East Indian kino

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• East Indian/Malabar Kino
• East Indian kino
• Indian kino
• Indian kinotree
• Malabar kino

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Lingoum marsupium
• Pterocarpos marsupius

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified within the phylum Streptophyta and the class Equisetopsida. Following the subclass Magnoliidae, it falls under the order Fabales and the family Fabaceae. It is specifically identified by its genus, Pterocarpus.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a widespread presence across several distinct regions in South Asia and the Indian Ocean. Within the Indian Subcontinent, it can be found growing in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Its distribution also extends to the island nation of Sri Lanka. Furthermore, the species reaches the Western Indian Ocean, specifically inhabiting Madagascar. This diverse range highlights its significant ecological footprint across these tropical territories.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Life history

The life history of Pterocarpus marsupium is characterized by its status as a perennial species, allowing it to persist through multiple growing seasons and establish a long-term presence in its natural habitat. Its seasonal physiological activity is marked by being deciduous, meaning it undergoes a period of leaf shedding, typically in response to seasonal climatic shifts or dry periods, before regenerating its foliage. This combination of a perennial lifespan and a deciduous growth habit enables the plant to undergo periodic cycles of dormancy and regrowth, optimizing its resource management and survival within its specific ecological niche.

Deciduousness :

deciduous

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Pterocarpus marsupium is characterized by its robust growth form as a woody tree, capable of reaching a significant plant height with a mean of approximately 25 m. As a terrestrial species, it functions as an independent organism, neither acting as a parasite nor as an epiphyte. The plant exhibits a self-supporting structure, categorized as both a self-supporting climber and a self-supporting growth habit, though its primary structural classification is that of a large, woody tree.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

tree

Parasite :

independent

Plant height mean:

25 m

Woodiness :

woody

Physiology

The physiology of Pterocarpus marsupium is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, which dictates its carbon fixation process and metabolic efficiency under standard environmental conditions. Furthermore, the plant functions as a nitrogen fixer, facilitating a symbiotic relationship that allows for the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into bioavailable forms, thereby enhancing its nutrient uptake and growth potential in nitrogen-limited soils.

Nitrogen fixer :

yes

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Reproduction

Reproduction in Pterocarpus marsupium is primarily driven by the production of seeds contained within distinctive, pouch-like legume pods. The reproductive success of the species is closely linked to the physical characteristics of these seeds, which exhibit specific variations in weight. On average, the seed mass is approximately 0.6547616665 g, though there is notable individual variation within the population. The seed mass ranges from a minimum of 0.5 g to a maximum of 0.95238 g, a range that reflects the biological investment in each potential offspring. These seeds are dispersed following the maturation of the pods, ensuring the continued propagation of the species across its natural habitat.

Seed mass max:

0.95238 g

Seed mass mean:

0.6547616665 g

Seed mass min:

0.5 g

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Pterocarpus marsupium has 1 reported plant parts identified across 1 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include root.

Root

1. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C, Journal of biosciences

Chemicals

Pterocarpus marsupium has 44 reported phytochemicals identified across 1 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Liquiritigenin, Pterostilbene, Pterosupin, (-)-Epicatechin, (2S)-7-hydroxyflavanone.

Liquiritigenin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of natural products

Pterostilbene

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of natural products

Pterosupin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of natural products

(-)-Epicatechin

1. Dr. Duke

(2S)-7-hydroxyflavanone

1. Dr. Duke

3,7,4'-Trihydroxyflavone

1. Dr. Duke

4-O-Methylmannose

1. Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry

5-Deoxykaempferol

1. Dr. Duke

7,4'-Dihydroxyflavone

1. Dr. Duke

Abscissic Acid

1. Dr. Duke

Activities

Pterocarpus marsupium has 205 reported activities identified across 1 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic, Antidiabetic, Antihyperglycemic, Antihyperlipidemic.

Antioxidant

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine
3. Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition
4. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology

Hypoglycemic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB
3. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Antidiabetic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition

Antihyperglycemic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine

Antihyperlipidemic

1. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine
2. Journal of natural products

Apoptotic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry

11B-HSD-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

ACE-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

Acidulant

1. Dr. Duke

Conditions

Pterocarpus marsupium has 12 reported investigations on conditions identified across 1 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, anti-oxidant, antidiabetic.

Diabetes mellitus

1. Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB
2. Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences
3. Journal of ethnopharmacology
4. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences
5. Ancient science of life

Type 2 diabetes

1. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.)
2. BMC complementary and alternative medicine
3. Current medicinal chemistry
4. Journal of dietary supplements

Hyperglycemia

1. Pharmaceutical biology
2. BMC complementary and alternative medicine
3. Journal of natural products

Anti-oxidant

1. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine

Antidiabetic

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Antihyperglycemic

1. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine

Antihyperlipidemic

1. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine

Cancer

1. Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry

Diabetic complications

1. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine

Hyperlipidemia

1. Journal of natural products

Preparations

Pterocarpus marsupium has 13 reported preparations identified across 1 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include extracts, Plant extract, UAE, UAE aqueous extract, alcoholic extract of heartwood.

Extracts

1. BMC complementary and alternative medicine
2. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology

Plant extract

1. Ancient science of life

Uae

1. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences

Uae aqueous extract

1. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences

Alcoholic extract of heartwood

1. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine

Aqueous extract of the heartwood

1. Phytochemistry

Crude methanolic extracts

1. Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry

Extract

1. Journal of dietary supplements

Heartwood extract

1. Letters in applied microbiology

Percolation aqueous extracts

1. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences