What to know about Phellodendron amurense (amur corktree) before using it medicinally

Phellodendron amurense, commonly known as amur corktree, is a versatile herb that has been revered for its health-promoting properties, which include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities that can help alleviate various health conditions.

In terms of horticulture, Phellodendron amurense is a deciduous tree native to northeastern Asia that thrives in well-drained soil and temperate climates. From a botanical standpoint, the herb belongs to the Rutaceae family and is characterized by its distinctive bark, heart-shaped leaves, and clusters of small, greenish-yellow flowers.

Historically, Phellodendron amurense has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, with records dating back to the Shennong Ben Cao Jing, one of the oldest and most influential medical texts in Chinese history.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Phellodendron amurense.

What are the medicinal properties of Phellodendron amurense?

Phellodendron amurense helps with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and gastrointestinal disorders. It is used to lower blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels. Additionally, it is used to treat fever, rheumatism, and inflammation.

The active constituents of Phellodendron amurense include alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. These compounds are responsible for its medicinal properties, including antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Berberine, a well-known alkaloid, is a major contributor to its therapeutic effects.

The bark, leaves, and roots of Phellodendron amurense are commonly used for medicinal purposes. The bark is particularly rich in berberine and is used to treat various ailments. The leaves and roots are also used to make teas and infusions for digestive and cardiovascular issues.

Improper use of Phellodendron amurense can cause side effects such as gastrointestinal upset, allergic reactions, and interactions with other medications. In excessive amounts, it may also cause diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.

Precautions should be taken when using Phellodendron amurense medicinally. It is contraindicated in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Additionally, individuals with liver or kidney disease should consult a healthcare professional before using it. The plant should also be used in combination with other medications under medical supervision.

What are the horticulural aspects of Phellodendron amurense?

Phellodendron amurense grow in full sun to partial shade, requiring at least 6 hours of direct sunlight. They thrive in well-drained soils, pH 5.5-7.0, and tolerate drought once established. The plant can grow in a wide range of temperatures, from -40°C to 40°C. It can tolerate extreme winds.

Planting Phellodendron amurense requires careful consideration. It prefers to be planted in spring or autumn, avoiding extreme weather conditions. A hole 2-3 times wider and as deep as the root ball should be dug, adding organic matter to improve soil fertility. Water regularly until established. Avoid overwatering.

Harvesting Phellodendron amurense can be done in various ways. Bark and leaves are harvested for medicinal use. The bark is typically harvested in the winter, while the leaves are picked in the summer. Harvest only what is needed, as over-harvesting can damage the plant. Make clean cuts to avoid spreading diseases.

Phellodendron amurense is susceptible to several pests and diseases. Aphids, scales, and spider mites can infest the plant, causing damage to leaves and stems. Root rot, caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, is a major disease affecting the plant. Regular monitoring and proper pruning can help prevent these issues.

What are the botanical aspects of Phellodendron amurense?

Phellodendron amurense is a deciduous tree with a broad, flat crown and a straight, cylindrical trunk that can grow up to 20 meters tall. Its bark is gray and furrowed, with prominent ridges and furrows. The leaves are alternate, 5-7 lobed, and 7-12 cm long.

Phellodendron amurense is classified in the family Rutaceae, subfamily Rutoideae, and is closely related to the genus Berberis. It is a member of the order Sapindales, subclass Rosidae, and family Rutaceae. The species was first described by the Russian botanist Stepan Schischkin in 1952.

Phellodendron amurense has several variants, including Phellodendron amurense var. chinense, which is smaller in size and has smaller leaves. Another variant is Phellodendron amurense var. glabrescens, which has glabrous leaves and twigs. Variants also differ in their bark texture and leaf lobing.

Phellodendron amurense is native to eastern Asia, specifically in China, Korea, Japan, and Russia. It grows in forests and along rivers in the mountainous regions, at elevations between 200-2,500 meters above sea level. The plant thrives in temperate climates with adequate moisture.

Phellodendron amurense completes its life cycle within a year. It produces yellowish-green flowers in late spring, which are followed by red or purple fruit in late summer or early fall. The seeds are dispersed by birds and small mammals, allowing the plant to propagate and continue its life cycle.

What are the historical aspects of Phellodendron amurense?

Phellodendron amurense is a plant with a rich history of medicinal and practical uses. In traditional Chinese medicine, its bark and roots were used to treat fever, rheumatism, and skin conditions. In Korea, it was used to prevent scurvy and as an insect repellent.

In mythological references, Phellodendron amurense is associated with the Chinese dragon, a symbol of good fortune and prosperity. The plant's bark was also used in rituals to ward off evil spirits and bring good luck. In Korean mythology, it was believed to have the power to purify the mind and body.

The symbolic meanings of Phellodendron amurense vary across cultures, but it is often associated with protection, stability, and resilience. In traditional Chinese art, it was depicted as a symbol of longevity and wisdom. In Korea, it was considered a symbol of good fortune and prosperity.

Historical texts, such as the Materia Medica by Shen Nong, document the medicinal properties of Phellodendron amurense. The plant was also mentioned in the medical texts of Korea and Japan. In the 13th-century medical text, "Bencao Gangmu," it was described as a treatment for fever and rheumatism.

Historical artifacts, such as wooden carvings and ceramic decorations, feature Phellodendron amurense as a symbol of good fortune and prosperity. In Korea, the plant was often depicted on tombstones and in temple carvings, highlighting its importance in traditional culture.