What to know about Sambucus nigra (elder) before using it medicinally

Sambucus nigra, commonly known as elder, is a herb that has been used for centuries to improve various aspects of health, from reducing inflammation and fighting off infections to alleviating symptoms of menopause and improving heart health.

In the garden, elder is a relatively easy-to-grow shrub that requires minimal maintenance and can thrive in a variety of conditions, making it a popular choice for permaculture and wildlife gardens. From a botanical standpoint, Sambucus nigra is a deciduous shrub that belongs to the Adoxaceae family and is characterized by its clusters of small white or purple flowers and dark green leaves.

Throughout history, elder has been used by various cultures, including ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, who prized its medicinal and spiritual properties, as well as its ability to ward off evil spirits.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Sambucus nigra.

What are the medicinal properties of Sambucus nigra?

Sambucus nigra helps with various health issues, including respiratory problems, such as bronchitis and asthma, due to its anti-inflammatory and expectorant properties. It is also used for fever reduction, skin issues, and as an antiseptic.

The active constituents of Sambucus nigra include flavonoids, sambunigrin, and anthocyanins, which provide its medicinal properties. These compounds exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects.

The most commonly used parts of the Sambucus nigra plant for medicinal purposes are the flowers, leaves, and berries. The flowers are used for making teas and infusions for respiratory issues, while the leaves are used for antiseptic and anti-inflammatory purposes.

Improper use of Sambucus nigra can cause side effects, including allergic reactions, such as skin irritation and hives, gastrointestinal issues, and interactions with certain medications, like blood thinners.

Precautions when using Sambucus nigra medicinally include consulting with a healthcare professional, especially for pregnant or breastfeeding women, children, and individuals with underlying health conditions, and following proper dosages and preparation methods.

What are the horticulural aspects of Sambucus nigra?

Sambucus nigra grow best in full sun to partial shade with a slightly acidic to neutral soil pH. It thrives in moist, well-drained soils, but can tolerate a range of soil types. Average annual rainfall of 30-60 inches supports healthy growth.

Planting tips include selecting a location with good air circulation and space for mature growth. Sambucus nigra grows 10-15 feet tall and wide. Plant bare-root or potted seedlings 6-12 feet apart in spring or fall, when the weather is cooler. Mulching around the base helps retain moisture.

Harvesting tips involve timing the ripening of berries. Elder berries are ripe when fully red, juicy, and easily detachable from the stem. Harvest in late summer to early fall, taking care not to damage the plant's delicate flowers or fruit.

Common pests affecting Sambucus nigra include aphids, scale insects, and spider mites. Fungal diseases like powdery mildew, leaf spot, and root rot also occur. Regular monitoring and pruning can help prevent infestations, while fungicides or integrated pest management techniques may be necessary to control disease outbreaks.

What are the botanical aspects of Sambucus nigra?

Sambucus nigra is a deciduous shrub or small tree that grows up to 6 meters tall, with a broad, spreading crown and a straight, erect stem. Its bark is grayish-brown, smooth, and slightly hairy. The leaves are pinnate, with 5-9 leaflets that are lance-shaped and pointed.

Sambucus nigra belongs to the family Adoxaceae and is classified as a species of the genus Sambucus. The scientific name Sambucus nigra is derived from the Latin words "sambucus" meaning elder and "nigra" meaning black. This classification reflects its close relationship with other species of the genus.

The Sambucus nigra has several variants, including S. n. 'Aurea', 'Black Beauty', and 'Superba', which are distinguished by their leaf color, stem size, and branching habit. The 'Aurea' cultivar has yellow leaves, while the 'Black Beauty' cultivar has dark purple foliage. 'Superba' has large, showy flowers.

Sambucus nigra is native to Europe, western Asia, and north Africa. It has been naturalized in many parts of the world, including North America, where it has become a common invasive species. It thrives in moist soils and full sun to partial shade.

The life cycle of Sambucus nigra typically takes two to three years. The plant germinates in spring, and the first year is spent in vegetative growth. In the second year, it produces flowers and seeds. The third year marks the beginning of its reproductive stage, which can last several years.

What are the historical aspects of Sambucus nigra?

Sambucus nigra is a plant that has been used for medicinal and culinary purposes for thousands of years. In ancient Greece, elder berries were used to treat fever and rheumatism. In Rome, the plant was used for its antiseptic properties to clean wounds.

In ancient mythology, the elder tree was associated with the Norse goddess Frigga, who was said to have used the plant to heal the wounded. In Greek mythology, the plant was linked to the goddess Demeter, who was revered for its fertility-promoting properties. The elder tree was also associated with the underworld in Celtic mythology.

In various cultures, the elder tree has been imbued with symbolic meanings. In Christianity, the plant is associated with death and the afterlife. In some European cultures, the elder tree is considered a symbol of wisdom and longevity. In Celtic traditions, the plant is linked to the cycles of life and death.

Historical texts, such as Pliny's "Naturalis Historia" and Galen's "De Medicina", describe the medicinal properties of the elder tree. The 16th-century herbalist John Gerard wrote extensively about the plant's uses, including its application as a treatment for scabies and other skin conditions.

Archaeological finds, such as ancient pottery and ceramics, have revealed the widespread use of the elder tree in ancient times. In some ancient settlements, the remains of elder berries have been found, suggesting the plant was a staple in the diet of ancient cultures.