What to know about Polygala vulgaris (milkwort) before using it medicinally

Polygala vulgaris, commonly known as milkwort, is a herb that has been revered for its numerous health benefits, including its anti-inflammatory properties which can improve digestive health and alleviate symptoms of anxiety and stress.

This perennial herb is widely cultivated in temperate regions and is known for its ease of growth and adaptability to various environments, making it a popular choice among gardeners. From a botanical standpoint, Polygala vulgaris belongs to the Polygalaceae family and is characterized by its small, delicate flowers and heart-shaped leaves.

Historically, milkwort has been mentioned in traditional medicine for centuries, with references to its use dating back to ancient Greece and Rome, where it was used to treat a range of ailments including insomnia and digestive issues.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Polygala vulgaris .

What are the medicinal properties of Polygala vulgaris ?

Polygala vulgaris helps with anxiety and stress relief, improving sleep quality and reducing inflammation. Its extracts have been used to treat various conditions, including hypertension, fever, and digestive issues.

The active constituents of Polygala vulgaris include flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids. Flavonoids are responsible for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, while saponins contribute to its antitumor and antibacterial activities. Alkaloids exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial and antihypertensive effects.

The aerial parts, particularly the leaves and stems, are most commonly used for medicinal purposes. These parts contain the highest concentration of bioactive compounds, which are extracted using various methods to produce tinctures, infusions, and decoctions.

When used improperly, Polygala vulgaris can cause gastrointestinal upset, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Long-term use may also lead to interactions with other medications, reducing their efficacy or increasing the risk of side effects.

Precautions when using Polygala vulgaris medicinally include consulting with a healthcare professional, especially when combined with other medications. Patients with allergies or sensitivities should be cautious, and individuals with liver or kidney disease should use it under medical guidance.

What are the horticulural aspects of Polygala vulgaris ?

Polygala vulgaris grow in a wide range of habitats, from wet woodlands to dry heathlands, in well-drained soils, and full sun to partial shade. The plant requires a moderate level of moisture and can tolerate a range of pH levels from acidic to alkaline. It can thrive in temperatures between 10-25°C.

Planting tips for Polygala vulgaris involve sowing seeds directly into the ground in the autumn or early spring, about 1-2mm deep. Transplants should be watered regularly and allowed to establish themselves before hardening off. The plant can also be grown from division, but this is less common. Avoid disturbing the roots when handling.

Harvesting tips for Polygala vulgaris involve picking the flowers when in full bloom, typically in the summer months. The flowers can be cut and used fresh in floral arrangements or dried for later use. It is essential to avoid damaging the plant's roots when harvesting, as this can weaken the plant and reduce its chances of survival. Harvesting too frequently can also reduce the plant's overall yield.

Pests and diseases affecting Polygala vulgaris include slugs and snails, which can damage the leaves and flowers, and leaf spot, which can be caused by the fungus Septoria polygalae. Fungal infections can be treated with fungicides, while pests can be controlled using organic or chemical methods. Regular maintenance and monitoring can help prevent infestations and infections.

What are the botanical aspects of Polygala vulgaris ?

Polygala vulgaris is a perennial herb with a prostrate habit, reaching up to 10 cm in height. Leaves are elliptical to ovate, 1-3 cm long, and arranged oppositely on the stems. Flowers are small, bell-shaped, and arranged in axillary clusters.

Polygala vulgaris belongs to the family Polygalaceae, and its taxonomical classification is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Rosids, Order: Fabales, Family: Polygalaceae, Genus: Polygala, Species: P. vulgaris.

Variants of Polygala vulgaris include the subspecies P. vulgaris subsp. gracilis, which is found in Europe, and P. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, which is widespread in the Old World. Other variants include P. vulgaris var. minor and P. vulgaris var. major.

Polygala vulgaris is native to Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, and has been naturalized in North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It grows in a variety of habitats, including meadows, woods, and along roadsides.

The life cycle of Polygala vulgaris consists of a period of dormancy during winter, followed by germination and seedling emergence in spring. The plant blooms in mid-to-late summer, producing small, bell-shaped flowers that are pollinated by bees and other insects.

What are the historical aspects of Polygala vulgaris ?

Polygala vulgaris is a perennial herb that has been used in folk medicine for various purposes, including treating respiratory issues, digestive problems, and skin conditions, as documented in medieval European herbalism and traditional Chinese medicine.

In Greek mythology, Polygala was associated with the nymph Polygala, who was said to have transformed into a plant to escape the advances of the goddess Artemis, linking the plant to themes of transformation and protection.

The symbolic meanings of Polygala vulgaris include protection, healing, and transformation, reflecting its traditional uses in folk medicine and mythological associations. It was also seen as a symbol of good fortune and prosperity in some cultures.

References to Polygala vulgaris can be found in historical texts such as Dioscorides' De Materia Medica, where it is described as a treatment for various ailments, as well as in the Chinese Materia Medica, where it is listed as a medicinal herb.

Archaeological evidence of Polygala vulgaris includes finds of the plant in ancient Roman and Egyptian archaeological sites, where it was likely used for medicinal and ritual purposes, and also in medieval European artifacts, such as illuminated manuscripts and herbals.