What to know about Pterocarpus marsupium (indian kino) before using it medicinally

Pterocarpus marsupium, commonly known as Indian Kino, is a herb that has been found to possess numerous health benefits, including the potential to lower blood sugar levels and improve cardiovascular health.

Cultivated in various parts of the world, Indian Kino is prized for its ornamental value, its attractive flowers and broad, deciduous leaves making it a popular addition to gardens. As a member of the Fabaceae family, Indian Kino's botanical properties are characterized by its unique seed pods and distinctive wood grain.

This herb has also been mentioned in traditional Ayurvedic and Unani medicine, with historical references dating back to the ancient Hindu and Persian physicians, Charaka and Avicenna.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Pterocarpus marsupium .

What are the medicinal properties of Pterocarpus marsupium ?

Pterocarpus marsupium, also known as Indian Kino, helps with various health conditions such as wound healing, diarrhea, and fever due to its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.

The active constituents of Pterocarpus marsupium include flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds, which contribute to its medicinal properties. These compounds have been shown to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities.

The heartwood, bark, and leaves of the plant are commonly used for medicinal purposes. The heartwood is particularly valued for its astringent and antiseptic properties, while the bark is used to treat fever and diarrhea.

Improper use of Pterocarpus marsupium may lead to gastrointestinal upset, allergic reactions, and interactions with other medications. The plant's tannin content may also cause stomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting in excessive doses.

Precautions when using Pterocarpus marsupium medicinally include consulting a healthcare professional, avoiding excessive doses, and monitoring for signs of allergic reactions or interactions with other medications.

What are the horticulural aspects of Pterocarpus marsupium ?

Pterocarpus marsupium, also known as Indian Kino, grow best in well-drained acidic soils with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. It requires full sun to partial shade and moderate watering, tolerating drought but not flooding. Optimal growth occurs at elevations between 400 to 1200 meters above sea level.

Planting tips for Indian Kino involve selecting a suitable location with adequate space for growth. It prefers to grow in clusters, so plant multiple trees together to create a forest-like environment. Plant seedlings or saplings in the rainy season, ensuring the soil is moist but not waterlogged. Space trees 10-15 meters apart to allow for maximum growth.

Harvesting Indian Kino involves collecting the inner bark, which is rich in tannins. Harvest bark when the tree is mature, typically after 20-30 years of growth. Remove the bark carefully to avoid damaging the tree's cambium layer. Harvesting should be done sustainably to allow for continued tree growth and regeneration.

Pests and diseases affecting Indian Kino include the bagworm moth, which feeds on the tree's foliage, and the leaf spot fungus, which causes defoliation. The tree is also susceptible to root rot caused by Phytophthora spp. Regular monitoring and pruning can help prevent these issues, and applying fungicides may be necessary in severe cases.

What are the botanical aspects of Pterocarpus marsupium ?

Pterocarpus marsupium, also known as Indian Kino, is a large deciduous tree that belongs to the Fabaceae family. It has a broad, rounded crown and a straight, cylindrical trunk with smooth, grey bark. The leaves are alternate, pinnate, and consist of 9-17 leaflets.

Pterocarpus marsupium is classified as a species of the genus Pterocarpus, which is part of the subfamily Faboideae. The taxonomic classification of the plant is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Family: Fabaceae, Subfamily: Faboideae, Tribe: Dalbergieae, Genus: Pterocarpus, Species: P. marsupium.

Pterocarpus marsupium has several variants, including P. marsupium var. marsupium and P. marsupium var. beddomei. These variants differ in their geographical distribution and morphological characteristics.

Pterocarpus marsupium is native to the tropical forests of Asia, specifically in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and parts of Southeast Asia. It is also cultivated in other regions for its valuable timber and medicinal properties.

The life cycle of Pterocarpus marsupium typically lasts for 80-100 years. The tree starts as a seedling, growing into a sapling after 2-3 years. It reaches maturity after 50-60 years, producing flowers and fruits, and eventually dies after 80-100 years, after which it is replaced by a new generation.

What are the historical aspects of Pterocarpus marsupium ?

Pterocarpus marsupium, also known as Indian Kino, is a tree species native to the Indian subcontinent, with historical uses dating back to ancient civilizations, including Ayurvedic medicine, where it was used to treat various ailments, including fever and skin conditions.

In Hindu mythology, Pterocarpus marsupium is mentioned as a sacred tree, associated with the god Krishna, said to have used its bark to create a shield for his chariot, according to the epic poem, the Mahabharata. This mythological reference highlights the tree's cultural significance.

Pterocarpus marsupium holds symbolic meanings in various cultures, representing strength, protection, and spirituality. In Hinduism, the tree is considered a symbol of spiritual growth and enlightenment. Its wood is also used in traditional crafts, such as making musical instruments and decorative items.

The historical texts of Pterocarpus marsupium are found in ancient Ayurvedic texts, such as the Charaka Samhita and the Sushruta Samhita, where its medicinal properties and uses are described. The texts also mention the tree's role in traditional Indian medicine, including its use in treating digestive disorders.

Historical artifacts related to Pterocarpus marsupium include carvings and sculptures of the tree, found in ancient Indian temples and monuments, such as the Khajuraho Temple and the Ellora Caves. These artifacts demonstrate the tree's cultural and spiritual significance in ancient Indian society.