What to know about Pulmonaria officinalis (lungwort) before using it medicinally

Pulmonaria officinalis, commonly known as lungwort, is a highly prized herb in natural medicine due to its potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which have been shown to effectively soothe respiratory issues and reduce symptoms of coughs, bronchitis, and other pulmonary problems.

As a versatile and attractive addition to the garden, Pulmonaria officinalis is also valued for its heart-shaped leaves and vibrant blue, pink, or white flowers, which bloom in early spring and attract a variety of pollinators. From a botanical standpoint, Pulmonaria officinalis belongs to the borage family and is characterized by its hairy leaves and stems, which contain a unique combination of glycosides, flavonoids, and terpenoids.

Pulmonaria officinalis has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, with references to its therapeutic properties dating back to the ancient Greeks and Romans, who utilized it to treat a range of health issues, from respiratory problems to skin conditions and even snake bites.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Pulmonaria officinalis.

What are the medicinal properties of Pulmonaria officinalis?

Pulmonaria officinalis helps with respiratory issues such as bronchitis, asthma, and coughs. It also has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, making it useful for skin conditions like eczema and acne.

The active constituents of Pulmonaria officinalis include flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenes, which give it its medicinal properties. These compounds have been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities.

The parts of Pulmonaria officinalis most used for medicinal purposes are the leaves and flowers. They can be made into a tea, tincture, or infusion, and are often combined with other herbs to enhance their effects.

Possible side effects of Pulmonaria officinalis include allergic reactions, interactions with certain medications, and digestive issues if consumed in excess. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should use it with caution due to limited research on its safety.

Precautions when using Pulmonaria officinalis medicinally include consulting a healthcare professional before use, especially for children and those with underlying medical conditions. It should be stored in a cool, dry place and consumed in moderation to avoid adverse effects.

What are the horticulural aspects of Pulmonaria officinalis?

Pulmonaria officinalis grow best in partial shade to full shade, in moist but well-draining soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. The ideal temperature range is between 15°C and 25°C. This perennial requires regular watering and fertile soil.

When planting Pulmonaria officinalis, choose a location with rich, moist soil that is not prone to waterlogging. Dig a hole twice the size of the root ball, and mix in a balanced fertilizer. Plant the rhizome 10-15 cm deep, and water thoroughly. Space plants 30-60 cm apart.

To harvest Pulmonaria officinalis, remove the flowers after they have faded to prevent seed production and encourage re-growth. Cut back the foliage after flowering has finished to promote new growth and prevent self-seeding. Harvest individual leaves or cut the stems for use in bouquets.

Pulmonaria officinalis is susceptible to powdery mildew, leaf spot, and downy mildew, which are typically caused by fungal pathogens. Aphids, slugs, and snails may also infest the plant. Regularly inspect the plant for signs of pests or disease, and take prompt action to prevent infestations from spreading.

What are the botanical aspects of Pulmonaria officinalis?

Pulmonaria officinalis is a perennial plant with heart-shaped leaves and blue, pink, or white flowers. Leaves are 10-20 cm long, 5-10 cm wide, and have a distinctive pattern of silver or white markings on the underside. They are covered with fine hairs and have serrated edges. The plant grows up to 30 cm tall.

Pulmonaria officinalis belongs to the family Boraginaceae, order Lamiales, and is a member of the Pulmonaria genus. It is often placed in the section Pulmonaria of the Pulmonaria genus. The species has several synonyms, including Pulmonaria saccharata and Pulmonaria sanguisorba. The genus Pulmonaria is a monophyletic group of plants with a single origin.

There are several variants of Pulmonaria officinalis, including 'Alba', a white-flowering cultivar, and 'Sissinghurst White', a white-flowering variant with variegated leaves. Other cultivars have different flower colors or leaf patterns. Some variants are more compact or have larger flowers. These cultivars are often used in horticulture.

Pulmonaria officinalis is native to Europe and Western Asia, but it has been naturalized in North America and other parts of the world. It grows in woodland areas, along streams, and in moist meadows. It thrives in a variety of soils and climates. The plant is often found in areas with rich, fertile soil and adequate moisture.

The life cycle of Pulmonaria officinalis begins in the fall, when the plant dies back to the ground. In the spring, new growth emerges from underground rhizomes, and the plant begins to produce new leaves and flowers. The flowers are pollinated by bees and other insects, and the seeds are dispersed by wind or water. The plant flowers in late spring and produces seeds in the summer.

What are the historical aspects of Pulmonaria officinalis?

Pulmonaria officinalis is a plant with a rich history of use in folk medicine, particularly for respiratory ailments. In medieval Europe, it was used to treat coughs, bronchitis, and other lung problems. The plant's name reflects this use.

In Greek and Roman mythology, Pulmonaria officinalis was associated with the goddess of the air, Astraea. According to myth, the plant was said to possess the power to purify the air and ward off evil spirits. This mythological connection likely influenced its use in folk medicine.

In Victorian-era language, Pulmonaria officinalis was imbued with symbolic meanings, representing protection, healing, and purification. The plant's unique appearance, with its spotted leaves, was also seen as a symbol of the connection between the natural and spiritual worlds.

Historical texts, such as Dioscorides' De Materia Medica and the herbal of Hildegard von Bingen, contain descriptions of Pulmonaria officinalis' medicinal properties. These texts highlight the plant's ability to soothe coughs and ease breathing difficulties.

Archaeological findings, such as ancient Greek pottery and Roman artifacts, depict Pulmonaria officinalis in various contexts. In some cases, the plant is shown in conjunction with other medicinal plants, while in others, it is featured as a decorative motif, reflecting its cultural significance.