By Leen Randell
Updated: Oct 20, 2024
What to know about Salvia officinalis before using it medicinally
Salvia officinalis, commonly known as common sage, is a versatile herb with a long history of medicinal use.
The main medicinal uses of Salvia officinalis include alleviating symptoms of menopausal hot flashes, improving cognitive function in individuals with Alzheimer's disease, and supporting oral health by reducing plaque formation and gingivitis. The herb is also associated with various health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, which contribute to its therapeutic effects. Salvia officinalis is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenes, which are responsible for its medicinal properties.
People commonly prepare the herb as a tea, often in combination with other herbs, or use it as a supplement to support brain health and alleviate symptoms of neurological disorders.
Featured Study:
According to a study published by "Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)", the essential oils of Salvia officinalis have been found to possess antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The full flowering stage of the plant was shown to have the best inhibitory effects against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase activities, as well as a strong 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory effect. Additionally, the essential oils of Salvia officinalis demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against six bacterial strains, including bactericidal effects on certain pathogens.
The following article explains in detail what are the medicinal uses of Salvia officinalis, its health benefits, therapeutic properties, bioactive compounds, used parts, and herbal preparation. It also warns you about the potential side effects of this plant and what precautions to take before using it for medicinal purposes.
ARTICLE SUMMARY: The table below summarizes the most crucial information about Salvia officinalis provided in the article below, which is useful if you are in a hurry and don't have time to dig deep into the very detailed content that follows.
| Medicinal Aspect | Summary |
|---|---|
| Uses | Anxiety, Insomnia, Diarrhea, Migraines, Digestive issues, Inflammation, Diabetes, Asthma, Hypertension, Gastritis |
| Benefits | Reduces inflammation, Suppresses bacterial growth, Eases digestive issues, Lowers blood sugar levels, Relieves menstrual cramps, Improves cognitive function, Reduces anxiety symptoms, Boosts immune system, Fights cancer cells, Regulates blood pressure |
| Properties | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Antispasmodic, Antiviral, Antiseptic, Cicatrizant, Hepatoprotective |
| Constituents | Rosmarinic acid, Ursolic acid, Quercetin, Luteolin, Apigenin, Oleanolic acid, Thymol, Carnosic acid, Kaempferol, Salvianolic acid |
| Parts | Leaves, Flowers, Roots |
| Preparations | Tincture, Essential oil, Salve, Capsule, Tea |
| Side Effects | Experiencing gastrointestinal distress, Showing signs of allergic reaction, Experiencing cardiovascular issues, Showing liver toxicity, Experiencing hormonal imbalance, Experiencing neurological symptoms, Experiencing kidney damage, Experiencing seizures, Experiencing psychotic episodes, Experiencing respiratory failure |
| Precaution | Consult a healthcare professional before use, Monitor blood pressure and heart rate, Use in moderation and for short periods, Avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding, Do not use with sedatives or antidepressants, Be aware of interactions with other medications, Start with low doses and gradually increase, Watch for signs of allergic reactions, Avoid use in children and elderly, Store properly to maintain potency and safety |
BONUS CHEATSHEET: The cheatsheet below illustrates the most important medicinal aspects of Salvia officinalis. Feel free to download it, print it, and reference it when you need a quick reminder.
- What are the main medicinal uses of Salvia officinalis?
- Modern Western Medicine
- Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Ayurvedic Medicine
- Unani Medicine
- Homeopathic Medicine
- What are the primary health benefits of Salvia officinalis?
- Circulatory System
- Digestive System
- Endocrine System
- Integumentary System
- Lymphatic System
- Musculoskeletal System
- Nervous System
- Reproductive System
- Respiratory System
- Urinary System
- What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Salvia officinalis?
- What are the major healing constituents of Salvia officinalis?
- What are the most used parts of Salvia officinalis in medicine?
- What are the most common medicinal preparations of Salvia officinalis?
- What are the possible side effects of Salvia officinalis if used improperly?
- What are the precautions to take before using Salvia officinalis medicinally?
- Are there scientific studies that prove the medical effectiveness of Salvia officinalis?
- Related herbs to Salvia officinalis?
What are the main medicinal uses of Salvia officinalis?
The main medicinal uses of Salvia officinalis are the relief of digestive issues, such as indigestion, due to the presence of carvacrol, a compound that exhibits antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
The essential oil of Salvia officinalis has also been found to effectively treat respiratory problems, including cough and respiratory issues, by inhibiting the production of mucus and reducing inflammation. Additionally, Salvia officinalis has been used to alleviate anxiety, fever, and inflammation, likely due to the presence of rosmarinic acid, a compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The plant's antispasmodic properties, attributed to its content of borneol, make it a potential treatment for diarrhea and skin conditions, such as eczema, by soothing the digestive tract and reducing inflammation.
Furthermore, Salvia officinalis has been traditionally used to treat respiratory issues, fever, and inflammation, likely due to its antiseptic and antimicrobial properties.
The following illustration give a summary of the main medicinal uses of Salvia officinalis.
The list below provide more details on why Salvia officinalis is used to alleviate the health conditions mentioned in the illustration above.
- Anxiety: It has been traditionally used to alleviate anxiety and restlessness due to its effects on the nervous system, particularly its ability to reduce stress and promote relaxation.
- Insomnia: Its sedative properties have been utilized to treat insomnia and promote a good night's sleep, thereby helping to regulate sleep patterns.
- Diarrhea: The plant's antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties are used to treat diarrhea by reducing inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract and alleviating spasms.
- Migraines: Its anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties have been traditionally used to treat migraines, helping to reduce inflammation and alleviate muscle spasms associated with the condition.
- Digestive Issues: The plant's antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties are used to treat digestive issues, such as indigestion and irritable bowel syndrome, by reducing inflammation and alleviating muscle spasms in the gastrointestinal tract.
- Inflammation: It contains compounds with anti-inflammatory properties, which have been traditionally used to treat various inflammatory conditions, including arthritis and skin irritations.
- Diabetes: Some studies suggest that the plant may help to manage blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity, although more research is needed to confirm its efficacy in treating diabetes.
- Asthma: The plant's antispasmodic properties have been traditionally used to treat asthma by reducing muscle spasms in the bronchial tubes and alleviating respiratory distress.
- Hypertension: Some studies suggest that the plant may help to lower blood pressure and improve cardiovascular health, although more research is needed to confirm its efficacy in treating hypertension.
- Gastritis: Its anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties are used to treat gastritis, helping to reduce inflammation and alleviate muscle spasms in the stomach and duodenum.
The table that follows gives an overview of what are the most common health conditions that are treated with Salvia officinalis, in each of the major medicinal systems.
| Medicinal System | Conditions Treated |
|---|---|
| Modern Western Medicine | Anxiety, Insomnia, Inflammation, Digestive Issues, Hypertension, Diabetes, Respiratory Issues, Cough, Migraines, Stress, Diarrhea, Gastroenteritis, Epilepsy, Migraine, Gastroesophageal Reflux, Wound Healing, Memory Loss, Bronchitis, Menstrual Cramps, Asthma |
| Traditional Chinese Medicine | Inflammation, Diarrhea, Indigestion, Anxiety, Digestive Issues, Coughs, Migraines, Diabetes, Dyspepsia, Insomnia, Hypertension, Fever, Bronchitis, Rheumatism, Gastroenteritis, Epilepsy, Vomiting, Migraine, Headache, Stomach Pain |
| Ayurvedic Medicine | Anxiety, Digestive Issues, Insomnia, Migraines, Diarrhea, Diabetes, Asthma, Gastritis, Migraine, Stress, Wound Healing, Inflammation, Epilepsy, Hypertension, Arthritis, Bronchitis, Memory Loss, Skin Infections, Dyspepsia, Gastrointestinal Issues |
| Unani Medicine | Diarrhea, Gastritis, Insomnia, Asthma, Rheumatism, Anxiety, Hypertension, Indigestion, Nausea, Menstrual Cramps, Cough, Migraine, Hiccups, Fever, Dyspepsia, Digestive Issues, Bronchitis, Flatulence, Diabetes, Arthritis |
| Homeopathic Medicine | Migraines, Anxiety, Insomnia, Inflammation, Diabetes, Nausea, Indigestion, Stress, Gastritis, Arthritis, Digestive Issues, Hypertension, Diarrhea, Cough, Asthma, Epilepsy, Gastroenteritis, Menstrual Cramps, Hiccups, Respiratory Issues |
Modern Western Medicine
In modern western medicine, Salvia officinalis is used to treat various health conditions, primarily anxiety, insomnia, and inflammation, due to its anti-inflammatory and adaptogenic properties.
Additionally, it is used to alleviate digestive issues such as diarrhea and gastroenteritis by reducing gut inflammation and improving gut health. Furthermore, Salvia officinalis is used to manage hypertension, diabetes, and respiratory issues like bronchitis and asthma, as well as to relieve coughs and migraines, and reduce menstrual cramps. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties also aid in wound healing, and have been studied for their potential to reduce stress and memory loss.
Moreover, Salvia officinalis is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux, epilepsy, and to alleviate symptoms of respiratory issues, such as bronchitis and asthma.
Traditional Chinese Medicine
In traditional chinese medicine, Salvia officinalis is used to treat inflammation by reducing oxidative stress and promoting healing.
It is also used to alleviate diarrhea due to its antispasmodic properties, which help relax the smooth muscles in the intestinal tract. Additionally, the plant is employed to treat indigestion by enhancing digestion and relieving spasms in the digestive system. Furthermore, Salvia officinalis is used to calm anxiety and alleviate digestive issues by regulating gut motility and secretion.
Its antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties also make it effective in treating coughs, migraines, diabetes, dyspepsia, insomnia, hypertension, fever, bronchitis, rheumatism, gastroenteritis, epilepsy, vomiting, headaches, and stomach pain.
Ayurvedic Medicine
In ayurvedic medicine, Salvia officinalis is used to treat anxiety through its adaptogenic properties, which help balance the body's response to stress.
It also alleviates digestive issues by regulating gut motility and enhancing the secretion of digestive enzymes. Additionally, Salvia officinalis is used to address insomnia by reducing inflammation in the brain and promoting relaxation. Furthermore, it has been found to alleviate migraines by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, and its anti-diarrheal properties help in managing diarrhea.
Salvia officinalis is also effective in managing diabetes by reducing blood sugar levels, and its anti-asthmatic properties alleviate asthma symptoms by relaxing airway muscles, while also providing relief from gastritis, migraines, stress, wound healing, inflammation, epilepsy, hypertension, arthritis, bronchitis, memory loss, skin infections, dyspepsia, and gastrointestinal issues.
Unani Medicine
In unani medicine, Salvia officinalis is used to treat various health conditions, including diarrhea, which is alleviated by its antimicrobial properties.
The essential oil of Salvia officinalis is also used to soothe gastritis, while its leaves are known to promote relaxation and reduce insomnia. Additionally, it is used to treat asthma due to its bronchodilatory effects, and to alleviate the pain associated with rheumatism. Furthermore, its anxiolytic properties make it a treatment for anxiety, and it has been found to help manage hypertension by reducing blood pressure.
Salvia officinalis is also used to treat indigestion, nausea, menstrual cramps, cough, migraine, hiccups, fever, dyspepsia, digestive issues, bronchitis, flatulence, diabetes, and arthritis.
Homeopathic Medicine
In homeopathic medicine, Salvia officinalis is used to alleviate migraines, a debilitating condition caused by vascular issues, through its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.
The plant's anxiolytic effects also make it a treatment for anxiety disorders, while its sedative properties can help patients with insomnia. Additionally, Salvia officinalis has anti-inflammatory compounds that can help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms in diabetes patients. Its carminative properties can also treat nausea and indigestion, making it a natural remedy for stress and gastritis.
Furthermore, the plant's antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effects can be used to treat various conditions including arthritis, digestive issues, hypertension, diarrhea, cough, asthma, epilepsy, gastroenteritis, menstrual cramps, hiccups, and respiratory issues.
What are the primary health benefits of Salvia officinalis?
Salvia officinalis reduces inflammation due to its high content of rosmarinic acid, a polyphenol with potent anti-inflammatory properties.
Suppressing bacterial growth, it contains carnosic acid, a compound that inhibits the growth of various bacteria, making it effective against infections. Eases digestive issues by relaxing smooth muscle and improving gut motility, while lowering blood sugar levels through its insulin-sensitizing effects. Relieves menstrual cramps by reducing prostaglandin production, improves cognitive function through its antioxidant properties, and reduces anxiety symptoms by modulating the GABA receptor.
Boosting immune system, it contains thymol, a compound with immunomodulatory effects, and fights cancer cells through its antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities, also regulating blood pressure through its vasodilatory effects.
The following illustration give a summary of the primary health benefits of Salvia officinalis.
The list below provides more details on why Salvia officinalis offers the health benefits mentioned in the illustration above.
- Reduces Inflammation: This plant contains compounds that have anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce swelling and ease pain in the body. These compounds, including triterpenoid saponins and flavonoids, have been shown to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines, thereby reducing inflammation and promoting healing.
- Suppresses Bacterial Growth: The plant's essential oils, particularly carvacrol and thymol, have antimicrobial properties that help to suppress the growth of certain bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. These compounds have been shown to disrupt the cell membranes of microorganisms, ultimately leading to their death and preventing the spread of infection.
- Eases Digestive Issues: The plant's leaves contain compounds that have been shown to have a relaxing effect on the digestive system, helping to alleviate symptoms of digestive issues such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), bloating, and cramps. These compounds, including volatile oils and flavonoids, help to reduce inflammation and improve digestion, thereby easing digestive issues.
- Lowers Blood Sugar Levels: The plant's extracts have been shown to have a hypoglycemic effect, helping to lower blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. The compounds responsible for this effect, including carnosic acid and rosmanol, have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce glucose production in the liver.
- Relieves Menstrual Cramps: The plant's essential oils, particularly carvacrol and borneol, have been shown to have a relaxing effect on the uterus, helping to alleviate menstrual cramps and other symptoms associated with PMS. These compounds help to reduce inflammation and relax the uterine muscles, thereby providing relief from menstrual cramps.
- Improves Cognitive Function: The plant's extracts have been shown to have a neuroprotective effect, helping to improve cognitive function and memory. The compounds responsible for this effect, including carnosic acid and ursolic acid, have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, thereby promoting healthy brain function.
- Reduces Anxiety Symptoms: The plant's essential oils, particularly linalool and borneol, have been shown to have an anxiolytic effect, helping to reduce anxiety symptoms and promote relaxation. These compounds help to reduce stress and anxiety by promoting the release of neurotransmitters such as GABA and serotonin.
- Boosts Immune System: The plant's extracts have been shown to have immunomodulatory effects, helping to boost the immune system and prevent illness. The compounds responsible for this effect, including triterpenoid saponins and flavonoids, have been shown to stimulate the production of white blood cells and activate immune cells, thereby promoting healthy immune function.
- Fights Cancer Cells: The plant's extracts have been shown to have antineoplastic effects, helping to fight cancer cells and inhibit tumor growth. The compounds responsible for this effect, including carnosic acid and ursolic acid, have been shown to induce apoptosis in cancer cells, inhibit angiogenesis, and reduce oxidative stress, thereby preventing the growth and spread of cancer cells.
- Regulates Blood Pressure: The plant's extracts have been shown to have a hypotensive effect, helping to regulate blood pressure in individuals with hypertension. The compounds responsible for this effect, including carnosic acid and rosmanol, have been shown to improve endothelial function, reduce inflammation, and promote vasodilation, thereby reducing blood pressure and improving cardiovascular health.
The table that follows gives an overview of what are the primary health benefits of Salvia officinalis for each of the major body system.
| Body System | Health Benefits |
|---|---|
| Circulatory System | Reduces Blood Pressure, Improves Circulation Flow, Boosts Heart Function, Lowers Cholesterol Levels, Enhances Vascular Health, Regulates Blood Flow, Improves Oxygen Delivery, Reduces Inflammation Markers, Supports Cardiac Health, Prevents Blood Clots |
| Digestive System | Reduces Inflammation, Soothes Digestive, Prevents Bloating, Relieves Constipation, Improves Absorption, Calms Irritation, Heals Ulcers, Protects Gut, Eases Diarrhea, Boosts Motility |
| Endocrine System | Regulates Hormonal Balance, Supports Thyroid Function, Lowers Cortisol Levels, Increases Insulin Sensitivity, Stabilizes Adrenal Function, Reduces Inflammation Response, Improves Pancreatic Health, Enhances Ovarian Function, Modulates Prolactin Levels, Protects Pituitary Gland |
| Integumentary System | Reduces Inflammation, Accelerates Wound Healing, Protects Skin Cells, Fades Age Spots, Relaxes Tension, Soothes Irritations, Stimulates Collagen, Fights Fungal Infections, Preserves Skin Elasticity, Calms Eczema |
| Lymphatic System | Stimulates Lymph Flow, Enhances Lymphatic Drainage, Supports Lymph Node Function, Reduces Swelling Quickly, Improves Lymphatic Circulation, Boosts Immune System, Reduces Lymph Inflammation, Increases Lymphatic Filtration, Soothes Lymphatic Irritation, Accelerates Detoxification |
| Musculoskeletal System | Relieves Joint Pain, Reduces Muscle Inflammation, Eases Muscle Spasms, Treats Arthritis Symptoms, Relaxation Of Tense Muscles, Decreases Muscle Tension, Improves Bone Density, Reduces Muscle Fatigue, Cures Muscle Cramps, Soothes Sore Joints |
| Nervous System | Relaxes Nervous System, Improves Memory Function, Reduces Anxiety Attacks, Enhances Cognitive Clarity, Regulates Sleep Patterns, Calms Nervous Tension, Increases Mental Alertness, Supports Mood Stability, Reduces Stress Hormones, Stabilizes Nerve Function |
| Reproductive System | Regulate Hormones, Improve Fertility, Boost Libido, Enhance Reproductive, Stabilize Menstrual, Treat Endometriosis, Reduce Infertility, Increase Ovulation, Cure Polycystic, Relieve Menopausal |
| Respiratory System | Relieves Congestion, Reduces Inflammation, Expels Mucus, Prevents Bronchitis, Soothes Irritation, Eases Wheezing, Combats Infections, Promotes Expectoration, Cools Down Coughs, Heals Respiratory |
| Urinary System | Prevents Bladder, Reduces Inflammation, Treats Urinary, Relaxes Muscles, Eases Discomfort, Protects Kidneys, Cures Infections, Soothes Irritation, Tightens Pelvic, Heals Stones |
Circulatory System
Salvia officinalis reduces blood pressure due to its vasodilatory properties, which enable the plant to relax blood vessels and improve circulation flow.
This reduction in blood pressure subsequently boosts heart function, allowing for more efficient pumping of blood throughout the body, while also lowering cholesterol levels by inhibiting the absorption of dietary cholesterol in the gut. The plant's antioxidant properties also enhance vascular health by neutralizing free radicals that can damage blood vessels, thereby regulating blood flow and improving oxygen delivery to tissues. Furthermore, Salvia officinalis reduces inflammation markers by exerting anti-inflammatory effects, which supports cardiac health by preventing the development of atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in blood vessels, and prevents blood clots from forming by inhibiting the activity of platelets.
By reducing blood pressure, improving circulation flow, and preventing blood clots, Salvia officinalis helps maintain a healthy circulatory system.
The medicinal benefits of Salvia officinalis on the circulatory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- High blood pressure
- Poor circulation
- Varicose veins
- Raynaud's disease
- Thrombosis
- Cardiovascular disease
Digestive System
Salvia officinalis reduces inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which also soothe digestive issues and prevent bloating by suppressing the growth of harmful bacteria in the gut.
The plant's antimicrobial and antioxidant properties relieve constipation by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, while also improving absorption of essential nutrients. Salvia officinalis calms irritation in the digestive tract and heals ulcers through its anti-ulcerogenic properties, protecting the gut from oxidative stress and inflammation.
This protection also eases diarrhea by regulating the balance of gut bacteria and boosts motility by stimulating the contractions of the intestinal muscles.
The medicinal benefits of Salvia officinalis on the digestive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Indigestion
- Nausea
- Stomach pain
- Diarrhea
- Colic
Endocrine System
Salvia officinalis regulates hormonal balance by exerting its adaptogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, which also lower cortisol levels by reducing the production of stress hormones and subsequently supporting thyroid function, while its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties increase insulin sensitivity by enhancing the uptake of glucose in cells.
The plant's ability to stabilize adrenal function is attributed to its adaptogenic and anti-stress properties, which in turn reduce inflammation response by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Salvia officinalis also improves pancreatic health by modulating the secretion of digestive enzymes and enhancing the function of pancreatic beta cells, thereby protecting pituitary gland and regulating prolactin levels. Additionally, its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties enhance ovarian function by promoting the production of reproductive hormones and regulating ovulation, and its antimicrobial properties prevent infections that can compromise pancreatic health.
By exerting its adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, Salvia officinalis also improves pancreatic health and regulates hormonal balance by stabilizing adrenal function.
The medicinal benefits of Salvia officinalis on the endocrine system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Hypothyroidism
- Hyperglycemia
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Menopausal symptoms
- Hirsutism
- Hypogonadism
Integumentary System
Salvia officinalis reduces inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which help to mitigate the symptoms of irritated skin.
Accelerating wound healing is facilitated by the antimicrobial properties of Salvia officinalis, which inhibit the growth of pathogens and promote tissue repair. Protecting skin cells from oxidative damage is achieved through the antioxidant properties of Salvia officinalis, which neutralize free radicals and prevent cell degeneration. Fading age spots is a result of the tyrosinase-inhibiting properties of Salvia officinalis, which reduce melanin production and lighten hyperpigmented areas.
Salvia officinalis also relaxes tension, soothes irritations, stimulates collagen production, fights fungal infections, preserves skin elasticity, and calms eczema due to its adaptogenic, soothing, collagen-stimulating, antifungal, elastogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties respectively.
The medicinal benefits of Salvia officinalis on the integumentary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Acne
- Dandruff
- Eczema
- Psoriasis
- Wound healing
- Skin infections
Lymphatic System
Salvia officinalis stimulates lymph flow by its anti-inflammatory properties, which also support lymph node function.
This plant enhances lymphatic drainage due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, allowing it to reduce swelling quickly. Additionally, Salvia officinalis improves lymphatic circulation through its vasodilatory action, which also boosts the immune system by increasing the production of white blood cells. The anti-inflammatory compounds in Salvia officinalis also reduce lymph inflammation and soothe lymphatic irritation, while its diuretic properties increase lymphatic filtration, accelerating detoxification.
By combining these properties, Salvia officinalis supports the overall health of the lymphatic system.
The medicinal benefits of Salvia officinalis on the lymphatic system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Edema
- Lymphedema
- Cough
- Congestion
- Sinusitis
- Bronchitis
- Fibromyalgia
Musculoskeletal System
Salvia officinalis relieves joint pain through its anti-inflammatory properties, which reduce swelling and ease the discomfort associated with arthritis symptoms.
The plant's antioxidant and antimicrobial properties also play a role in treating arthritis symptoms by minimizing oxidative stress and preventing infections. Additionally, Salvia officinalis reduces muscle inflammation, eases muscle spasms, and soothes sore joints, thanks to its ability to modulate the body's inflammatory response and relax tense muscles. Furthermore, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties also improve bone density by promoting healthy bone metabolism and reducing oxidative stress.
Salvia officinalis also cures muscle cramps, decreases muscle tension, and reduces muscle fatigue, allowing for relaxation and a decrease in muscle fatigue.
The medicinal benefits of Salvia officinalis on the musculoskeletal system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Muscle spasm
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Osteoarthritis
- Tendinitis
- Fibromyalgia
- Neuropathy
Nervous System
Salvia officinalis relaxes nervous system through its adaptogenic properties, which help regulate the body's response to stress.
Improved memory function is also attributed to Salvia officinalis due to its antioxidant properties, which protect the brain from oxidative stress and promote healthy neuronal function. Salvia officinalis reduces anxiety attacks by exerting a calming effect on the nervous system, which is largely attributed to its antispasmodic properties that help relax muscle spasms. Enhanced cognitive clarity and increased mental alertness are also benefits of Salvia officinalis, as it contains rosmarinic acid, which has been shown to improve attention and executive function.
By regulating sleep patterns, calming nervous tension, supporting mood stability, reducing stress hormones, and stabilizing nerve function, Salvia officinalis provides a comprehensive range of benefits for the nervous system.
The medicinal benefits of Salvia officinalis on the nervous system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Anxiety
- Insomnia
- Hypertension
- Digestive issues
- Migraines
- Stress
- Fatigue
- Muscle spasms
Reproductive System
Salvia officinalis regulate hormones by exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which help to stabilize the delicate balance of hormone production in the body.
The herb's antimicrobial properties improve fertility by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the reproductive system. Additionally, Salvia officinalis boost libido due to its ability to increase dopamine and serotonin levels, stimulating the nervous system. The herb's estrogenic properties enhance reproductive health by promoting the growth and development of reproductive tissues, while its anti-inflammatory properties stabilize menstrual cycles, alleviating symptoms of PMS.
Salvia officinalis treat endometriosis and reduce infertility by inhibiting the growth of endometrial tissue, increasing ovulation, curing polycystic ovary syndrome, and relieving menopausal symptoms.
The medicinal benefits of Salvia officinalis on the reproductive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Menorrhagia
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Endometriosis
- Premenstrual syndrome
- Infertility
- Hysterectomy recovery
- Menopause symptoms
- Endometrial hyperplasia
Respiratory System
Salvia officinalis relieves congestion by reducing the viscosity of mucus, making it easier to expel.
Its anti-inflammatory properties help reduce inflammation in the airways, preventing bronchitis and soothing irritation. Antimicrobial properties of Salvia officinalis combat infections that can cause respiratory problems, while its expectorant properties promote the expulsion of mucus, further relieving congestion. Salvia officinalis also cools down coughs and heals respiratory tissues damaged by infections or irritation.
Additionally, its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties ease wheezing and reduce the severity of respiratory conditions.
The medicinal benefits of Salvia officinalis on the respiratory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Cough
- Sore throat
- Bronchitis
- Asthma
- Allergies
- Laryngitis
Urinary System
Salvia officinalis prevents bladder stones by inhibiting the formation of oxalate crystals, and it reduces inflammation in the urinary tract due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which are attributed to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids.
Salvia officinalis treats urinary infections caused by bacteria such as E. coli, thanks to its antimicrobial properties, which are effective against a wide range of microorganisms. The antioxidant properties of Salvia officinalis also relax muscles in the urinary system, preventing spasms and cramps, and ease discomfort associated with urinary tract issues. Moreover, Salvia officinalis protects kidneys from damage caused by toxins and heavy metals due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and it cures infections by eradicating pathogens.
Additionally, Salvia officinalis soothes irritation in the urinary tract, tightens pelvic muscles, and heals stones by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and reducing inflammation.
The medicinal benefits of Salvia officinalis on the urinary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Kidney stones
- Urinary tract infections
- Bladder inflammation
- Cystitis
- Enuresis
What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Salvia officinalis?
The therapeutic properties of Salvia officinalis are attributed to its ability to exhibit antimicrobial effects, thereby preventing the growth of various microorganisms.
This property is largely due to the presence of volatile oils, which possess potent antimicrobial activity. Additionally, Salvia officinalis has been found to exhibit antioxidant properties, which help in scavenging free radicals and protecting against oxidative stress. The plant's anti-inflammatory properties are also significant, as they help in reducing inflammation and alleviating symptoms associated with various inflammatory disorders.
Furthermore, Salvia officinalis has been reported to possess analgesic, antispasmodic, antiviral, antiseptic, cicatrizant, and hepatoprotective effects, as well as being capable of reducing pain, relaxing muscles, and protecting the liver, among other benefits.
The following illustration give a summary of the dominant therapeutic properties of Salvia officinalis.
The list below provides more details on why Salvia officinalis has the therapeutic properties mentioned in the illustration above.
- Antimicrobial: Salvia officinalis has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial properties, particularly against certain strains of bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, due to its essential oils and phenolic compounds.
- Antioxidant: Salvia officinalis contains antioxidants such as carnosic acid and ursolic acid, which can scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, potentially protecting against cell damage and inflammation.
- Anti-Inflammatory: The anti-inflammatory properties of Salvia officinalis are attributed to its ability to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide and prostaglandins, which can help to reduce inflammation and alleviate conditions like arthritis.
- Analgesic: Salvia officinalis has been reported to exhibit analgesic properties, likely due to the presence of compounds like caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid, which can help to reduce pain by inhibiting the release of pain-related neurotransmitters.
- Antispasmodic: The essential oils and phenolic compounds present in Salvia officinalis have been found to exhibit antispasmodic properties, which can help to relax smooth muscle and alleviate conditions like asthma, bronchitis, and irritable bowel syndrome.
- Antiviral: Salvia officinalis has been shown to exhibit antiviral activity against certain viruses, including herpes simplex virus and influenza virus, due to its ability to inhibit viral replication and induce apoptosis in infected cells.
- Antiseptic: The antiseptic properties of Salvia officinalis are attributed to its ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, due to the presence of phenolic compounds like carnosic acid and ursolic acid.
- Cicatrizant: Salvia officinalis has been traditionally used as a cicatrizant, likely due to its ability to promote wound healing by increasing collagen synthesis, improving tissue regeneration, and reducing inflammation.
- Hepatoprotective: The hepatoprotective properties of Salvia officinalis are attributed to its ability to reduce liver damage and inflammation caused by toxic substances, likely due to the presence of antioxidants like carnosic acid and ursolic acid.
What are the major healing constituents of Salvia officinalis?
The healing constituents of Salvia officinalis are primarily responsible for its medicinal properties, with rosmarinic acid exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes.
Ursolic acid has been shown to display anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities, modulating the immune system and protecting against infections. Quercetin, a flavonoid with potent antioxidant properties, is involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species and protecting against oxidative stress. Luteolin and apigenin, other flavonoids found in Salvia officinalis, have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, with luteolin also exhibiting antimicrobial and antiviral effects.
These constituents collectively contribute to the plant's therapeutic potential, including its use in treating respiratory issues, such as bronchitis and asthma.
The following illustration give a summary of the major healing consitutents of Salvia officinalis.
The list below provides more details on what are the major healing constituents of Salvia officinalis and why they are important for health.
- Rosmarinic acid: Rosmarinic acid is a polyphenolic compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties
- Ursolic acid: Ursolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, as well as the ability to inhibit histone deacetylase activity and modulate the immune response.
- Quercetin: Quercetin is a flavonoid that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
- Luteolin: Luteolin is a flavone with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties.
- Apigenin: A flavone compound found in Salvia officinalis, with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties.
- Oleanolic acid: Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties.
- Thymol: Thymol is a phenolic monoterpene with antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiseptic properties.
- Carnosic acid: A lipophilic antioxidant with potent free radical-scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties, and the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and DNA damage.
- Kaempferol: Kaempferol is a flavonoid compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
- Salvianolic acid: A water-soluble phenolic acid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties.
The table that follows estimates the relative concentrations of the main medicinal constituents contained in Salvia officinalis and lists the most relevant medicinal properties of each constituent based on the corresponding concentrations.
| Constituent | Concentration | Properties |
|---|---|---|
| Rosmarinic acid | HIGH | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antiviral, Antibacterial, Antihistaminic, Analgesic, Anti-allergic, Neuroprotective, Cardioprotective, Cytoprotective |
| Ursolic acid | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Analgesic, Anti-diabetic, Cardioprotective, Neuroprotective |
| Quercetin | LOW | Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antiviral, Antimicrobial, Antioxidative, Cytoprotective, Vasodilatory, Anti-hemolytic, Anti-cancer |
| Luteolin | LOW | Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Anti-allergic, Anti-histamine, Anti-cancer |
| Apigenin | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Antihistamine, Anticancer, Antiviral, Antispasmodic |
| Oleanolic acid | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Hepatoprotective, Antiviral, Anticancer |
| Thymol | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antifungal, Anti-inflammatory |
| Carnosic acid | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Antibacterial, Antiviral |
| Kaempferol | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antihistamine, Antiviral, Analgesic, Antispasmodic, Vasodilator |
| Salvianolic acid | LOW | Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Anticancer, Antioxidative, Cardio protective |
What are the most used parts of Salvia officinalis in medicine?
The most used parts of Salvia officinalis for medicinal purposes are leaves and flowers.
The leaves of Salvia officinalis contain primary bioactive compounds such as rosmarinic acid, flavonoids, and volatile oils, which are responsible for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. The flowers of Salvia officinalis are rich in flavonoids, particularly apigenin and luteolin, and volatile oils, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic properties. The bioactive compounds in both parts contribute to the herb's analgesic, antiseptic, and adaptogenic effects.
The combined bioactive compounds in the leaves and flowers of Salvia officinalis make it a valuable medicinal plant for treating various health conditions.
The following illustration give a summary of the most used parts of Salvia officinalis in medicine.
The list below provides more details on what are the most used parts of Salvia officinalis in medicine and why.
- Leaves: The leaves of this plant are rich in major bioactive compounds including rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, and ursolic acid, which possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, providing primary health benefits such as improved cognitive function, reduced inflammation, and enhanced immune system function.
- Flowers: The flowers of this plant contain major bioactive compounds like apigenin and luteolin, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities, conferring primary health benefits such as relief from anxiety and stress, improved cardiovascular health, and enhanced immune system function.
The table that follows gives a more complete list of healing constituents found in each part of Salvia officinalis mentioned above.
| Part | Constituents |
|---|---|
| Leaves | Ursolic acid, Oleanolic acid, Salvianolic acid, Rosmarinic acid, Caffeic acid, Volatile oils, Thujone, Carvacrol, Luteolin, Apigenin, Nepetalactone |
| Flowers | Luteolin, Apigenin, Acacetin, Rosmarinic acid, Tannins, Volatile oils |
What are the most common medicinal preparations of Salvia officinalis?
The most common herbal preparation of Salvia officinalis for medicinal purposes are tinctures, which are often used for their antimicrobial properties to treat wounds and skin conditions.
Salvia officinalis essential oil is commonly used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, and can be applied topically to relieve pain and reduce swelling. A salve made from the plant's leaves is also used to treat skin irritations and minor cuts, as well as to soothe sore muscles. Capsules containing Salvia officinalis extract are sometimes taken orally to alleviate symptoms of anxiety and insomnia, and are also used as a natural remedy for digestive issues.
Salvia officinalis tea is consumed for its expectorant properties to relieve respiratory issues such as coughs and colds.
The following illustration give a summary of the most common medicinal preparations of Salvia officinalis.
The list below provides more details on what are the most common medicinal preparations of Salvia officinalis and what are their main uses.
- Tincture: Tincture made from this plant is a concentrated liquid used to treat digestive issues, sore throats, and coughs due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as for its expectorant and antiseptic effects.
- Essential Oil: Essential oil made from this plant is used for its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties to treat wounds, sore throats, coughs and digestive issues.
- Salve: Salve made from this plant is used to treat minor wounds, skin irritations, and sore muscles by providing a protective barrier and reducing inflammation.
- Capsule: Capsule made from this plant is used to treat digestive issues, relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and manage menopausal symptoms.
- Tea: Tea made from this plant is traditionally used to treat digestive issues, such as indigestion and dyspepsia, and to reduce inflammation, particularly for sore throats and mouth ulcers.
The table that follows shows what are the most used parts of Salvia officinalis for each medicinal preparation.
| Preparation | Parts |
|---|---|
| Tincture | Leaves, Roots |
| Essential oil | Leaves, Flowers |
| Salve | Leaves, Roots |
| Capsule | Leaves, Roots |
| Tea | Leaves, Roots |
Tincture
Salvia officinalis tincture is used to treat anxiety, insomnia, digestion issues, cough, diabetes, wounds, and inflammation.
This herbal preparation is widely used due to its effectiveness and availability of the plant, making it one of the most common used tinctures. One of the most common effects of Salvia officinalis tincture is its ability to reduce stress and anxiety levels, making it a popular choice for those seeking natural remedies. The preparation is made by steeping the leaves and roots of the Salvia officinalis plant in a solvent, typically ethanol or glycerin, to extract the bioactive compounds.
While it's not extremely difficult to make, the process does require some knowledge and attention to detail to achieve the desired consistency and potency.
Below you find an image of Salvia officinalis tincture.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Salvia officinalis tincture.
- Gather fresh or dried Salvia officinalis leaves and roots from a trusted source.
- Clean and chop the Salvia officinalis leaves and roots into small pieces.
- Combine the chopped leaves and roots in a clean glass jar with a lid, leaving about an inch of space at the top.
- Pour a neutral solvent, such as 80-proof vodka or glycerin, over the leaves and roots, ensuring they are completely covered.
- Steep the mixture in a cool, dark place for 2-6 weeks, shaking the jar every few days to facilitate extraction.
Essential Oil
Salvia officinalis essential oil is commonly used to treat stress, insomnia, anxiety, pain, migraine, inflammation, respiratory issues, digestive issues, skin issues, and infection.
This preparation is widely used in aromatherapy due to its common application in various settings. The effect of Salvia officinalis essential oil is often described as calming and sedative. Salvia officinalis essential oil is typically made from the leaves and flowers of the Salvia officinalis plant, which is a perennial herb native to the Mediterranean region.
The process of extracting essential oil from the plant is moderately complex, requiring proper equipment and techniques to obtain a high-quality oil.
Below you find an image of Salvia officinalis essential oil.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Salvia officinalis essential oil.
- Gather fresh leaves and flowers of Salvia officinalis, and clean them thoroughly with water.
- Dry the leaves and flowers in a warm, well-ventilated area or using a food dehydrator to prevent spoilage.
- Using a steam distillation apparatus, place the dried leaves and flowers in the distillation chamber.
- Heat the distillation apparatus to produce steam, which will extract the essential oil from the Salvia officinalis leaves and flowers.
- Collect the extracted essential oil and filter it to remove any impurities or debris.
Salve
Salvia officinalis salve is a herbal preparation used to treat various conditions including burns, wound healing, eczema, skin infections, insect bites, muscle spasms, digestive issues and stress relief.
It's a common remedy in herbal medicine, widely used due to its effectiveness. The common effect of Salvia officinalis salve is its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which aid in healing and reducing pain. The preparation is made from the leaves and roots of the Salvia officinalis plant, which are combined with a carrier oil to create a salve.
Making Salvia officinalis salve is moderately difficult, requiring some knowledge of herbal preparation and equipment such as a double boiler and a strainer.
Below you find an image of Salvia officinalis salve.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Salvia officinalis salve.
- Gather fresh Salvia officinalis leaves and roots, and dry them thoroughly in a warm, dark place.
- Combine the dried leaves and roots in a mortar and pestle, and grind them into a fine powder.
- Add the powdered leaves and roots to a carrier oil, such as olive or coconut oil, and let it steep in a cool, dark place for several weeks.
- Strain the infused oil through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into a clean container, discarding the solids.
- Mix the infused oil with a natural wax, such as beeswax, and melt it in a double boiler or a heat-proof bowl set over a pot of simmering water, then pour the mixture into a tin or jar and let it cool and solidify.
Capsule
Salvia officinalis capsule is a herbal preparation used to treat indigestion, gastroesophageal reflux, diarrhea, stress, anxiety, insomnia, dyspepsia, and migraine.
It's commonly used due to its widespread availability and proven efficacy. This capsule has a common effect of reducing symptoms of the mentioned conditions. The preparation is made from the leaves and roots of Salvia officinalis, a plant known for its medicinal properties.
Its production is moderately difficult due to the need for precise harvesting and processing of the plant materials to preserve their active compounds.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Salvia officinalis capsule.
- Harvest fresh or dried Salvia officinalis leaves and roots from a reputable source.
- Dry the leaves and roots further to reduce moisture content, if necessary.
- Grind the dried leaves and roots into a fine powder using a grinder or mortar and pestle.
- Mix the powdered leaves and roots together in a 1:1 ratio to create the herbal blend.
- Fill gelatin capsules with the herbal blend and seal them to create the final product.
Tea
Salvia officinalis tea is a herbal preparation used to treat various health issues, including stomach upset, digestive issues, cough, respiratory infections, insomnia, skin irritation, wound healing, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and menstrual cramps.
This preparation is extremely common, often used in traditional medicine, and is a staple in many households. Its effects are well-documented, with users consistently reporting a soothing and calming sensation after consumption. Salvia officinalis tea is typically made from the leaves of the Salvia officinalis plant, which can also be used as a root.
The preparation process is straightforward, involving the steeping of the leaves or roots in hot water, making it easy to incorporate into daily routine.
Below you find an image of Salvia officinalis tea.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Salvia officinalis tea.
- Gather fresh or dried Salvia officinalis leaves and roots from a trusted source.
- Rinse the leaves and roots thoroughly with clean water to remove any dirt or debris.
- Combine the leaves and roots in a tea infuser or a heat-resistant cup.
- Pour boiling water over the leaves and roots, and let it steep for 5-7 minutes.
- Strain the tea and discard the solids, then serve the Salvia officinalis herbal tea hot or iced.
What are the possible side effects of Salvia officinalis if used improperly?
The possible side effects of improperly using Salvia officinalis are experiencing gastrointestinal distress, which can range from mild diarrhea to severe abdominal pain, as well as showing signs of allergic reaction, such as hives and swelling, particularly if the plant is ingested in large quantities or over an extended period.
In some cases, experiencing cardiovascular issues, including rapid heartbeat and blood pressure fluctuations, may occur, especially in individuals with pre-existing heart conditions. Additionally, showing liver toxicity, where liver enzymes become elevated, may be a concern, especially in individuals who consume excessive amounts of the plant or have pre-existing liver conditions. Experiencing hormonal imbalance, such as thyroid dysfunction, may also occur, particularly in individuals who consume Salvia officinalis for prolonged periods.
Furthermore, experiencing neurological symptoms, including seizures and respiratory failure, is a severe and potentially life-threatening side effect, as well as kidney damage, and psychotic episodes.
The most common side effects Salvia officinalis gives people when used improperly are listed below, along with a brief explanation.
- Experiencing Gastrointestinal Distress: Ingestion of Salvia officinalis can cause stomach upset, nausea, and diarrhea due to its saponin and thymol content.
- Showing Signs Of Allergic Reaction: Contact dermatitis, urticaria, and angioedema have been reported in individuals allergic to Salvia officinalis.
- Experiencing Cardiovascular Issues: Salvia officinalis may cause a significant increase in heart rate and blood pressure, potentially leading to hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias.
- Showing Liver Toxicity: Ingestion of excessive Salvia officinalis extracts can cause liver injury due to the presence of thujone, a hepatotoxic compound.
- Experiencing Hormonal Imbalance: Salvia officinalis contains compounds that affect thyroid function and influence thyroid hormone levels.
- Experiencing Neurological Symptoms: Salvia officinalis consumption has been associated with altered perception, confusion, disorientation, dizziness, euphoria, hallucinations, nausea, and tremors.
- Experiencing Kidney Damage: Long-term Salvia officinalis consumption can lead to kidney damage due to its high thujone content, which is toxic to the kidneys in large doses.
- Experiencing Seizures: Consuming high doses of Salvia officinalis essential oil or extracts can induce seizure activity in susceptible individuals due to the presence of thujone.
- Experiencing Psychotic Episodes: High doses of Salvia officinalis, particularly among individuals with a history of psychiatric disorders, may trigger or exacerbate psychotic episodes due to its potent impact on the central nervous system and serotonin system disruption.
- Experiencing Respiratory Failure: Respiratory failure due to severe respiratory depression caused by salvinorin A, a potent opioid compound in Salvia officinalis.
What are the precautions to take before using Salvia officinalis medicinally?
The precautions to take before using Salvia officinalis medicinally are consulting a healthcare professional before use, as its effects can vary greatly from person to person, and monitoring blood pressure and heart rate due to potential cardiovascular effects.
Additionally, using it in moderation and for short periods is advised to minimize side effects. Women should avoid using Salvia officinalis during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and individuals taking sedatives or antidepressants should not use it simultaneously due to potential interactions.
It is also essential to be aware of interactions with other medications, start with low doses and gradually increase, watch for signs of allergic reactions, avoid use in children and the elderly, and store it properly to maintain potency and safety.
The most important precautions you must take before using Salvia officinalis for medicinal purposes are listed below, along with a brief explanation.
- Consult A Healthcare Professional Before Use: Due to potential interactions with medications, consult a healthcare professional before using Salvia officinalis.
- Monitor Blood Pressure And Heart Rate: Regularly monitor blood pressure and heart rate due to Salvia officinalis's vasodilatory effects, which can lead to decreased blood pressure and bradycardia.
- Use In Moderation And For Short Periods: Salvia officinalis extracts should be limited to short-term consumption due to potential neuroactive effects.
- Avoid During Pregnancy And Breastfeeding: Salvia officinalis contains thujone, which can stimulate uterine contractions and has abortifacient properties.
- Do Not Use With Sedatives Or Antidepressants: Combining Salvia officinalis with sedatives or antidepressants increases the risk of adverse interactions and serotonin syndrome.
- Be Aware Of Interactions With Other Medications: Salvia officinalis interacts with blood thinners, diabetes medications, and certain antidepressants.
- Start With Low Doses And Gradually Increase: Initial doses of Salvia officinalis should not exceed 10-20 mg, and the dose can be gradually increased with caution.
- Watch For Signs Of Allergic Reactions: Skin irritation, hives, or respiratory problems occur in individuals with salicylate or mint allergy.
- Avoid Use In Children And Elderly: Salvia officinalis should be used with caution in children and elderly due to decreased liver enzyme activity and increased risk of adverse effects.
- Store Properly To Maintain Potency And Safety: Salvia officinalis requires a cool, dry, dark place to prevent degradation of essential oils and loss of medicinal properties.
Are there scientific studies that prove the medical effectiveness of Salvia officinalis?
Yes, there are several scientific studies that prove the medicianl effectiveness of Salvia officinalis. Here are some studies that are worthy of notice.
According to a study published in General Dentistry, Salvia officinalis, also known as sage, has been found to exhibit antimicrobial properties, effectively inhibiting the growth of various microorganisms including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Candida species. The study revealed that Salvia officinalis extract showed no cytotoxic effects on murine macrophages, suggesting its safety for potential use in medical applications. Additionally, the extract was found to inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines, further highlighting its potential therapeutic benefits.
In another study published by "Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences", Salvia officinalis demonstrated remarkable antioxidant properties, showing better results in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP tests compared to another plant. Additionally, its essential oil exhibited significant antibacterial activity against 9 out of 10 examined bacterial strains, with the exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, Salvia officinalis essential oil also showed promising antidiabetic properties, inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities.
A different research published by "Metabolites", the extracts of Salvia officinalis have shown potential in managing Helicobacter pylori infections due to its strong anti-H. pylori activity, comparable to the antibiotic clarithromycin. The study also found that the extracts possess anti-inflammatory properties, with the total ethanolic extract of Salvia officinalis exhibiting a significant reduction in Cox-2 expression, similar to the anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib. Additionally, the study suggests that the metabolites of Salvia officinalis, such as carnosic acid, may have a role in the management of H. pylori infections.
