What to know about Rubus chamaemorus (cloudberry) before using it medicinally

Rubus chamaemorus, commonly known as cloudberry, is a rich source of antioxidants and anthocyanins that have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, improving overall health and well-being.

This herb is relatively low-maintenance and can thrive in poor soil and cold climates, making it a popular choice for gardeners in northern latitudes. Botanically, Rubus chamaemorus is a member of the rose family (Rosaceae) and is characterized by its small white flowers and edible red berries.

In traditional medicine, cloudberry has been used for centuries in Scandinavia and Russia to treat a range of ailments, including digestive issues and respiratory problems.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Rubus chamaemorus.

What are the medicinal properties of Rubus chamaemorus?

Rubus chamaemorus helps with digestive issues, particularly constipation and diarrhea. It has been traditionally used to treat these ailments due to its high content of dietary fiber and tannins. Additionally, it has been used to treat inflammatory conditions such as arthritis.

The active constituents of Rubus chamaemorus include anthocyanins, ellagic acid, and gallic acid, which give the plant its medicinal properties. These compounds have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. Ellagic acid, in particular, has been found to inhibit cancer cell growth and proliferation.

The parts of the Rubus chamaemorus plant most used for medicinal purposes are the fruit, leaves, and roots. The fruit, also known as the cloudberry, is a rich source of dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. The leaves and roots contain higher concentrations of tannins and anthocyanins, which give the plant its medicinal properties.

Improper use of Rubus chamaemorus can cause gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The plant's high content of tannins can also cause allergic reactions in some individuals. Excessive consumption of the plant's fruit or leaves can lead to an overload of anthocyanins, which can cause kidney and liver damage.

Precautions when using Rubus chamaemorus medicinally include consulting with a healthcare professional before use, especially for pregnant or breastfeeding women. Additionally, individuals with kidney or liver disease should avoid consuming the plant's leaves or roots, as they can exacerbate existing conditions. Doses above 1 gram per day can cause adverse effects, so it is essential to follow recommended dosages.

What are the horticulural aspects of Rubus chamaemorus?

Rubus chamaemorus grow in wet acidic soils, typically in bogs and marshy areas. It thrives in environments with full sun to partial shade, but is adaptable to some shade. The ideal temperature range is between 2-10°C.

For successful planting, seeds or suckers are best planted in spring or fall, 1-2 cm deep, and 30-60 cm apart. Roots should be 10-15 cm deep to encourage strong growth. Water thoroughly and maintain moist soil until established. Mulch around plants to retain moisture.

Harvesting typically occurs in mid to late summer when fruits are ripe and red. Select stems with bright red or purple berries and gently twist them to avoid damaging the plant. Harvest about one-third of the available fruit to maintain plant health and encourage continued production.

Common pests of Rubus chamaemorus include the aphid and spider mite. Diseases affecting the plant include leaf spot (Mycosphaerella ruborum) and root rot (Phytophthora cactorum). Regularly inspect plants for signs of infestation or disease and take appropriate action to prevent their spread.

What are the botanical aspects of Rubus chamaemorus?

Rubus chamaemorus is a perennial shrub with a woody stem, 10-30 cm tall, with thorns and 3-5 leaflets, 5-10 cm long, with serrated margins and pointed tips. The leaves are elliptical in shape and have a mid-vein. The plant has a rhizome system.

Rubus chamaemorus belongs to the family Rosaceae, tribe Rubieae, and is one of the two species within the genus Chamaemorus. The plant is closely related to the genus Rubus, which includes raspberries and blackberries. The specific epithet "chamaemorus" comes from the Greek words "chamaeo" meaning "earth" and "morus" meaning "berry".

There are no recognized variants of Rubus chamaemorus. However, the plant can be divided into two main forms: the northern form, which is found in subarctic and arctic regions, and the southern form, which is found in boreal and montane regions. The plant's morphology varies slightly between these forms.

Rubus chamaemorus is native to the subarctic and arctic regions of Europe, Asia, and North America, including Iceland, Greenland, and northern parts of Canada and the United States. The plant is commonly found in wet heaths, bogs, and along rivers.

The life cycle of Rubus chamaemorus is as follows: the plant produces underground rhizomes in the summer, which produce new shoots and leaves in the spring. The plant flowers in June or July, producing white or pale yellow flowers. The berries are produced in August or September and are an important food source for various birds and mammals.

What are the historical aspects of Rubus chamaemorus?

Rubus chamaemorus is a plant native to the Arctic tundra. Historically, it has been used by indigenous peoples for food, medicine, and dye. Inuit and Sami communities used its fruit and roots for food, while its berries were used as a natural dye for textiles.

In Norse mythology, Cloudberry was associated with Thor, the god of thunder. According to myth, Thor's daughter, Brunhilde, was nourished by Cloudberry during her infancy. This mythological reference suggests the plant's significance in ancient Nordic cultures.

Symbolically, Cloudberry represents fertility, abundance, and good fortune. Its red color is often associated with passion, love, and strength. In many cultures, the plant is considered a symbol of prosperity and a good harvest. Cloudberry's unique combination of symbolism has contributed to its enduring cultural significance.

One of the earliest recorded historical texts mentioning Cloudberry is the 14th-century manuscript "Hortus Sanitatis." This medieval Latin text describes the plant's medicinal properties and its use in traditional medicine. Later, in the 17th century, the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus wrote about Cloudberry's unique characteristics and distribution.

Archaeological findings have uncovered evidence of Cloudberry's significance in ancient cultures. Excavations at Viking settlements in Scandinavia have uncovered wooden containers containing Cloudberry seeds, while inuit artifacts from the Arctic regions have depicted images of the plant being used as a food source.