What to know about Rosa centifolia (damask rose) before using it medicinally

Rosa centifolia, commonly known as damask rose, is a herb renowned for its numerous health benefits, which include reducing inflammation, promoting relaxation, and exhibiting antimicrobial properties that enhance overall well-being.

As a flowering herb, Rosa centifolia is prized for its ornamental value, requiring well-drained soil and a cool, temperate climate to thrive. Botanically, the herb is identified as a deciduous shrub belonging to the Rosaceae family, characterized by its distinctive five-petaled flowers and thorny stems.

Historically, Rosa centifolia has been referenced in traditional medicine for centuries, with ancient civilizations such as the Greeks and Romans utilizing its extracts for various therapeutic purposes.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Rosa centifolia.

What are the medicinal properties of Rosa centifolia?

Rosa centifolia helps with anxiety, insomnia, and restlessness due to its sedative properties. Its essential oil and extracts are used in aromatherapy and herbal medicine to calm the mind and body. It also treats digestive issues and menstrual disorders.

The active constituents of Rosa centifolia include flavonoids, phenolic acids, and volatile oils, which contribute to its medicinal properties. The essential oil contains geraniol, linalool, and beta-phenylethyl alcohol, which have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects.

The parts of the plant most used for medicinal purposes are the petals and essential oil. The petals are used to make tea, and the essential oil is obtained through steam distillation. The oil is also extracted from the rose hips, which are rich in vitamins and antioxidants.

Improper use of Rosa centifolia can lead to side effects such as allergic reactions, drowsiness, and digestive issues. Ingestion of large amounts can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Patients with allergies or sensitive skin should exercise caution when using this plant.

Precautions when using Rosa centifolia medicinally include consulting with a healthcare professional, especially for pregnant or breastfeeding women, and children under 12 years old. It is also essential to use high-quality products and follow recommended dosages to avoid adverse effects.

What are the horticulural aspects of Rosa centifolia?

Rosa centifolia grow in USDA zones 5-9, preferring full sun (6+ hours direct sunlight) and well-drained soil with a pH range of 6.0-6.5. They thrive in areas with high humidity and moderate temperatures. Water requirement is moderate to high.

Planting tips include digging a hole 2-3 times the size of the root ball, adding compost or fertilizer, and planting the bush 18-24 inches deep, with the graft union (if applicable) 2-3 inches above the soil surface. Mulch around the plant to retain moisture. Prune the stems to encourage bushy growth.

Harvesting tips include cutting the stems in the morning, when the dew is still present, and selecting flowers with good color and fragrance. Remove the leaves from the lower part of the stem to promote water uptake and prevent bacterial growth. Tie the stems in bunches to prevent damage during drying.

Common pests affecting Rosa centifolia include aphids, spider mites, and scale. Diseases include black spot, powdery mildew, and root rot, often caused by overwatering. Regular monitoring and pruning can help prevent infestations and infections. Fungicides can be applied as needed to control diseases.

What are the botanical aspects of Rosa centifolia?

Rosa centifolia is a perennial shrub with a height of 1-3 meters, having thorny stems, ovate leaves with 5-7 leaflets, and showy, fragrant flowers in shades of pink to red.

Rosa centifolia belongs to the family Rosaceae, order Rosales, and is a member of the genus Rosa, section Caninae, series Centifoliae. Its botanical classification is: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Rosids.

There are several variants of Rosa centifolia, including 'Alba', 'Celsiana', 'Grandiflora', and 'Rubra', which differ in flower color, size, and petal count. 'Alba' has white flowers, 'Celsiana' has larger flowers, and 'Rubra' has deep red flowers.

Rosa centifolia is native to the Mediterranean region, but is now widely cultivated in many parts of the world, including Europe, North Africa, and Asia. It prefers well-drained soil and a warm, dry climate.

The life cycle of Rosa centifolia begins in spring, when new growth and flowers appear. In summer, the plant produces fruit, and in autumn, the leaves senesce. In winter, the plant is dormant, but new growth and flowers appear again in spring, repeating the cycle.

What are the historical aspects of Rosa centifolia?

Rosa centifolia is an ancient plant with a rich history of use in perfumery, medicine, and cooking. It has been a key ingredient in rose oil and perfumes for over 2,000 years, particularly in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. In medieval Europe, rosewater was used as a preservative for food and a fragrant ingredient in cooking.

In Greek and Roman mythology, the rose is associated with the goddess of love, Aphrodite and Venus, respectively. The myth of Pyramus and Thisbe tells the story of two lovers who died for their love, and their story is linked to the rose's symbolism of passion and love. The Greek word for rose, rhodon, is also linked to the concept of passion and desire.

The rose has a range of symbolic meanings across different cultures, including love, passion, and beauty. In Islamic tradition, the rose is a symbol of spiritual growth and spiritual beauty. In Christian tradition, the rose is associated with the Virgin Mary and is often depicted as a symbol of purity. In Hinduism, the rose is a symbol of love and devotion.

Rosa centifolia is mentioned in several historical texts, including the works of the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates and the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder. The Arabic physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna) also wrote about the properties and uses of the rose in his medical texts. In the 16th century, the French physician and botanist Charles Estienne wrote about the rose's medicinal properties.

Artifacts of the rose have been found in ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman ruins, including rose-shaped vessels and perfumes. The oldest known depiction of a rose is found in a 4,000-year-old Sumerian vase from Mesopotamia. In ancient Greece, rose-shaped jewelry and ornaments were common. In the Middle Ages, rose-petal jewelry and perfumes were used as status symbols.