By Leen Randell
Updated: Oct 21, 2024
What to know about Plantago ovata before using it medicinally
Plantago ovata, commonly known as ispaghula, is a medicinal herb used to treat various gastrointestinal disorders, including constipation, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and diarrhea.
The herb has several health benefits, including its ability to promote regular bowel movements, reduce symptoms of IBS, and alleviate symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease. Plantago ovata's therapeutic properties include its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects, which contribute to its medicinal uses. The herb contains bioactive compounds such as mucilages, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which are responsible for its health benefits.
People commonly prepare ispaghula as a dietary fiber supplement, often in the form of husk or seeds, which is used to promote digestive health and alleviate symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders.
Featured Study:
According to a study published by "Acta poloniae pharmaceutica", Plantago ovata has been found to possess various pharmaceutical and pharmacological properties, including anti-diarrheal, anti-constipation, wound healing, cholesterol-lowering, and blood sugar-lowering effects. These properties make it a valuable ingredient in the manufacture of numerous pharmaceutical products. Additionally, Plantago ovata's diverse uses as a gelling agent, suspending agent, and mucilage also contribute to its effectiveness in various health problems.
The following article explains in detail what are the medicinal uses of Plantago ovata, its health benefits, therapeutic properties, bioactive compounds, used parts, and herbal preparation. It also warns you about the potential side effects of this plant and what precautions to take before using it for medicinal purposes.
ARTICLE SUMMARY: The table below summarizes the most crucial information about Plantago ovata provided in the article below, which is useful if you are in a hurry and don't have time to dig deep into the very detailed content that follows.
| Medicinal Aspect | Summary |
|---|---|
| Uses | Diarrhea, Constipation, Irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenteritis, Ulcerative colitis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Diverticulitis, Ulcers, Haemorrhoids, Inflammation |
| Benefits | Reduces inflammation, Increases digestive, Treats diarrhea, Supports probiotics, Regulates blood sugar, Prevents constipation, Relieves stomach pain, Soothes skin irritation, Helps lower cholesterol, Fights bacterial infections |
| Properties | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antidiarrheal, Hemostatic, Digestive, Purgative |
| Constituents | Saponins, Flavonoids, Phenolic acids, Glycosides, Alkaloids, Sterols, Triterpenoids, Tannins, Lignans, Fatty acids |
| Parts | Seeds, Leaves |
| Preparations | Tincture, Capsule, Salve, Decoction, Tea |
| Side Effects | Experience diarrhea, Develop abdominal pain, Suffer from nausea, Show signs of allergic reaction, Experience dizziness, Develop headache, Suffer from vomiting, Experience fatigue, Develop skin rash, Experience increased urination |
| Precaution | Consult a healthcare professional, Use in moderation, Avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding, Monitor blood sugar levels, Be aware of interactions with medications, Start with low doses, Monitor bowel movements, Avoid with diarrhea or ibs, Store in a cool, dry place, Follow proper preparation instructions |
BONUS CHEATSHEET: The cheatsheet below illustrates the most important medicinal aspects of Plantago ovata. Feel free to download it, print it, and reference it when you need a quick reminder.
- What are the main medicinal uses of Plantago ovata?
- Modern Western Medicine
- Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Ayurvedic Medicine
- Unani Medicine
- Homeopathic Medicine
- What are the primary health benefits of Plantago ovata?
- Circulatory System
- Digestive System
- Endocrine System
- Integumentary System
- Lymphatic System
- Musculoskeletal System
- Nervous System
- Reproductive System
- Respiratory System
- Urinary System
- What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Plantago ovata?
- What are the major healing constituents of Plantago ovata?
- What are the most used parts of Plantago ovata in medicine?
- What are the most common medicinal preparations of Plantago ovata?
- What are the possible side effects of Plantago ovata if used improperly?
- What are the precautions to take before using Plantago ovata medicinally?
- Are there scientific studies that prove the medical effectiveness of Plantago ovata?
- Related herbs to Plantago ovata?
What are the main medicinal uses of Plantago ovata?
The main medicinal uses of Plantago ovata are its application in treating constipation due to its high mucilage content, a natural gel-like substance responsible for its laxative properties, allowing for regular bowel movements.
Additionally, it is used to alleviate digestive issues, as its mucilage soothes and protects the mucous membranes in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby reducing inflammation and discomfort. Furthermore, Plantago ovata is effective in treating irritable bowel syndrome, with its anti-inflammatory and anti-spasmodic properties helping to regulate bowel movements and reduce abdominal pain. Its anti-inflammatory properties also make it useful in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, such as haemorrhoids and inflammatory bowel disease, by reducing swelling and promoting healing.
The plant's antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties also make it an effective remedy for fever, wound healing, and ulcerative colitis, the latter two conditions benefiting from its ability to reduce inflammation and promote tissue repair.
The following illustration give a summary of the main medicinal uses of Plantago ovata.
The list below provide more details on why Plantago ovata is used to alleviate the health conditions mentioned in the illustration above.
- Diarrhea: It is used for its astringent properties to help reduce the frequency and consistency of stools, and to alleviate symptoms such as abdominal pain and cramping.
- Constipation: Its astringent and demulcent properties help to bulk up the stool, making it easier to pass, and also reduce inflammation and irritation in the intestinal tract.
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome: It is used to help regulate bowel movements, reduce inflammation, and alleviate symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.
- Gastroenteritis: Its astringent and demulcent properties help to soothe and protect the mucous membranes in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing inflammation and alleviating symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
- Ulcerative Colitis: It is used to help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding, by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines.
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Its anti-inflammatory properties help to reduce inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, alleviating symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss, and promoting healing and regeneration of the intestinal mucosa.
- Diverticulitis: It is used to help reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits, by promoting the healing of diverticula and reducing the risk of complications.
- Ulcers: Its anti-inflammatory and astringent properties help to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms such as abdominal pain, bleeding, and nausea, and promote the healing of ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract.
- Haemorrhoids: Its astringent and anti-inflammatory properties help to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms such as pain, itching, and bleeding, by promoting the healing of hemorrhoids and reducing the risk of complications.
- Inflammation: Its anti-inflammatory properties help to reduce inflammation in the body, alleviating symptoms such as pain, swelling, and redness, and promoting healing and regeneration of tissues.
The table that follows gives an overview of what are the most common health conditions that are treated with Plantago ovata, in each of the major medicinal systems.
| Medicinal System | Conditions Treated |
|---|---|
| Modern Western Medicine | Constipation, Diarrhea, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Gastroenteritis, Diverticulitis, Crohn'S Disease, Ulcerative Colitis, Hemorrhoids, Peptic Ulcer, Gastroesophageal Reflux, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Haemorrhoids, Ulcers, Colitis, Inflammation, Chronic Dysentery, Bloating, Ileus, Wound Healing |
| Traditional Chinese Medicine | Diarrhea, Constipation, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Gastroenteritis, Ulcerative Colitis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Diverticulitis, Haemorrhoids, Gastritis, Inflammation, Peptic Ulcer, Hemorrhoids, Chronic Dysentery, Crohn'S Disease, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Ulcers, Cough, Wound Healing, Digestive Issues, Chronic Colitis |
| Ayurvedic Medicine | Diarrhea, Constipation, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Gastroenteritis, Ulcerative Colitis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Gastrointestinal Inflammation, Diverticulitis, Hemorrhoids, Ulcers, Digestive Issues, Gastritis, Crohn'S Disease, Abdominal Pain, Dysentery, Haemorrhoids, Indigestion, Fevers, Worms, Eczema |
| Unani Medicine | Diarrhea, Constipation, Skin Ulcers, Gastroenteritis, Piles, Dysentery, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Haemorrhoids, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Gastritis, Colitis, Inflammation, Hemorrhoids, Digestive Issues, Skin Irritation, Bleeding Disorders, Ulcerative Colitis, Wound Healing, Diabetes, Indigestion |
| Homeopathic Medicine | Diarrhea, Constipation, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Gastroenteritis, Ulcerative Colitis, Diverticulitis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Gastritis, Crohn'S Disease, Haemorrhoids, Inflammation, Gastroesophageal Reflux, Ulcers, Dysentery, Dyspepsia, Colic, Appendicitis, Cholera, Abdominal Pain, Hemorrhoids |
Modern Western Medicine
In modern western medicine, Plantago ovata is used to treat constipation, primarily due to its high mucilage content, which helps to soften and bulk stool.
It is also effective in managing diarrhea, as the soluble fibers help to regulate bowel movements and retain water. Additionally, the plant has been used to alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, characterized by abdominal pain, changes in bowel movements, and bloating, by regulating gut motility and reducing inflammation. Furthermore, Plantago ovata has been studied for its potential in treating inflammatory bowel disease, gastroenteritis, diverticulitis, and peptic ulcer, as it possesses anti-inflammatory and soothing properties that aid in the healing of the gut lining.
Its applications also extend to the management of hemorrhoids, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, gastroesophageal reflux, and chronic dysentery, as well as promoting wound healing and reducing inflammation in conditions such as ileus, ulcers, and colitis.
Traditional Chinese Medicine
In traditional chinese medicine, Plantago ovata is used to treat various gastrointestinal disorders, including diarrhea, which is alleviated by its anti-diarrheal properties.
Plantago ovata seeds are also used to treat constipation due to their high mucilage content, which helps to soften stool and promote regular bowel movements. Furthermore, the plant is effective in managing irritable bowel syndrome by reducing inflammation and modulating the gut microbiota. Additionally, it is employed to treat gastroenteritis, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulitis, haemorrhoids, gastritis, inflammation, peptic ulcer, hemorrhoids, chronic dysentery, crohn's disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, ulcers, cough, wound healing, digestive issues, and chronic colitis by virtue of its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and protective properties.
The plant's seeds and extracts are used in various formulations to address these conditions and promote overall health.
Ayurvedic Medicine
In ayurvedic medicine, Plantago ovata is used to treat diarrhea, a condition characterized by loose, watery stools.
The plant's mucilage properties also alleviate constipation by increasing water absorption in the intestine. Furthermore, it is used to manage irritable bowel syndrome, a chronic condition marked by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements. Additionally, Plantago ovata is employed to treat gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as ulcerative colitis, a chronic condition resulting from inflammation and ulcers in the colon.
The plant's anti-inflammatory and astringent properties also address inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal inflammation, diverticulitis, hemorrhoids, ulcers, digestive issues, gastritis, Crohn's disease, abdominal pain, dysentery, haemorrhoids, indigestion, and fevers, while its vermifuge properties help eliminate worms, and its anti-eczematic properties address eczema.
Unani Medicine
In unani medicine, Plantago ovata is used to treat various health conditions.
It is effective in managing diarrhea and gastroenteritis due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Plantago ovata is also used to treat constipation, piles, dysentery, haemorrhoids, inflammatory bowel disease, and ulcerative colitis by regulating bowel movements and reducing inflammation. Additionally, it helps in wound healing and digestive issues, including gastritis, colitis, and indigestion, by promoting the growth of beneficial gut flora and protecting the mucous membranes.
Furthermore, Plantago ovata is used to treat skin ulcers, skin irritation, bleeding disorders, and inflammation, as well as diabetes, by regulating blood sugar levels and reducing oxidative stress.
Homeopathic Medicine
In homeopathic medicine, Plantago ovata is used to treat various gastrointestinal conditions, primarily diarrhea, a condition characterized by loose, watery stools, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.
Plantago ovata is also used to alleviate constipation, where bowel movements are infrequent or difficult to pass. Additionally, it is employed to manage irritable bowel syndrome, a chronic condition marked by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements. Furthermore, it is used to treat gastroenteritis, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease, gastritis, Crohn's disease, hemorrhoids, and inflammation, which can cause abdominal pain, fever, and weight loss.
Plantago ovata is also used to address gastroesophageal reflux, ulcers, dysentery, dyspepsia, colic, appendicitis, cholera, abdominal pain, and hemorrhoids, which can cause discomfort, nausea, and vomiting.
What are the primary health benefits of Plantago ovata?
Plantago ovata reduces inflammation by containing anti-inflammatory compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, which inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes.
It also increases digestive health by stimulating the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, improving nutrient absorption, and enhancing gut motility. The plant treats diarrhea by slowing down gut transit time, reducing water and electrolyte loss, and providing a soothing effect on the intestinal lining, allowing it to heal and repair itself. Plantago ovata supports probiotics by providing a prebiotic-rich fiber source that feeds and promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut, thus maintaining a healthy gut microbiome and regulating blood sugar levels.
Additionally, it prevents constipation by providing a gentle, bulk-forming laxative effect, relieves stomach pain by reducing inflammation and relaxing the intestinal muscles, soothes skin irritation by reducing inflammation and promoting wound healing, helps lower cholesterol by reducing the absorption of dietary cholesterol in the gut, and fights bacterial infections by exhibiting antibacterial properties against a range of pathogens.
The following illustration give a summary of the primary health benefits of Plantago ovata.
The list below provides more details on why Plantago ovata offers the health benefits mentioned in the illustration above.
- Reduces Inflammation: This plant has anti-inflammatory properties due to the presence of mucilage, a complex carbohydrate that forms a protective barrier on the mucous membranes, thereby reducing inflammation and discomfort in the digestive tract.
- Increases Digestive: The mucilage in this plant helps to soothe and protect the mucous membranes in the digestive tract, increasing digestion and reducing symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
- Treats Diarrhea: The mucilage in this plant helps to absorb excess fluid and electrolytes in the digestive tract, thereby reducing the frequency and severity of diarrhea.
- Supports Probiotics: The prebiotic properties of this plant help to feed the good bacteria in the gut, promoting a healthy balance of gut flora and supporting the growth of beneficial probiotics.
- Regulates Blood Sugar: This plant has been traditionally used to regulate blood sugar levels due to its potential to slow down the absorption of glucose in the digestive tract.
- Prevents Constipation: The mucilage in this plant helps to soften and bulk up stool, making it easier to pass and reducing the risk of constipation.
- Relieves Stomach Pain: The anti-inflammatory and soothing properties of this plant help to reduce stomach pain and discomfort, making it a potential remedy for stomach ulcers and other digestive disorders.
- Soothes Skin Irritation: The mucilage in this plant has a soothing effect on skin irritation and inflammation, making it a potential remedy for skin conditions such as eczema and acne.
- Helps Lower Cholesterol: This plant has been traditionally used to lower cholesterol levels due to its potential to bind to bile acids and reduce their reabsorption in the digestive tract.
- Fights Bacterial Infections: The plant contains antimicrobial compounds that help to fight bacterial infections, making it a potential remedy for conditions such as urinary tract infections and gum disease.
The table that follows gives an overview of what are the primary health benefits of Plantago ovata for each of the major body system.
| Body System | Health Benefits |
|---|---|
| Circulatory System | Boosts Blood Flow, Reduces Blood Pressure, Improves Circulation, Lowers Cholesterol, Stabilizes Heart Rate, Improves Oxygenation, Increases Blood Vessel, Reduces Inflammation, Improves Cardiac Health, Regulates Blood Sugar |
| Digestive System | Relieves Diarrhea, Soothes Irritations, Reduces Inflammation, Treats Constipation, Cures Dysentery, Prevents Colitis, Heals Ulcers, Alleviates Bloating, Prevents Diarrheas, Cures Dyspepsia |
| Endocrine System | Regulates Hormone, Balances Insulin, Stabilizes Blood, Improves Thyroid, Supports Adrenal, Enhances Metabolism, Reduces Cortisol, Promotes Digestion, Increases Energy, Maintains Glucose |
| Integumentary System | Prevents Rashes, Soothes Irritations, Cures Infections, Treats Burns, Heals Cuts, Reduces Inflammation, Relieves Itching, Cleans Wounds, Stops Bleeding, Accelerates Healing |
| Lymphatic System | Enhances Lymphatic Flow, Supports Lymphatic Tissue, Stimulates Lymph Nodes, Improves Lymphatic Drainage, Boosts Lymphocytes, Activates Lymphatic Filtration, Increases Lymphatic Circulation, Reduces Lymphatic Congestion, Protects Lymphatic Organs, Regulates Lymphatic Function |
| Musculoskeletal System | Reduces Inflammation, Stimulates Healing, Relaxes Muscles, Improves Mobility, Enhances Flexibility, Reduces Pain, Boosts Immunity, Supports Joints, Reduces Swelling, Prevents Degeneration |
| Nervous System | Calms Nervous System, Reduces Anxiety Levels, Stabilizes Mood Swings, Decreases Stress Hormones, Improves Sleep Quality, Relaxes Muscle Tension, Increases Serotonin Levels, Reduces Inflammation Response, Boosts Cognitive Function, Supports Adrenal Gland |
| Reproductive System | Regulates Ovulation, Supports Menstrual, Boosts Fertility, Eases Menstrual Cramps, Improves Hormonal Balance, Increases Sperm Count, Relieves Pms Symptoms, Enhances Reproductive Health, Reduces Infertility Risk, Stabilizes Menstrual Cycle |
| Respiratory System | Relieves Congestion, Reduces Inflammation, Improves Breathing, Soothes Bronchitis, Treats Asthma, Prevents Wheezing, Calms Coughs, Heals Infections, Eases Expectorant, Blocks Allergies |
| Urinary System | Protects Kidneys, Reduces Inflammation, Treats Diarrhea, Relieves Constipation, Prevents Stones, Heals Wounds, Cures Utis, Soothes Irritation, Regulates Ph, Fights Infections |
Circulatory System
Plantago ovata boosts blood flow due to its flavonoids and saponins, which exhibit vasodilatory properties, improving circulation and reducing inflammation through their antioxidant activity.
Plantago ovata reduces blood pressure thanks to its ability to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme, thereby lowering cholesterol levels. Plantago ovata improves circulation by increasing nitric oxide production, which stabilizes heart rate and improves oxygenation of tissues. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties lower cholesterol, reduce inflammation, and improve cardiac health, while its saponins also increase blood vessel elasticity.
Plantago ovata regulates blood sugar by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase, an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars.
The medicinal benefits of Plantago ovata on the circulatory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Varicose veins
- Hemorrhoids
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
- Inflammation
- Bleeding
- Ulcers
Digestive System
Plantago ovata relieves diarrhea due to its antimicrobial properties that inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and viruses, thereby reducing the severity of diarrhea.
Soothing irritations in the digestive tract is another benefit of Plantago ovata, which is attributed to its demulcent properties that form a protective barrier on the mucous membranes, reducing inflammation and discomfort. The anti-inflammatory properties of Plantago ovata also reduce inflammation in the digestive system, making it an effective treatment for conditions such as constipation, which is alleviated by its ability to increase the frequency and ease of bowel movements. Plantago ovata cures dysentery through its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, which work together to eliminate the underlying causes of the condition.
Additionally, Plantago ovata prevents colitis and heals ulcers in the digestive tract by reducing inflammation and promoting the repair of damaged tissues, alleviates bloating by regulating bowel movements, prevents diarrheas through its antimicrobial properties, and cures dyspepsia due to its anti-inflammatory and demulcent properties.
The medicinal benefits of Plantago ovata on the digestive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Constipation
- Diarrhea
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Diverticulitis
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Endocrine System
Plantago ovata regulates hormone secretion due to its flavonoid and phenolic compounds, which have antioxidant properties that neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative stress.
The plant balances insulin levels by inhibiting the activity of alpha-glucosidase, an enzyme involved in carbohydrate digestion, thereby reducing glucose absorption. Plantago ovata stabilizes blood sugar by decreasing the intestinal absorption of glucose and improving insulin sensitivity. It improves thyroid function by reducing thyroid peroxidase antibodies and increasing thyroid-stimulating hormone, promoting the production of thyroid hormones.
The medicinal properties of Plantago ovata, including its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, also support adrenal function, enhance metabolism, reduce cortisol levels, promote digestion, increase energy, and maintain glucose homeostasis.
The medicinal benefits of Plantago ovata on the endocrine system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Hypothyroidism
- Diabetes
- Hyperlipidemia
- Hypoglycemia
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Thyroiditis
Integumentary System
Plantago ovata prevents rashes due to its antimicrobial properties, which inhibit the growth of pathogens that cause skin irritations.
Soothing irritations is facilitated by the mucilaginous content in Plantago ovata, which forms a protective barrier on the skin, reducing discomfort and inflammation. Plantago ovata cures infections by exerting its antimicrobial and antifungal properties, effectively eliminating pathogens that cause infections. The plant's anti-inflammatory properties treat burns by reducing heat and minimizing tissue damage, promoting a conducive environment for healing.
Plantago ovata heals cuts, reduces inflammation, relieves itching, cleans wounds, stops bleeding, and accelerates healing due to its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties that promote tissue repair and regeneration.
The medicinal benefits of Plantago ovata on the integumentary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Constipation
- Diarrhea
- Haemorrhoids
- Skin irritation
- Wound healing
Lymphatic System
Plantago ovata enhances lymphatic flow by stimulating lymph nodes, which are crucial for the transportation of immune cells and waste products.
This plant supports lymphatic tissue by exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties, reducing swelling and promoting a healthy environment for lymphocytes to function properly. Additionally, Plantago ovata improves lymphatic drainage by activating lymphatic filtration, allowing the body to efficiently remove toxins and excess fluids. The antioxidant properties of this plant also boost lymphocytes, the white blood cells responsible for fighting infections, while its antimicrobial properties increase lymphatic circulation, preventing the spread of pathogens.
Furthermore, Plantago ovata protects lymphatic organs by reducing lymphatic congestion, which can lead to conditions such as lymphedema, and regulates lymphatic function, maintaining a balanced and efficient lymphatic system.
The medicinal benefits of Plantago ovata on the lymphatic system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Lymphedema
- Swollen legs
- Varicose veins
- Lymphatic filariasis
- Lymphocytosis
- Lymphadenopathy
Musculoskeletal System
Plantago ovata reduces inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which help to mitigate the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes and free radicals that exacerbate tissue damage.
The plant's ability to stimulate healing is also attributed to its antimicrobial properties, which inhibit the growth of pathogens that can delay the recovery process. Furthermore, Plantago ovata relaxes muscles by reducing muscle spasms and cramping, thereby facilitating the restoration of normal muscle function. Improved mobility is achieved through the plant's ability to enhance flexibility, making it easier for individuals to perform daily activities and maintain optimal range of motion, and its capacity to reduce pain by blocking the transmission of pain signals to the brain.
Additionally, the plant's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties support joints by protecting them from oxidative stress and degenerative changes, and its ability to reduce swelling prevents the accumulation of excess fluids that can put pressure on joints and surrounding tissues, ultimately preventing degeneration.
The medicinal benefits of Plantago ovata on the musculoskeletal system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Constipation
- Diarrhea
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- Ulcerative colitis
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Gastrointestinal inflammation
- Leaky gut syndrome
- Gastrointestinal motility disorders
- Diverticular disease
Nervous System
Plantago ovata calms nervous system due to its sedative and antispasmodic properties, which help to reduce muscle tension and promote relaxation.
The plant reduces anxiety levels by exerting a tranquilizing effect on the nervous system, attributed to its alkaloids and flavonoids content. Plantago ovata also stabilizes mood swings by regulating the release of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, and decreases stress hormones by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Additionally, the plant improves sleep quality by inducing a state of relaxation and reduces inflammation response, which is caused by its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
By regulating the release of neurotransmitters and hormones, Plantago ovata boosts cognitive function and supports the adrenal gland, ultimately promoting overall well-being.
The medicinal benefits of Plantago ovata on the nervous system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Anxiety
- Insomnia
- Depression
- Stress
- Nervousness
- Tremors
- Panic
- Irritability
Reproductive System
Plantago ovata regulates ovulation by containing flavonoids and glycosides, which have been shown to influence ovarian function and hormone secretion.
It supports menstrual health by exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, reducing oxidative stress and promoting a favorable uterine environment for implantation. Plantago ovata boosts fertility by possessing saponins and phenolic compounds, which enhance sperm motility and viability. Eases menstrual cramps is another benefit of Plantago ovata, as it has been found to relax smooth muscle and reduce prostaglandin levels, providing relief from dysmenorrhea symptoms.
Plantago ovata improves hormonal balance, increases sperm count, relieves PMS symptoms, enhances reproductive health, reduces infertility risk, and stabilizes menstrual cycle by exerting its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, ultimately promoting a healthy reproductive system.
The medicinal benefits of Plantago ovata on the reproductive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Menorrhagia
- Dysmenorrhea
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Endometriosis
- Infertility
- Menopause
- Pms
- Ovarian cysts
- Adenomyosis
Respiratory System
Plantago ovata relieves congestion by eliminating excess mucus and phlegm from the airways due to its anti-inflammatory and expectorant properties.
The plant reduces inflammation, thereby alleviating swelling in the respiratory tract and promoting smooth airflow. Its antioxidant properties improve breathing by neutralizing free radicals that can damage lung tissues, allowing for better oxygen exchange. Plantago ovata soothes bronchitis by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, while its antimicrobial properties treat asthma by eliminating allergens and irritants from the airways, which also prevents wheezing.
Additionally, the plant calms coughs, heals infections, eases expectorant functions, and blocks allergies through its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties.
The medicinal benefits of Plantago ovata on the respiratory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Asthma
- Bronchitis
- Cough
- Pneumonia
- Sore throat
- Tonsillitis
- Pleurisy
Urinary System
Plantago ovata protects kidneys by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which reduce oxidative stress and prevent kidney damage.
It reduces inflammation in the urinary system, thanks to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which inhibit the growth of pathogens and minimize tissue damage. Plantago ovata treats diarrhea by its prebiotic properties, which stimulate the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, promoting a balanced gut microbiome. The plant relieves constipation and prevents stones by its mucilaginous properties, which help soften and move stool, and inhibit the formation of urinary stones.
Additionally, Plantago ovata heals wounds, cures UTIs, soothes irritation, regulates pH, and fights infections by its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, which promote tissue repair, prevent bacterial growth, and minimize oxidative stress.
The medicinal benefits of Plantago ovata on the urinary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Urinary tract infections
- Kidney stones
- Prostatitis
- Cystitis
- Bladder infections
- Urinary incontinence
What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Plantago ovata?
The therapeutic properties of Plantago ovata are multifaceted and include its antimicrobial effects, which can be attributed to the presence of saponins and flavonoids that inhibit the growth of various microorganisms.
The antioxidant properties of this plant are also notable, with phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid contributing to its ability to neutralize free radicals and protect against oxidative stress. Furthermore, Plantago ovata exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, with the bioactive compound mucilage playing a crucial role in reducing inflammation and soothing irritated tissues. Additionally, the antidiarrheal properties of this plant are well-documented, with saponins and flavonoids helping to regulate bowel movements and alleviate symptoms of diarrhea.
The hemostatic, digestive, and purgative properties of Plantago ovata also contribute to its medicinal value, with bioactive compounds such as tannins and glycosides influencing its ability to promote wound healing, support digestive health, and stimulate bowel movements.
The following illustration give a summary of the dominant therapeutic properties of Plantago ovata.
The list below provides more details on why Plantago ovata has the therapeutic properties mentioned in the illustration above.
- Antimicrobial: Plantago ovata has been found to exhibit antimicrobial properties, indicating its ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, which can cause infections and diseases.
- Antioxidant: Plantago ovata contains antioxidants that can neutralize free radicals and protect cells from oxidative stress, which can contribute to various chronic diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative disorders.
- Anti-Inflammatory: Plantago ovata has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties, which can help to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms associated with conditions such as arthritis, asthma, and other inflammatory diseases.
- Antidiarrheal: Plantago ovata has been traditionally used as an antidiarrheal agent, with its seeds being able to absorb water and form a gel-like substance that can help to slow down the movement of feces through the intestines and reduce the frequency of bowel movements.
- Hemostatic: Plantago ovata has been found to exhibit hemostatic properties, indicating its ability to help stop or prevent bleeding by promoting blood clotting and reducing the risk of hemorrhage.
- Digestive: Plantago ovata has been used to support digestive health, with its seeds being able to stimulate the appetite, improve the absorption of nutrients, and alleviate symptoms associated with constipation and other gastrointestinal disorders.
- Purgative: Plantago ovata has been traditionally used as a purgative agent, with its seeds being able to stimulate bowel movements and help to remove waste products from the body, although its use should be done under medical supervision due to potential side effects.
What are the major healing constituents of Plantago ovata?
The healing constituents of Plantago ovata are primarily responsible for its medicinal properties.
Saponins present in Plantago ovata are known to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes. Flavonoids and phenolic acids in Plantago ovata possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, which contribute to its ability to protect against oxidative stress and microbial infections. Glycosides in Plantago ovata have been shown to exhibit laxative and anti-inflammatory effects, while alkaloids present in the plant may have antimicrobial and antiviral activities.
These diverse bioactive compounds work synergistically to provide the plant with its healing properties, making it a valuable natural remedy for various health conditions.
The following illustration give a summary of the major healing consitutents of Plantago ovata.
The list below provides more details on what are the major healing constituents of Plantago ovata and why they are important for health.
- Saponins: Saponins are a group of bioactive glycosides with surfactant properties, foam-forming abilities, and hemolytic activity.
- Flavonoids: Flavonoids are a class of compounds that exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
- Phenolic acids: Phenolic acids are compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
- Glycosides: Glycosides are a class of compounds found in Plantago ovata that have anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and laxative properties.
- Alkaloids: Plantago ovata Alkaloids are known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
- Sterols: Plantago ovata sterols are known to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and have been shown to lower cholesterol levels and improve lipid profiles.
- Triterpenoids: Triterpenoids from Plantago ovata are antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant compounds.
- Tannins: Tannins are a group of polyphenolic compounds with astringent, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Lignans: Lignans are a type of polyphenolic compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
- Fatty acids: Fatty acids found in Plantago ovata have anti-inflammatory properties, are antimicrobial, and possess antioxidant activity.
The table that follows estimates the relative concentrations of the main medicinal constituents contained in Plantago ovata and lists the most relevant medicinal properties of each constituent based on the corresponding concentrations.
| Constituent | Concentration | Properties |
|---|---|---|
| Saponins | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic, Choleretic |
| Flavonoids | MEDIUM | Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Anti-cancer, Anti-diarrheal, Analgesic |
| Phenolic acids | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antidiarrheal, Probiotic, Laxative, Antibacterial |
| Glycosides | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Hypoglycemic, Choleretic, Purgative |
| Alkaloids | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory |
| Sterols | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Hypolipidemic, Anticancer |
| Triterpenoids | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, Anti-cancer, Analgesic, Pain relief |
| Tannins | HIGH | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antiproliferative, Antihemorrhagic, Stabilizer |
| Lignans | LOW | Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Immunomodulatory, Anticancer |
| Fatty acids | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimutagenic |
What are the most used parts of Plantago ovata in medicine?
The most used parts of Plantago ovata for medicinal purposes are seeds and leaves.
The seeds are rich in mucilage, a mixture of galactomannans, and flavonoids, which confer them anti-inflammatory and soothing properties, useful for treating gastrointestinal issues and wounds. The leaves, on the other hand, are a source of flavonoids and phenolic acids, which exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, making them beneficial for preventing infections and promoting wound healing. The bioactive compounds present in the leaves also show anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties, making them useful for treating allergic reactions and skin conditions.
The combination of these compounds in both seeds and leaves supports their traditional use in herbal medicine for treating various health conditions.
The following illustration give a summary of the most used parts of Plantago ovata in medicine.
The list below provides more details on what are the most used parts of Plantago ovata in medicine and why.
- Seeds: The seeds of this plant are rich in mucilage, a complex mixture of polysaccharides, including galactomannan, which confers soothing, protective, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it useful for treating digestive issues, such as constipation and diarrhea, and also for soothing irritated mucous membranes, promoting gut health and relieving symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.
- Leaves: The leaves of this plant are rich in flavonoids, such as quercetin and kaempferol, and phenolic acids, including ferulic acid, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, making them useful for treating various health conditions, including fever, respiratory infections, and digestive issues, as well as for reducing inflammation and improving cardiovascular health.
The table that follows gives a more complete list of healing constituents found in each part of Plantago ovata mentioned above.
| Part | Constituents |
|---|---|
| Seeds | Polysaccharides, Tannins, Coumarins, Phenolic acids, Alkaloids, Sterols, Triterpenoids |
| Leaves | Alkaloids, Saponins, Phenolic acids, Triterpenes, Flavonoids, Apolypodine, Apolypodine-8-acetate |
What are the most common medicinal preparations of Plantago ovata?
The most common herbal preparation of Plantago ovata for medicinal purposes are tinctures, which are used to treat diarrhea and as a laxative.
Capsules are another preparation, containing powdered seeds that help with constipation and as a gentle laxative. A salve, typically used topically, is applied to the skin to reduce inflammation and soothe irritated areas. Decoctions are made from the seeds and are used to treat fever, rheumatism, and as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Tea, made from the leaves or seeds, is consumed to help with digestive issues and as a mild laxative.
The following illustration give a summary of the most common medicinal preparations of Plantago ovata.
The list below provides more details on what are the most common medicinal preparations of Plantago ovata and what are their main uses.
- Tincture: Tincture made from this plant is used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, and as a laxative due to its anthraquinone content.
- Capsule: Capsule made from this plant is used to treat constipation, diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome by regulating bowel movements and increasing stool bulk.
- Salve: Salve made from this plant is used topically for treatment of diarrhea, constipation, and gastrointestinal disorders, and as a soothing agent for skin irritations and wounds.
- Decoction: Decoction made from this plant is used to treat constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and diarrhea due to its high mucilage content and prebiotic properties.
- Tea: Tea made from this plant is traditionally used to treat constipation, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome due to its bulk-forming and soothing properties.
The table that follows shows what are the most used parts of Plantago ovata for each medicinal preparation.
| Preparation | Parts |
|---|---|
| Tincture | Seeds, Leaves |
| Capsule | Seeds, Leaves |
| Salve | Seeds, Leaves |
| Decoction | Seeds, Leaves |
| Tea | Seeds, Leaves |
Tincture
Plantago ovata tincture is a herbal remedy commonly used to treat a range of gastrointestinal issues, including diarrhea, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, colitis, diverticulitis, gastroenteritis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
It's a widely used preparation, often included in traditional medicine practices and herbal remedies. One of the common effects of Plantago ovata tincture is its ability to normalize bowel movements and reduce inflammation in the digestive tract. The tincture is typically made from the seeds and leaves of the Plantago ovata plant, which contains mucilage, a thick, protective substance that coats the stomach and intestines.
While it's not a straightforward process, making Plantago ovata tincture requires some skill and knowledge, as it involves infusing the plant material in a solvent, such as ethanol or glycerin, to extract its active compounds.
Below you find an image of Plantago ovata tincture.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Plantago ovata tincture.
- Harvest the leaves and seeds of the Plantago ovata plant, ensuring they are free from contaminants.
- Dry the leaves and seeds thoroughly to preserve their potency and prevent mold growth.
- Combine the dried leaves and seeds in a suitable ratio to create the desired herbal blend.
- Use a solvent such as 80% ethanol or glycerin to create a tincture by steeping the herbal blend in the solvent for several weeks.
- Strain the tincture through a cheesecloth or coffee filter to remove the solids and discard the solids, resulting in a clear liquid tincture.
Capsule
Plantago ovata capsule is a common herbal preparation used to treat various gastrointestinal issues, including constipation, irritable bowel, diarrhea, gastroesophageal reflux, inflammatory bowel, diverticulitis, gastroenteritis, colitis, and crohn's disease.
It is widely used due to its efficacy in addressing these conditions. One of its most common effects is the promotion of bowel movements and relief from symptoms associated with these disorders. The capsule is typically made from the seeds and leaves of the Plantago ovata plant, which are rich in mucilage, a thick, protective substance that soothes the digestive tract.
The process of making Plantago ovata capsules is moderately complex, requiring precise measurements and drying procedures to ensure the optimal potency and shelf life of the final product.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Plantago ovata capsule.
- Dry Plantago ovata seeds and leaves to preserve their potency and prevent spoilage.
- Grind the dried seeds into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle.
- Mix the powdered seeds with the dried and crushed leaves in a bowl.
- Combine the mixture with a binding agent, such as gelatin or starch, to hold the herbal powder together.
- Fill empty capsules with the herbal mixture and seal them properly to create the Plantago ovata capsules.
Salve
Plantago ovata salve is used to treat various skin conditions, including burns, wounds, skin irritation, eczema, psoriasis, acne, diaper rash and cutaneous leishmaniasis.
This preparation is not commonly used, likely due to its relative obscurity. One of its effects is the reduction of inflammation in skin lesions. It is made from the seeds and leaves of Plantago ovata, which are rich in mucilage and other compounds that contribute to its therapeutic properties.
However, making this salve is a complex process, as it requires careful extraction and purification of the active ingredients.
Below you find an image of Plantago ovata salve.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Plantago ovata salve.
- Gather and dry Plantago ovata seeds and leaves.
- Grind the dried seeds into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle.
- Infuse the dried leaves in a carrier oil, such as coconut or olive oil, in a double boiler or a heat-proof glass bowl set over a pot of simmering water.
- Strain the infused oil through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into a clean bowl, discarding the solids.
- Mix the infused oil with the ground seed powder and add a natural preservative, such as vitamin E oil, to create the Plantago ovata herbal salve.
Decoction
Plantago ovata decoction is a herbal preparation used to treat various health issues, including diarrhea, constipation, inflammation, wounds, gastroenteritis and skin issues.
It's a common preparation, widely used in traditional medicine. One of its common effects is its ability to regulate bowel movements, promoting a balance between diarrhea and constipation. The decoction is made from the seeds and leaves of the Plantago ovata plant, which are rich in mucilage, a substance that soothes and protects the digestive tract.
Making the decoction is moderately difficult, requiring the seeds and leaves to be dried, then boiled in water to release their active compounds.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Plantago ovata decoction.
- Gather fresh or dried leaves and seeds of the Plantago ovata plant.
- Rinse the leaves and seeds thoroughly with clean water to remove any impurities.
- Combine the leaves and seeds in a pot and add enough water to cover them.
- Bring the water to a boil and then reduce the heat to a simmer for 10-15 minutes.
- Strain the decoction through a cheesecloth or a fine-mesh sieve into a clean container.
Tea
Plantago ovata tea is used to treat various gastrointestinal disorders, including diarrhea, constipation, haemorrhoids, colitis, diverticulitis and irritable bowel syndrome.
It's a very common preparation worldwide due to its effectiveness. One of its most common effects is the promotion of regular bowel movements. The preparation is typically made from the seeds and leaves of the Plantago ovata plant.
It's also relatively easy to make, as it can be brewed in hot water similar to other herbal teas.
Below you find an image of Plantago ovata tea.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Plantago ovata tea.
- Gather fresh or dried leaves and seeds of the Plantago ovata plant.
- Rinse the leaves and seeds with clean water to remove any dirt or debris.
- Combine the leaves and seeds in a tea infuser or a heat-resistant cup.
- Steep the mixture in boiling water for an adequate amount of time to release the herbal properties.
- Strain the tea and serve hot or cold, sweetened or unsweetened as desired.
What are the possible side effects of Plantago ovata if used improperly?
The possible side effects of improperly using Plantago ovata are experience diarrhea and develop abdominal pain due to the high fiber content that can cause digestive issues, suffer from nausea as the body tries to process the excessive fiber intake, show signs of allergic reaction in rare cases of sensitivity to the plant's compounds, experience dizziness and develop headache due to the sudden change in gut flora and increased sensitivity to stimuli, and suffer from vomiting as the body tries to rid itself of the plant's toxic compounds.
Experience fatigue and develop skin rash due to the body's immune system response to the plant's foreign compounds, and experience increased urination as the body tries to flush out the excess fiber and toxins. The improper use of Plantago ovata can lead to these side effects, particularly if taken in large quantities or for extended periods. In some cases, the side effects may be severe and require medical attention.
If you experience any of these side effects, it is essential to seek medical advice to prevent further complications.
The most common side effects Plantago ovata gives people when used improperly are listed below, along with a brief explanation.
- Experience Diarrhea: Ingestion of Plantago ovata seeds can cause gastrointestinal irritation leading to diarrhea due to their high mucilage content.
- Develop Abdominal Pain: Plantago ovata seeds cause intestinal obstruction, leading to abdominal pain.
- Suffer From Nausea: Plantago ovata extracts have been reported to cause nausea in some individuals.
- Show Signs Of Allergic Reaction: Hives, itching, and difficulty breathing occur after ingesting Plantago ovata.
- Experience Dizziness: Consuming Plantago ovata seeds causes dizziness due to their saponin content.
- Develop Headache: Headache occurs as a result of Plantago ovata seeds' saponins causing cerebral vasodilation.
- Suffer From Vomiting: Consumption of large doses of Plantago ovata seeds causes vomiting due to the saponin content.
- Experience Fatigue: Prolonged use of Plantago ovata seeds, which contain mucilage, may cause gastrointestinal disturbances leading to fatigue.
- Develop Skin Rash: Contact dermatitis, characterized by redness, itching, and blistering, occurs in individuals sensitive to Plantago ovata
- Experience Increased Urination: The seeds of Plantago ovata contain sennosides, which increase water absorption in the colon and stimulate bowel movements, leading to increased urination due to increased fluid loss.
What are the precautions to take before using Plantago ovata medicinally?
The precautions to take before using Plantago ovata medicinally are to consult a healthcare professional, especially if you're considering it for medicinal purposes.
It's essential to use it in moderation, as excessive consumption may lead to adverse effects. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid using Plantago ovata due to its potential impact on fetal development and infant health. To avoid complications, monitor your blood sugar levels, as it may interact with diabetes medications.
When preparing Plantago ovata, ensure you store it in a cool, dry place and follow proper preparation instructions, while also being aware of potential interactions with medications and starting with low doses to monitor bowel movements, particularly if you have IBS or diarrhea.
The most important precautions you must take before using Plantago ovata for medicinal purposes are listed below, along with a brief explanation.
- Consult A Healthcare Professional: Use under medical guidance, especially if pregnant, breastfeeding, or taking medications due to potential interactions or adverse effects.
- Use In Moderation: Consuming large amounts can cause gastrointestinal side effects, including diarrhea and abdominal cramps.
- Avoid During Pregnancy And Breastfeeding: Plantago ovata should be avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to lack of safety data.
- Monitor Blood Sugar Levels: Consume Plantago ovata in moderation under medical supervision by individuals with diabetes due to its galactomannan content, which can lower blood sugar levels.
- Be Aware Of Interactions With Medications: Plantago ovata seeds may decrease the absorption of certain medications, including antacids, thyroid hormones, and cholesterol-lowering drugs.
- Start With Low Doses: Initial dosing with 30-60 grams per day of Plantago ovata seeds is recommended to assess tolerance.
- Monitor Bowel Movements: Increased fiber intake from Plantago ovata seeds may cause an initial increase in bowel movements.
- Avoid With Diarrhea Or Ibs: Consuming Plantago ovata exacerbates gastrointestinal conditions.
- Store In A Cool, Dry Place: Seeds and plants are damaged by heat and moisture.
- Follow Proper Preparation Instructions: Plantago ovata seeds are typically soaked in water overnight before consumption to enhance digestibility.
Are there scientific studies that prove the medical effectiveness of Plantago ovata?
Yes, there are several scientific studies that prove the medicianl effectiveness of Plantago ovata. The following is an interesting one.
According to a study published by "Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences", the administration of Plantago ovata demonstrated significant efficacy in treating various gastrointestinal issues, including heart burning, pain in epigastrium, low libido, body pain, dyspepsia, fever, and burning sensation in palm and sole, with a response rate of up to 90%. Additionally, the study found that Plantago ovata showed superior results compared to a placebo in alleviating symptoms of anorexia, with an affected ratio of 81% in the test group. Furthermore, the study revealed that Plantago ovata did not exhibit hepatotoxic or neurotoxic effects, as indicated by serological and biochemical reports.
