deulkkae

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• beefsteak-plant
• perilla
• shiso
• beefsteak mint
• beefsteak plant
• mint perilla
• shrubby perilla
• Beefsteak
• Chinese Basil
• Korean Perilla
• Perilla Mint
• Purple Mint
• beefsteak-mint
• summer coleus
• wild coleus

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Ocimum frutescens
• Pogostemon perilloides

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified under the phylum Streptophyta and class Equisetopsida. Within the subclass Magnoliidae, it is situated in the order Lamiales and the family Lamiaceae. Finally, it is categorized under the genus Perilla.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a diverse presence across several distinct regions of the European continent. In Middle Europe, its distribution can be observed within the borders of Germany. Moving toward Southeastern Europe, the species is found in both Italy and Romania. Its range also extends into Eastern Europe, specifically covering parts of South European Russia. Finally, the plant is well-documented as growing within the territory of Ukraine.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Perilla frutescens is characterized by its ability to thrive across a diverse altitudinal gradient, ranging from elevations as low as 300 m AMSL to a maximum of 2300 m AMSL. This plant demonstrates a strong affinity for riparian and moisture-rich environments, frequently establishing itself in habitats such as lakes, rivers, shores, and sandy substrates. Such ecological preferences suggest a capacity to colonize disturbed or transitional zones near water bodies where soil moisture is readily available.

Elevational range max:

2300 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

300 m AMSL

Habitat :

lakes, rivers, sand, shores

Life history

The life history of Perilla frutescens is characterized by an annual lifecycle, meaning the plant completes its entire developmental process from germination to seed production within a single growing season. As a therophyte, it follows a survival strategy where the majority of the plant's living tissue dies back at the end of the season, leaving only the seeds to persist in a dormant state to endure unfavorable environmental conditions. This life form allows the species to rapidly exploit seasonal resources, utilizing its ephemeral growth habit to occupy various ecological niches before transitioning into its reproductive phase to ensure the next generation.

Life form :

therophyte

Lifecycle :

annual

Morphology

The morphology of Perilla frutescens is characterized by its growth form as a non-woody herb and forb. It is a terrestrial species that functions as an independent organism, neither acting as a parasite nor an epiphyte. The plant is self-supporting rather than a climber or vine, exhibiting an erect shoot orientation. In terms of stature, it typically reaches a mean height of 0.6 m, with its vertical growth ranging from a minimum of 0.6 m to a maximum of 1 m.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

herb

Growth form :

forb

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

1 m

Plant height mean:

0.6 m

Shoot orientation :

erect

Woodiness :

non-woody

Physiology

The physiology of Perilla frutescens is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, which dictates its carbon fixation process and metabolic efficiency under varying environmental conditions. As a C3 plant, it utilizes the enzyme Rubisco to fix atmospheric carbon dioxide directly into a three-carbon compound during the Calvin cycle. Furthermore, the plant is not a nitrogen fixer; it lacks the specialized symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as rhizobia, required to convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms, and therefore relies on the uptake of available nitrates and ammonium from the soil to fulfill its nutritional requirements.

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Reproduction

The reproduction of Perilla frutescens is characterized by a specific flowering window and the production of specialized seeds. The flowering process typically begins in July and concludes within the same month, though the timing can be variable depending on environmental conditions. The plant produces dry fruits that contain seeds with highly consistent physical dimensions. The seed volume is uniform, maintaining a mean, minimum, and maximum value of 2.6 mm³. In terms of mass, the seeds exhibit slight variability, with a minimum mass of 0.00064 g, a mean mass of 0.00102 g, and a maximum mass of 0.0014 g.

Flowering time :

Jul

Fruit dryness :

dry

Seed mass max:

0.0014 g

Seed mass mean:

0.00102 g

Seed mass min:

0.00064 g

Seed volume max:

2.6 mm³

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Perilla frutescens has 5 reported plant parts identified across 27 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include leaf, seed, stem, root, fruit.

Leaf

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
2. Frontiers in plant science
3. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
4. International journal of genomics
5. PloS one

Seed

1. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
2. BMC genomics
3. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials
4. Applied microbiology and biotechnology
5. Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB

Stem

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications
3. Frontiers in plant science

Root

1. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology
2. Frontiers in plant science

Fruit

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR

Chemicals

Perilla frutescens has 197 reported phytochemicals identified across 27 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include rosmarinic acid, PERILLALDEHYDE, Flavonoids, luteolin, apigenin.

rosmarinic acid

1. Dr. Duke
2. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin
3. Pharmaceutics
4. Journal of inflammation research
5. Acta poloniae pharmaceutica

PERILLALDEHYDE

1. Dr. Duke
2. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics
3. Journal of natural medicines
4. Acta biologica Hungarica
5. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Flavonoids

1. PloS one
2. Plant molecular biology
3. BMC plant biology
4. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
5. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

luteolin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Phytochemical analysis : PCA
3. Phytotherapy research : PTR
4. Planta medica
5. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin

apigenin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Phytochemical analysis : PCA
3. Phytotherapy research : PTR
4. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
5. Scientific reports

caffeic acid

1. Dr. Duke
2. Planta medica
3. Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB
4. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
5. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Anthocyanins

1. Dr. Duke
2. Frontiers in plant science
3. Acta poloniae pharmaceutica
4. Plant molecular biology

Fatty acids

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
2. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials
3. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
4. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

LIMONENE

1. Dr. Duke
2. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials
3. Food chemistry
4. Journal of natural products

perillaketone

1. Dr. Duke
2. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
3. BMC plant biology
4. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials

Activities

Perilla frutescens has 615 reported activities identified across 27 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antimicrobial, Sedative, Antibacterial.

Antioxidant

1. Dr. Duke
2. International journal of biological macromolecules
3. Acta poloniae pharmaceutica
4. Frontiers in nutrition
5. Frontiers in pharmacology

Anticancer

1. Dr. Duke
2. The journal of physical chemistry. B
3. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition
4. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association
5. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Antimicrobial

1. The journal of physical chemistry. B
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
4. Journal of natural products

Sedative

1. Dr. Duke
2. The journal of physical chemistry. B
3. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin
4. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Antibacterial

1. Dr. Duke
2. Acta poloniae pharmaceutica
3. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Antidepressant

1. Dr. Duke
2. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
3. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Antitumor

1. Dr. Duke
2. Frontiers in nutrition
3. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Hypolipidemic

1. Dr. Duke
2. International journal of biological macromolecules
3. Ultrasonics sonochemistry

Analgesic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Antifibrotic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)

Conditions

Perilla frutescens has 34 reported investigations on conditions identified across 27 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include anti-allergic, asthma, inflammation, anti-oxidant, depression.

Anti-allergic

1. Natural product communications
2. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association
3. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Asthma

1. Briefings in bioinformatics
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Inflammation

1. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology
3. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin

Anti-oxidant

1. Natural product communications
2. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association

Depression

1. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Reactive oxygen species

1. Acta poloniae pharmaceutica
2. Phytotherapy research : PTR

Copd

1. Frontiers in pharmacology

Candida albicans

1. Scientific reports

Ebola virus

1. Viruses

Staphylococcus aureus

1. Scientific reports

Preparations

Perilla frutescens has 18 reported preparations identified across 27 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include leaves, Banxia Houpu decoction, Chinese medicine, PLEVP, Perilla frutescens leaf extract (PFE).

Leaves

1. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin
2. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Banxia houpu decoction

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Chinese medicine

1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications

Plevp

1. Research (Washington, D.C.)

Perilla frutescens leaf extract (pfe)

1. Arerugi = [Allergy]

Perilla frutescens root meal

1. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials

Perilla oil

1. Frontiers in plant science

Perilla-derived methoxyflavanone

1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications

Essential oil

1. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine

Essential oil of perilla frutescens

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology