Rhinacanthus nasutus

Names and Synonyms

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Justicia nasuta

Sources: Wikidata

Taxonomical Classification

This plant, Rhinacanthus nasutus, belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta. Within the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae, it is further classified under the order Lamiales. It ultimately falls under the family Acanthaceae and is situated within the genus Rhinacanthus.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a diverse geographical distribution spanning several distinct regions across the globe. In South Tropical Africa, it can be found growing within the borders of Angola. Its presence extends to the Western Indian Ocean, where it is located on the islands of both Mauritius and Réunion. Moving toward Asia, the species is documented in South-Central China. Additionally, the plant is known to inhabit the tropical region of Hainan, China.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Rhinacanthus nasutus is characterized by a highly specific altitudinal niche, as the species is documented to occupy a precise elevational range. This plant thrives at a consistent altitude of 700 m AMSL, representing both its minimum, mean, and maximum elevational boundaries. Such a restricted vertical distribution suggests that the species is specialized to the particular climatic conditions, soil compositions, and moisture levels found at this exact level above mean sea level, indicating a narrow ecological amplitude within its habitat.

Elevational range max:

700 m AMSL

Life history

The life history of Rhinacanthus nasutus is characterized by its status as a perennial plant, meaning it persists through multiple growing seasons rather than completing its cycle in a single year. In terms of its architectural growth strategy and life form, it exhibits a dual classification within the Raunkiær system; it functions as a phanerophyte, maintaining its buds well above the soil surface, while also displaying traits of a nanophanerophyte, where the woody stems are kept relatively short and close to the ground.

Life form :

nanophanerophyte

Life form :

phanerophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Rhinacanthus nasutus is characterized by a growth form that can be categorized as both a shrub and a herb, displaying a variable degree of woodiness in its structural development. This plant reaches a maximum height of approximately 2 meters, typically maintaining a mean height of around 2 meters. As a terrestrial species, it does not exhibit aquatic or epiphytic tendencies, instead growing directly in soil environments. While it possesses a self-supporting growth habit rather than being an obligatory or facultative climber, its overall architecture reflects its versatile status as a multi-form medicinal plant.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

shrub

Growth form :

herb

Plant height mean:

2 m

Woodiness :

variable

Physiology

The physiology of Rhinacanthus nasutus is characterized by specific morphological dimensions of its foliage and its distinct metabolic approach to nutrient acquisition. The leaves exhibit significant variability in size, with a mean length of 4.5 cm and a minimum length of 2 cm, reaching a maximum length of up to 7 cm. Correspondingly, the leaf width fluctuates between a minimum of 0.8 cm and a maximum of 3 cm, maintaining a mean width of approximately 1.9 cm. In terms of its nitrogen metabolism, the plant does not function as a nitrogen fixer, meaning it lacks the symbiotic relationship with diazotrophic bacteria required to convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms, and instead relies on the uptake of nitrogenous compounds directly from the soil substrate.

Leaf length max:

7 cm

Leaf length mean:

4.5 cm

Leaf length min:

2 cm

Leaf width max:

3 cm

Leaf width mean:

1.9 cm

Leaf width min:

0.8 cm

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Reproduction

The reproduction of Rhinacanthus nasutus is driven by biotic mechanisms, specifically characterized by a pollination syndrome that relies on biological agents rather than abiotic forces. The reproductive cycle is heavily dependent on biotic interactions, with the primary mode of pollination being insect-mediated. Within this framework, the plant utilizes a diverse range of insect pollinators, including bees, beetles, ants, butterflies, moths, and flies, to facilitate the transfer of pollen. This specialized interaction ensures successful fertilization through these biological vectors, distinguishing its reproductive strategy from those that rely on wind or water.

Pollination syndrome :

insect

Pollination syndrome :

biotic

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Rhinacanthus nasutus has 2 reported plant parts identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include root, leaf.

Root

1. Natural product research
2. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin
3. Phytochemistry
4. Nutrients

Leaf

1. Parasitology research
2. Journal of food biochemistry
3. Chemistry & biodiversity

Chemicals

Rhinacanthus nasutus has 39 reported phytochemicals identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Rhinacanthin C, Rhinacanthin N, Rhinacanthin Q, Rhinacanthin D, Rhinacanthin E.

Rhinacanthin C

1. Natural product research
2. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin
3. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin
4. Journal of food biochemistry
5. Journal of natural products

Rhinacanthin N

1. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin
2. Natural product research
3. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin
4. Journal of medicinal chemistry

Rhinacanthin Q

1. Natural product research
2. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin
3. Journal of medicinal chemistry
4. Phytochemistry

Rhinacanthin D

1. Natural product research
2. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin
3. Journal of natural products

Rhinacanthin E

1. Journal of natural products
2. Natural product research

Rhinacanthin M

1. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin
2. Journal of medicinal chemistry

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d)

1. Biology methods & protocols

3,4-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-2H-naphtho[2,3-b]pyran-5,10-dione

1. Journal of natural products

CHLOROFORM

1. Parasitology research

Carotenoids

1. Scientific reports

Activities

Rhinacanthus nasutus has 8 reported activities identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antifungal, Antibacterial, Anticancer, Antidiabetic, Antifeedant.

Antifungal

1. Journal of natural products
2. Journal of food biochemistry
3. Nutrients

Antibacterial

1. Journal of food biochemistry

Anticancer

1. The Analyst

Antidiabetic

1. Journal of food biochemistry

Antifeedant

1. Parasitology research

Antioxidant

1. The Analyst

Antiproliferative

1. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP

Antipyretic

1. Nutrients

Conditions

Rhinacanthus nasutus has 18 reported investigations on conditions identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include cancer, eczema, ringworm, skin diseases, HeLa cells.

Cancer

1. Journal of medicinal chemistry
2. Scientific reports
3. Nutrients

Eczema

1. Biology methods & protocols
2. Nutrients

Ringworm

1. Biology methods & protocols
2. Nutrients

Skin diseases

1. Biology methods & protocols
2. Nutrients

Hela cells

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Antidiabetic

1. Journal of food biochemistry

Colonic neoplasms

1. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP

Diabetic complications

1. Journal of food biochemistry

Diabetic nephropathy

1. Journal of food biochemistry

Fungal infections

1. Natural product research

Preparations

Rhinacanthus nasutus has 13 reported preparations identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include The rich extract of the leaves, acetone leaf extracts, aqueous extract, chloroform leaf extracts, crude protein extract.

The rich extract of the leaves

1. Journal of food biochemistry

Acetone leaf extracts

1. Parasitology research

Aqueous extract

1. BMC complementary and alternative medicine

Chloroform leaf extracts

1. Parasitology research

Crude protein extract

1. Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)

Ethyl acetate leaf extracts

1. Parasitology research

Extract

1. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet

Hexane leaf extracts

1. Parasitology research

Methanol leaf extracts

1. Parasitology research

Natural powder

1. Science progress