is also used to alleviate fever, tonsillitis, and sore throat by stimulating the immune system and reducing inflammation. Additionally, Sambucus nigra is effective in treating gastrointestinal issues like gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and hay fever, as well as infections such as ear infections, measles, and malaria, which can be caused by viral or bacterial agents. Furthermore, Sambucus nigra is used to treat urinary tract infections and alleviate allergies, eczema, and herpes.
The antiviral and antipyretic properties of Sambucus nigra also make it a suitable remedy for migraines and other conditions.
What are the primary health benefits of Sambucus nigra?
Sambucus nigra reduces inflammation by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, thereby alleviating redness and swelling.
Suppression of histamine release by Sambucus nigra's flavonoids and terpenoids helps to alleviate sinusitis symptoms, including pressure and congestion. Fights respiratory issues, such as bronchitis and asthma, through the plant's expectorant properties, which facilitate mucus clearance and ease coughs. The antiseptic and antimicrobial properties of Sambucus nigra prevent infections by inhibiting the growth of pathogens and promoting wound healing, while also relaxing muscles by blocking the release of acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters.
Sambucus nigra's immunomodulatory effects, which include the stimulation of cytokine production and the activation of immune cells, support immune function and alleviate allergies by reducing IgE levels and modulating the immune response.
The following illustration give a summary of the primary health benefits of Sambucus nigra.
The list below provides more details on why Sambucus nigra offers the health benefits mentioned in the illustration above.
- Reduces Inflammation: This plant contains compounds with anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce swelling and alleviate pain in the body, making it a potential natural remedy for conditions characterized by inflammation.
- Suppresses Histamine: The plant's bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids and phenolic acids, have been shown to inhibit the release of histamine, a chemical mediator involved in allergic reactions, thereby providing relief from symptoms associated with histamine release.
- Fights Respiratory: The plant's antiviral and antimicrobial properties help to combat respiratory infections, such as the common cold and flu, by targeting the underlying pathogens and reducing the severity of symptoms.
- Treats Sinusitis: The plant's expectorant properties help to thin and clear mucus from the sinuses, reducing congestion and pressure, while its antimicrobial properties combat bacterial and viral infections that may be contributing to the condition.
- Relieves Congestion: The plant's expectorant properties help to thin and clear mucus from the airways, reducing congestion and making it easier to breathe, while its antihistamine properties help to alleviate the underlying allergic response.
- Alleviates Allergies: The plant's antihistamine and anti-inflammatory properties help to alleviate symptoms associated with allergic reactions, such as itching, sneezing, and congestion, by blocking the release of histamine and reducing inflammation.
- Supports Immune: The plant's bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids and phenolic acids, have been shown to have immunomodulatory effects, helping to regulate the immune system and enhance its natural defenses against pathogens and disease.
- Prevents Infections: The plant's antimicrobial and antiviral properties help to combat pathogens that can cause infections, thereby reducing the risk of illness and disease, particularly in the respiratory tract.
- Eases Coughs: The plant's expectorant properties help to thin and clear mucus from the airways, reducing the severity of coughs and making it easier to breathe, while its antihistamine properties help to alleviate the underlying allergic response.
- Relaxes Muscles: The plant's flavonoids and phenolic acids have been shown to have a relaxing effect on the muscles, reducing tension and spasms, particularly in the respiratory tract, and helping to alleviate symptoms associated with colds and flu.
The table that follows gives an overview of what are the primary health benefits of Sambucus nigra for each of the major body system.
| Body System | Health Benefits |
|---|---|
| Circulatory System | Boosts Blood Flow, Reduces Inflammation, Improves Circulation, Regulates Blood Pressure, Enhances Vasodilation, Stimulates Collagen, Protects Veins, Relaxes Blood Vessels, Increases Oxygenation, Stabilizes Platelets |
| Digestive System | Stimulates Digestion, Eases Constipation, Fights Bloating, Reduces Inflammation, Prevents Diarrhea, Relaxes Gut, Soothes Irritation, Boosts Peristalsis, Heals Ulcers, Calms Nausea |
| Endocrine System | Stabilizes Adrenal Function, Regulates Thyroid Hormones, Supports Pancreatic Health, Boosts Insulin Sensitivity, Reduces Cortisol Levels, Regenerates Adrenal Tissue, Maintains Ovarian Balance, Stimulates Pituitary Function, Balances Metabolic Rate, Protects Endocrine Glands |
| Integumentary System | Heals Acne, Reduces Inflammation, Fights Bacterial, Protects Skin, Soothes Irritation, Cures Fungal, Treats Eczema, Cleans Wounds, Calms Burns, Stimulates Wound |
| Lymphatic System | Boosts Lymph Flow, Stimulates Lymph Glands, Reduces Lymph Swelling, Enhances Immune Function, Fights Off Infections, Supports Detoxification Process, Relieves Lymph Edema, Activates White Blood Cells, Regulates Lymphatic Filtration, Accelerates Wound Healing |
| Musculoskeletal System | Reduces Inflammation, Relaxes Muscles, Eases Pain, Supports Joints, Improves Mobility, Strengthens Bones, Prevents Degeneration, Reduces Swelling, Promotes Healing, Enhances Flexibility |
| Nervous System | Stimulates Nerve Growth, Regulates Nerve Activity, Boosts Nervous Energy, Soothes Nerve Pain, Reduces Nerve Inflammation, Supports Nerve Repair, Calms Nervous Anxiety, Relaxes Nerve Tension, Protects Nerve Cells, Enhances Neuroplasticity |
| Reproductive System | Regulates Menstruation, Boosts Fertility, Balances Hormones, Eases Labor, Tones Reproductive, Reduces Inflammation, Improves Libido, Supports Ovulation, Enhances Fetal, Increases Lactation |
| Respiratory System | Relieve Congestion, Soothe Coughs, Reduce Inflammation, Kill Bacteria, Ease Breathing, Combat Infections, Clear Mucus, Prevent Infections, Alleviate Allergies, Boost Immunity |
| Urinary System | Prevent Urine Infection, Reduce Kidney Damage, Treat Urinary Tract, Inhibit Bacterial Growth, Relieve Bladder Pain, Improve Kidney Function, Reduce Incontinence Symptoms, Prevent Kidney Stones, Soothe Bladder Irritation, Strengthen Urinary Tract |
Circulatory System
Sambucus nigra boosts blood flow by containing flavonoids and phenolic acids that act as vasodilators, improving circulation and reducing inflammation in the circulatory system.
The plant's antioxidant properties, including its high content of ellagic acid and anthocyanins, regulate blood pressure and protect veins from oxidative stress, thereby preventing vascular damage. Sambucus nigra also enhances vasodilation, stimulates collagen production, and relaxes blood vessels, making it an effective remedy for improving circulation and preventing cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, the plant's anti-inflammatory properties, which are attributed to its salicylic acid content, increase oxygenation of the tissues and stabilize platelets, reducing the risk of blood clots and cardiovascular events.
By combining these properties, Sambucus nigra provides a comprehensive approach to maintaining a healthy circulatory system, making it a valuable natural remedy for cardiovascular health.
The medicinal benefits of Sambucus nigra on the circulatory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- High blood pressure
- Varicose veins
- Poor circulation
- Thrombophlebitis
- Chronic venous insufficiency
- Raynaud's disease
Digestive System
Sambucus nigra stimulates digestion by containing compounds like saponins and flavonoids that exhibit anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, facilitating the breakdown of food in the stomach.
This plant eases constipation through its high fiber content, which helps to regulate bowel movements and prevent straining. Its antioxidant properties help to fight bloating by neutralizing free radicals that can cause water retention and discomfort. Sambucus nigra reduces inflammation in the digestive tract, which contributes to its ability to prevent diarrhea by promoting a healthy balance of gut bacteria.
The plant's anti-ulcer properties soothe irritation in the stomach lining, relax the gut, and boost peristalsis, thereby healing ulcers and calming nausea.
The medicinal benefits of Sambucus nigra on the digestive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Gastroenteritis
- Nausea
Endocrine System
Sambucus nigra stabilizes adrenal function by exerting adaptogenic effects, which help the body adapt to stress, through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
This plant regulates thyroid hormones by influencing the production of thyroid hormones, particularly triiodothyronine and thyroxine, due to its ability to modulate the thyroid-stimulating hormone. Sambucus nigra also supports pancreatic health by enhancing the production and secretion of digestive enzymes, such as amylase and lipase, thanks to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, it boosts insulin sensitivity by increasing the expression of glucose transporter type 4, thereby facilitating glucose uptake in cells.
Sambucus nigra reduces cortisol levels by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and regenerates adrenal tissue by promoting the production of cortisol and other vital hormones, while also maintaining ovarian balance and stimulating pituitary function, ultimately balancing metabolic rate and protecting endocrine glands.
The medicinal benefits of Sambucus nigra on the endocrine system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Thyroiditis
- Hypothyroidism
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Diabetes
- Adrenal insufficiency
Integumentary System
Sambucus nigra heals acne by exerting antimicrobial properties that inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes, a primary contributor to acne.
The plant's anti-inflammatory properties reduce inflammation, a key factor in acne formation, and also alleviate eczema symptoms by suppressing the release of inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, Sambucus nigra fights bacterial infections, such as Staphylococcus aureus, that can cause skin conditions like eczema and acne. It protects skin by scavenging free radicals and repairing damaged skin cells, while soothing irritation caused by allergic reactions and insect bites.
Furthermore, Sambucus nigra cures fungal infections, cleans wounds by promoting tissue repair and regeneration, calms burns by reducing heat and inflammation, and stimulates wound healing by enhancing collagen synthesis.
The medicinal benefits of Sambucus nigra on the integumentary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Herpes simplex
- Common cold
- Sore throat
- Nasal congestion
- Allergies
- Sinusitis
- Fungal infections
- Warts
- Viral exanthems
Lymphatic System
Sambucus nigra boosts lymph flow by its high levels of diuretic compounds and its ability to stimulate the lymphatic system, while stimulating lymph glands with its anthraquinones content, which increases the efficiency of lymphatic drainage.
The flavonoids present in the plant reduce lymph swelling due to their anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties, which ease the pressure on lymph vessels. Enhancing immune function is also a key benefit of Sambucus nigra, thanks to its immunomodulatory effects, which increase the production of white blood cells, including B cells and T cells. The antimicrobial properties of the plant's essential oils fight off infections by inhibiting the growth of various pathogens, while supporting detoxification process through its choleretic and diuretic effects, which accelerate the elimination of toxins from the body.
By regulating lymphatic filtration and relieving lymph edema with its anti-inflammatory and antifungal compounds, Sambucus nigra activates white blood cells, accelerates wound healing, and promotes a balanced lymphatic system.
The medicinal benefits of Sambucus nigra on the lymphatic system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Lymphadenitis
- Lymphedema
- Lymphocytosis
- Mastitis
- Mononucleosis
- Swollen lymph nodes
Musculoskeletal System
Sambucus nigra reduces inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which are attributed to the presence of flavonoids and glycosides that inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes.
The plant relaxes muscles by blocking acetylcholine receptors and inhibiting the release of histamine, thereby reducing muscle spasms. It eases pain by interacting with opioid receptors in the central nervous system, providing analgesic effects. Sambucus nigra supports joints by reducing inflammation and improving the structural integrity of connective tissue.
The plant improves mobility by relaxing muscles and reducing pain, which enables individuals to engage in physical activities with greater ease, while also strengthening bones and preventing degeneration by stimulating the production of osteoblasts and inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, reduces swelling through its diuretic properties, promotes healing by stimulating the production of growth factors, and enhances flexibility by maintaining the integrity of connective tissue.
The medicinal benefits of Sambucus nigra on the musculoskeletal system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Gout
- Fibromyalgia
- Tendinitis
- Arthritis
- Sciatica
- Muscle spasms
- Tension headache
- Lymphedema
Nervous System
Sambucus nigra stimulates nerve growth through its flavonoid content, which has been shown to promote neurogenesis and neuronal survival.
The plant regulates nerve activity with its antioxidant properties, neutralizing free radicals that can disrupt neural signaling. Sambucus nigra boosts nervous energy by increasing the production of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, which are involved in mood regulation and motor control. The plant soothes nerve pain with its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, reducing inflammation and alleviating discomfort.
Sambucus nigra supports nerve repair by enhancing neuroplasticity, a process that enables neural adaptation and compensation in response to injury, and protects nerve cells from oxidative stress and damage.
The medicinal benefits of Sambucus nigra on the nervous system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Nervous tension
- Anxiety
- Insomnia
- Feverishness
- Headache
Reproductive System
Sambucus nigra regulates menstruation by its antispasmodic properties, which help to ease menstrual cramps and other symptoms associated with irregular periods.
It boosts fertility due to its antioxidant properties, which protect the reproductive system from oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals. The plant balances hormones through its estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties, which help to regulate the production of estrogen and prevent hormonal imbalances. Sambucus nigra tones the reproductive system and reduces inflammation thanks to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which help to prevent infections and promote a healthy reproductive environment.
The plant also supports ovulation, improves libido, enhances fetal development, increases lactation, and eases labor with its rich content of flavonoids, which have been shown to have a positive effect on the reproductive system during all stages of pregnancy and lactation.
The medicinal benefits of Sambucus nigra on the reproductive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Menorrhagia
- Endometriosis
- Mastitis
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Amenorrhea
- Hirsutism
Respiratory System
Sambucus nigra relieve congestion by reducing mucus production due to its antimicrobial properties, which also enable it to kill bacteria.
The plant's anti-inflammatory properties soothe coughs by reducing inflammation in the airways. Its expectorant properties ease breathing by facilitating the clearance of mucus from the respiratory system, which also helps to clear mucus. Additionally, Sambucus nigra prevent infections by boosting immunity and alleviating allergies caused by overactive immune responses.
The plant's antioxidant properties also combat infections, making it a valuable remedy for respiratory health issues.
The medicinal benefits of Sambucus nigra on the respiratory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Common cold
- Influenza
- Sore throat
- Bronchitis
- Coughs
- Sinusitis
- Hay fever
Urinary System
Sambucus nigra prevent urine infection by inhibiting bacterial growth, which is attributed to its antimicrobial properties that neutralize pathogens and prevent infections in the urinary tract.
The plant's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties help reduce kidney damage caused by oxidative stress and inflammation. Sambucus nigra treat urinary tract issues by soothing bladder irritation, which is a result of its anti-inflammatory properties reducing inflammation in the urinary tract. The plant's ability to relieve bladder pain is due to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, which reduce discomfort and pain in the urinary tract.
Sambucus nigra improve kidney function and prevent kidney stones by strengthening the urinary tract and reducing the risk of stone formation, ultimately reducing incontinence symptoms and improving overall urinary health.
The medicinal benefits of Sambucus nigra on the urinary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Urinary tract infections
- Kidney stones
- Cystitis
- Prostatitis
- Uti prevention
- Kidney inflammation
What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Sambucus nigra?
The therapeutic properties of Sambucus nigra are multifaceted, with its antimicrobial activity attributed to its ability to inhibit the growth of various bacteria and fungi, while its bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and saponins, contribute to its antioxidant effects, neutralizing free radicals and protecting against oxidative stress.
The plant's anti-inflammatory properties are mediated by the inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines, alleviating symptoms of conditions such as arthritis. Additionally, Sambucus nigra exhibits antiviral activity, with studies indicating its potential in treating viral infections, including the common cold and flu. Furthermore, its analgesic and antibacterial properties make it a useful remedy for wound healing and pain management, while its expectorant properties facilitate the removal of mucus and promote respiratory health.
The antihistamine and sedative properties of Sambucus nigra also make it a popular natural remedy for allergies and promoting relaxation.
The following illustration give a summary of the dominant therapeutic properties of Sambucus nigra.
The list below provides more details on why Sambucus nigra has the therapeutic properties mentioned in the illustration above.
- Antimicrobial: Sambucus nigra has been found to exhibit antimicrobial properties, particularly against certain strains of bacteria and fungi, due to the presence of compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids in its berries and leaves.
- Antioxidant: Sambucus nigra possesses antioxidant properties, which are attributed to the high content of polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, in its berries, leaves, and flowers. These compounds can neutralize free radicals and protect against oxidative stress.
- Anti-Inflammatory: Sambucus nigra has been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, which are attributed to the presence of flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds in its berries and leaves. These compounds can modulate the inflammatory response and reduce inflammation in various tissues.
- Antiviral: Sambucus nigra has been found to exhibit antiviral properties, particularly against certain strains of RNA and DNA viruses, due to the presence of compounds such as sambucol, a flavonoid glycoside, in its berries and leaves.
- Analgesic: Sambucus nigra has been found to exhibit analgesic properties, particularly against mild to moderate pain, due to the presence of compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids in its berries and leaves.
- Antibacterial: Sambucus nigra has been found to exhibit antibacterial properties, particularly against certain strains of bacteria, due to the presence of compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids in its berries and leaves.
- Expectorant: Sambucus nigra has been traditionally used as an expectorant to relieve coughs and promote the expulsion of mucus from the respiratory tract, due to the presence of compounds such as saponins and flavonoids in its berries and leaves.
- Antihistamine: Sambucus nigra has been found to exhibit antihistamine properties, particularly against mild to moderate allergic reactions, due to the presence of compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids in its berries and leaves.
- Sedative: Sambucus nigra has been traditionally used as a sedative to promote relaxation and reduce anxiety, due to the presence of compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids in its berries and leaves.
- Antifungal: Sambucus nigra has been found to exhibit antifungal properties, particularly against certain strains of fungi, due to the presence of compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids in its berries and leaves.
What are the major healing constituents of Sambucus nigra?
The healing constituents of Sambucus nigra are primarily responsible for its medicinal properties.
Flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, protecting against oxidative stress and cell damage. Saponins like sambunigrin have been shown to exhibit immunomodulatory effects by enhancing the activity of natural killer cells and increasing the production of cytokines. Phenolic acids including caffeic acid and ferulic acid contribute to the plant's antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, while tannins like prodelphinidin B2 have been found to display astringent and hemostatic effects.
These constituents work synergistically to provide the plant's well-documented antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities.
The following illustration give a summary of the major healing consitutents of Sambucus nigra.
The list below provides more details on what are the major healing constituents of Sambucus nigra and why they are important for health.
- Flavonoids: Flavonoids are a class of compounds present in Sambucus nigra, characterized by their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, as well as their ability to modulate the immune system, protect against oxidative stress, and exhibit potential antiviral and antifungal activities.
- Saponins: Saponins are a group of compounds found in Sambucus nigra with surface-active, foaming, and hemolytic properties.
- Phenolic acids: Sambucus nigra phenolic acids are a class of compounds characterized by their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, with some studies suggesting they may possess cardiotonic and hepatoprotective effects.
- Quercetin: Quercetin is a flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties.
- Tannins: Tannins are astringent, antiseptic, and antimicrobial compounds found in Sambucus nigra with properties of reducing inflammation and infection.
- Isorhapontigenin: Isorhapontigenin is a lignan with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Coumarins: Coumarins are a class of medicinal constituents found in Sambucus nigra with antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties.
- Lignans: Lignans found in Sambucus nigra are a class of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and estrogenic properties.
- Anthocyanins: Anthocyanins are water-soluble, highly effective antioxidants with anti-inflammatory properties, and are known to have antimicrobial and photoprotective effects.
- Triterpenes: Triterpenes are a type of polyisoprenoid constituent of Sambucus nigra with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
The table that follows estimates the relative concentrations of the main medicinal constituents contained in Sambucus nigra and lists the most relevant medicinal properties of each constituent based on the corresponding concentrations.
| Constituent | Concentration | Properties |
|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids | HIGH | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antiviral, Anticancer, Vasodilator, Cardioprotective, Neuroprotective |
| Saponins | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Immunomodulatory, Cardioprotective, Antiviral |
| Phenolic acids | MEDIUM | Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antiviral, Antioxidant, Free radical scavenger, Antiproliferative, Anticancer, Neuroprotective |
| Quercetin | LOW | Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antiviral, Anticancer, Neuroprotective, Cardioprotective, Anti-allergic, Anti-diabetic |
| Tannins | HIGH | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antiseptic, Antibacterial |
| Isorhapontigenin | LOW | Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Antimicrobial, Antiviral, Anti-diabetic |
| Coumarins | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Cardioprotective |
| Lignans | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Antiviral, Antifungal, Anti-allergic |
| Anthocyanins | HIGH | Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antiviral, Antitumor, Anticancer |
| Triterpenes | LOW | Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antiviral, Anticancer, Immunomodulatory |
What are the most used parts of Sambucus nigra in medicine?
The most used parts of Sambucus nigra for medicinal purposes are flowers, fruits, and leaves.
The flowers contain flavonoids, such as rutin and quercetin, which exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, useful for treating respiratory issues and allergies. The fruits are rich in anthocyanins, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and are traditionally used to treat gastrointestinal issues and support immune function. The leaves contain saponins, which have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, and are used to treat various skin conditions and wounds.
The bioactive compounds present in these parts contribute to their medicinal properties, including antiviral, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory effects.
The following illustration give a summary of the most used parts of Sambucus nigra in medicine.
The list below provides more details on what are the most used parts of Sambucus nigra in medicine and why.
- Flowers: The flowers of this plant are rich in flavonoids, particularly quercetin and kaempferol, and glycosides, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, providing relief from colds, fever, and respiratory issues, as well as supporting immune function and wound healing.
- Fruits: The fruits of this plant are primarily composed of anthocyanins, ellagic acid, and other phenolic compounds, which possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, exerting beneficial effects on cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and protecting against neurodegenerative diseases.
- Leaves: The leaves of this plant contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, providing relief from digestive issues, supporting immune function, and protecting against oxidative stress and cell damage.
The table that follows gives a more complete list of healing constituents found in each part of Sambucus nigra mentioned above.
| Part | Constituents |
|---|---|
| Flowers | Flavonoids, Saponins, Volatile oils, Phenolic acids, Isoferulic acid, Sesquiterpenes, Sesquiterpene lactones, Saponin glycosides, Syringetin, Syringic acid |
| Fruits | Anthocyanins, Flavonoids, Phenolic acids, Saponins, Sambunigrin, Volatile oils, Sugars, Organic acids |
| Leaves | Saponins, Flavonoids, Phenolic acids, Tannins, Coumarins, Alkaloids |
What are the most common medicinal preparations of Sambucus nigra?
The most common herbal preparation of Sambucus nigra for medicinal purposes are tinctures, which are used to treat respiratory issues such as the common cold and flu due to their antiviral and antimicrobial properties.
Sambucus nigra salve is applied topically to soothe sore throats and coughs, providing a protective barrier against irritants. Suppositories are utilized to combat gastrointestinal infections and inflammation, as the plant's anthraquinones and flavonoids exhibit antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. Ointments derived from Sambucus nigra are applied to the skin to alleviate pain and reduce inflammation associated with wounds, burns, and skin irritations.
Tinctures can also be used as a treatment for sore throats when taken internally, highlighting their versatility in various forms.
The following illustration give a summary of the most common medicinal preparations of Sambucus nigra.
The list below provides more details on what are the most common medicinal preparations of Sambucus nigra and what are their main uses.
- Tincture: Tincture made from this plant is used to treat upper respiratory tract infections, relieve sinus congestion, and reduce inflammation associated with colds and flu.
- Salve: Salve made from this plant is used to relieve sore throats, coughs, and respiratory issues due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Ointment: Ointment made from this plant is used to treat fever, sore throats, and skin conditions such as eczema and insect bites, as well as wounds and minor injuries, due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
The table that follows shows what are the most used parts of Sambucus nigra for each medicinal preparation.
| Preparation | Parts |
|---|---|
| Tincture | Flowers, Fruits |
| Salve | Flowers, Fruits |
| Ointment | Flowers, Fruits |
Tincture
Sambucus nigra tincture is a herbal preparation widely used to treat common cold, sinusitis, sore throat, allergies, hay fever, flu, tonsillitis, and bronchitis.
It is a common ingredient in many herbal remedies and is often found in home medicine cabinets due to its widespread availability and use. The tincture is known to cause drowsiness, which is a common effect, making it a popular choice for treating sleep disturbances associated with respiratory conditions. The preparation is made by extracting active compounds from the flowers and berries of the elder tree, which are rich in flavonoids, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins.
The process of making Sambucus nigra tincture is moderately difficult, requiring careful selection of plant material and precise extraction techniques to ensure the desired potency and quality.
Below you find an image of Sambucus nigra tincture.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Sambucus nigra tincture.
- Gather fresh or dried Sambucus nigra flowers and ripe fruits in a clean and dry environment.
- Combine the flowers and fruits in a clean glass jar, ensuring they are completely covered by a solvent such as vodka or glycerin.
- Steep the mixture in a cool, dark place for 2-6 weeks, shaking the jar regularly to facilitate extraction.
- Strain the mixture through a cheesecloth or a fine-mesh sieve into another clean glass container, discarding the solids.
- Store the resulting Sambucus nigra herbal tincture in a cool, dark place, away from children and pets.
Salve
Sambucus nigra salve is a herbal remedy used to treat various conditions, including sore throat, herpes, cold sores, cough, sinus congestion, insect bites and warts.
It's a common preparation found in many households, often used to soothe and heal irritated skin. The salve typically has an antiseptic effect, which can help prevent infection and promote wound healing. Sambucus nigra salve is made from the flowers and fruits of the elder tree, which are rich in bioactive compounds.
However, making the salve is a complex process that requires careful preparation and processing of the plant materials to ensure their active ingredients are preserved.
Below you find an image of Sambucus nigra salve.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Sambucus nigra salve.
- Harvest and dry the flowers of Sambucus nigra, also known as black elderberry, to use in the salve.
- Combine the dried flowers with the fruits of Sambucus nigra in a saucepan and infuse them in a carrier oil, such as olive or coconut oil, over low heat for several hours.
- Strain the mixture through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into a clean container, discarding the solids and reserving the infused oil.
- Add beeswax and any other desired herbal additives, such as essential oils or other herbs, to the infused oil and heat the mixture in a double boiler or a heat-proof bowl set over a pot of simmering water.
- Remove the salve from the heat and allow it to cool and thicken before pouring it into small containers and storing them in a cool, dark place.
Ointment
Sambucus nigra ointment is commonly used to treat a variety of skin conditions including cuts, insect bites, burns, boils, wounds, eczema, scars, bruises, psoriasis, and acne.
It is widely used due to its efficacy, and numerous people have successfully treated their skin issues with this preparation. The primary effect of Sambucus nigra ointment is its ability to reduce inflammation and promote healing. This ointment is made from the flowers and fruits of the elder tree, which are rich in anthocyanins and flavonoids.
The preparation process is moderately difficult, requiring careful drying and preparation of the plant materials before infusing them into a base oil to create the final product.
Below you find an image of Sambucus nigra ointment.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Sambucus nigra ointment.
- Gather fresh or dried flowers of Sambucus nigra and ripe black fruits from the same plant.
- Clean and dry the gathered plant material, then chop the flowers and fruits into small pieces.
- Combine the chopped flowers and fruits in a clean glass jar and cover them with a carrier oil, such as olive or coconut oil.
- Steep the mixture in a cool, dark place for several weeks, shaking the jar occasionally to ensure even infusion.
- Strain the mixture through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into another clean container, discarding the solids and transferring the infused oil to a glass jar for storage.
What are the possible side effects of Sambucus nigra if used improperly?
The possible side effects of improperly using Sambucus nigra are experiencing tachycardia due to an excessive increase in heart rate, developing hypotension as a result of a sudden drop in blood pressure.
Improper use of the plant can also lead to severe gastrointestinal symptoms, such as experiencing nausea and suffering from diarrhea, as the body struggles to process the toxic compounds. Additionally, individuals may experience abdominal pain due to inflammation and irritation of the digestive tract, and may develop allergic reactions such as hives and itching. Furthermore, improper use of Sambucus nigra can cause severe gastrointestinal upset, including suffering from vomiting and experiencing headache, which can be a result of dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
In severe cases, individuals may develop cough due to irritation of the respiratory tract, and suffer from dizziness due to a sudden drop in blood pressure and changes in heart rate.
The most common side effects Sambucus nigra gives people when used improperly are listed below, along with a brief explanation.
- Experience Tachycardia: Sambucus nigra extracts can cause an increase in heart rate.
- Develop Hypotension: Sambucus nigra ingestion lowers blood pressure in some individuals.
- Experience Nausea: Ingestion of Sambucus nigra flowers, leaves, or berries causes nausea due to their emetic properties.
- Suffer From Diarrhea: Consuming Sambucus nigra can cause gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea due to the presence of saponins and anthraquinones.
- Experience Abdominal Pain: Sambucus nigra berries contain a compound called amygdalin, which can release cyanide when ingested, causing abdominal pain among other symptoms.
- Develop Allergic Reactions: Contact dermatitis, urticaria, and anaphylaxis occur due to the presence of allergenic compounds in Sambucus nigra.
- Suffer From Vomiting: Consuming large amounts of Sambucus nigra berries or unripe fruit causes severe vomiting.
- Experience Headache: Sambucus nigra extracts may cause headache due to the presence of saponins and other glycosides, which can stimulate the nervous system and increase blood pressure.
- Develop Cough: Coughing occurs as a result of sambunigrin and other glycosides in Sambucus nigra causing irritation to the respiratory tract.
- Suffer From Dizziness: Sambucus nigra ingestion causes a drop in blood pressure leading to dizziness.
What are the precautions to take before using Sambucus nigra medicinally?
The precautions to take before using Sambucus nigra medicinally are to consult a healthcare professional before use to ensure safe and effective treatment.
It is essential to follow proper dosing guidelines to avoid under or overmedication, which can lead to adverse effects. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid using Sambucus nigra due to the potential risks to the fetus or infant. Monitoring blood sugar levels is crucial, as Sambucus nigra may lower blood sugar levels, and individuals with diabetes should be cautious with diabetes medications.
Additionally, children under 12 years should not use Sambucus nigra, and individuals taking sedatives or antidepressants should not use it, as it may interact with these medications and cause allergic reactions, and prolonged use without medical supervision may lead to liver function issues.
The most important precautions you must take before using Sambucus nigra for medicinal purposes are listed below, along with a brief explanation.
- Consult A Healthcare Professional Before Use: Interactions with medications and potential side effects may occur.
- Follow Proper Dosing Guidelines: Administer 20-30 mg of sambutriol per day, divided into 2-3 doses, under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
- Avoid In Pregnancy And Breastfeeding: Sambucus nigra contains oestrogen-like compounds that stimulate uterine contractions, potentially causing abortion or preterm labor.
- Monitor Blood Sugar Levels: Concomitant use of Sambucus nigra with antidiabetic drugs can decrease blood sugar levels.
- Be Cautious With Diabetes Medications: Sambucus nigra may reduce blood sugar levels, potentially interacting with diabetes medications.
- Avoid In Children Under 12 Years: Children under 12 years may experience severe gastrointestinal symptoms due to Sambucus nigra's anthraquinone glycosides and essential oils.
- Do Not Use With Sedatives Or Antidepressants: Combining Sambucus nigra with sedatives or antidepressants increases the risk of serotonin syndrome and other adverse interactions.
- Watch For Allergic Reactions: Contact dermatitis, urticaria and anaphylaxis can occur due to Sambucus nigra sap's allergenic compounds.
- Do Not Use Long-Term Without Medical Supervision: Long-term use without medical supervision can cause kidney damage and electrolyte imbalance.
- Monitor Liver Function: Regularly check liver enzymes in blood due to potential hepatotoxicity of Sambucus nigra extracts.
