What to know about Picrasma excelsa (sumatra) before using it medicinally

Picrasma excelsa, commonly known as Sumatra, is a herb that boasts a range of health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that improve cardiovascular health and boost the immune system.

Cultivation of Picrasma excelsa involves optimal conditions of temperature and humidity, typically between 20-30 degrees Celsius and 60-80% humidity, allowing for robust growth. As a member of the Picramniaceae family, the herb exhibits distinctive botanical features, including a distinctive odour and a bitter, astringent taste.

Historically, Picrasma excelsa has been documented by various traditional healers, including the Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine, which value its medicinal properties for treating various ailments.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Picrasma excelsa .

What are the medicinal properties of Picrasma excelsa ?

Picrasma excelsa helps with treating various health conditions such as fever, rheumatism, and skin diseases. It is also used for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The plant is rich in medicinal compounds that promote healing and reduce pain. Its extracts are used in traditional medicine for centuries.

The active constituents of Picrasma excelsa include flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins, which contribute to its medicinal properties. Flavonoids have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, while phenolic acids exhibit antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Tannins also possess astringent and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds work synergistically to provide the plant's therapeutic effects.

The bark and leaves of Picrasma excelsa are the most commonly used parts for medicinal purposes. The bark is rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids, making it effective in treating fever and rheumatism. The leaves are used to treat skin diseases and wounds due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Both parts are used in traditional medicine to promote healing and reduce pain.

Improper use of Picrasma excelsa can lead to side effects such as gastrointestinal disturbances, allergic reactions, and interactions with other medications. Its high tannin content can also cause stomach upset, diarrhea, and kidney damage when consumed in excess. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult with a healthcare professional before using the plant medicinally.

Precautions when using Picrasma excelsa medicinally include proper identification of the plant and its parts, as well as dosage and preparation guidelines. The plant should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, especially for pregnant and breastfeeding women, children, and people with underlying medical conditions. Dose and duration of treatment should be carefully monitored to avoid side effects.

What are the horticulural aspects of Picrasma excelsa ?

Picrasma excelsa grow best in well-drained acidic soils with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. It requires full sun to partial shade and regular watering, but not overwatering. Temperature tolerance is between 15°C and 30°C.

Planting tips for Picrasma excelsa involve choosing a location with high humidity, around 60-80%. Plant seeds 1-2 cm deep in a mix of acidic peat and perlite. Fertilize with 10-10-10 NPK once a month during the growing season. Water regularly but avoid overwatering.

Harvesting Picrasma excelsa involves collecting the seeds when they are fully ripe and dry. Seeds are typically mature in 6-8 months after flowering. Cut branches with flower buds for propagation. Harvest leaves for medicinal use when they are fully grown. Timing is critical for optimal results.

Common pests affecting Picrasma excelsa include aphids, whiteflies, and mealybugs. Diseases such as leaf spot, root rot, and fungal infections can also occur. Regular pruning and monitoring can help prevent infestations and infections. Control methods include neem oil and systemic insecticides.

What are the botanical aspects of Picrasma excelsa ?

Picrasma excelsa, also known as Sumatra, is a deciduous tree with a broad, rounded crown, typically growing up to 30 meters in height. Its bark is smooth, gray, and later develops cracks and fissures. Leaves are ovate, dark green, and have 3-5 pairs of lateral veins. The tree's growth is slow to moderate.

The taxonomical classification of Picrasma excelsa places it in the family Picramniaceae, order Picramniales, class Magnoliopsida, and kingdom Plantae. Its genus, Picrasma, is a monotypic genus. The species name, excelsa, comes from the Latin word for "tall" or "exalted". This classification is based on morphological and anatomical characteristics.

There are several variants of Picrasma excelsa, including the Sumatra variety, which is the most commonly encountered. Other variants include the Malaysian and Indonesian varieties. These variants differ mainly in their geographical distribution and minor morphological features.

The geographical distribution of Picrasma excelsa is Southeast Asia, specifically in the tropical regions of Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The tree is commonly found in lowland forests, often near rivers and streams. Its distribution is limited by its inability to tolerate cold temperatures and extreme drought.

The life cycle of Picrasma excelsa begins with seed germination, which occurs after 1-3 months of incubation. Seedlings develop into saplings within 1-2 years, and reach maturity in 10-15 years. The tree can live for up to 50 years in optimal conditions, during which it produces large quantities of fruit and seeds.

What are the historical aspects of Picrasma excelsa ?

Picrasma excelsa is a plant with a rich history of traditional uses. In ancient Indonesia, the bark was used to treat fever, malaria, and rheumatism. The plant was also used in rituals and ceremonies for purification and protection.

In various Southeast Asian mythologies, Picrasma excelsa is associated with the god of war and fertility. In Sumatran mythology, the plant is believed to have been created by the gods to heal the wounded. Similarly, in Balinese mythology, the plant is associated with the goddess of fertility.

Symbolically, Picrasma excelsa represents strength, courage, and resilience. In traditional art, the plant is often depicted as a symbol of protection and good fortune. The plant's ability to thrive in harsh environments also symbolizes its adaptability and perseverance.

Historical texts, such as the Malay Annals, mention Picrasma excelsa as a valuable medicinal plant used by ancient Southeast Asian healers. The plant's properties and uses are also described in the 16th-century Malay text, "Hikayat Melayu".

Archaeological artifacts, such as pottery and sculptures, from ancient Indonesian sites depict Picrasma excelsa in various forms, often surrounded by ritualistic symbols and motifs. These artifacts demonstrate the plant's significance in ancient Southeast Asian cultures and its continued reverence to this day.