What to know about Pergularia extensa (devil's claw) before using it medicinally

Pergularia extensa, commonly known as devil's claw, is a versatile herb that has been utilized for centuries to alleviate various health ailments, including arthritis, digestive issues, and inflammation, by providing relief and promoting overall well-being.

As a fast-growing climber, it requires adequate sunlight, warm temperatures, and well-draining soil to thrive, making it a suitable addition to tropical and subtropical gardens. Botanically, Pergularia extensa belongs to the Asclepiadaceae family, characterized by its distinctive claw-like root and tubular flowers, which are often red or yellow in color.

In traditional medicine, the herb has been documented as far back as ancient India, where it was used by Ayurvedic practitioners to treat a range of conditions, including fever, skin diseases, and respiratory problems.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Pergularia extensa .

What are the medicinal properties of Pergularia extensa ?

Pergularia extensa helps with various health conditions such as arthritis, pain, and inflammation. It has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, making it a popular natural remedy for managing chronic pain. Its effectiveness in treating migraines and fibromyalgia has also been reported.

The plant's medicinal properties are attributed to its active constituents, including harpagoside, iridoid glycosides, and flavonoids. Harpagoside is the primary bioactive compound responsible for the plant's anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. These constituents interact with opioid receptors, producing a pain-relieving response.

The roots and tubers of the Pergularia extensa plant are primarily used for medicinal purposes. The roots are rich in harpagoside and other active constituents, making them a popular choice for extraction and use in traditional medicine. The plant's rhizomes and stems are also used, but to a lesser extent.

Using Pergularia extensa improperly can lead to gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea and diarrhea. High doses may also cause allergic reactions, including skin rashes and itching. Interactions with other medications, such as blood thinners and diabetes medications, are also possible.

When using Pergularia extensa medicinally, precautions include consulting with a healthcare professional, especially if taking other medications or with underlying health conditions. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should also avoid using the plant due to the lack of studies on its safety in these populations.

What are the horticulural aspects of Pergularia extensa ?

Pergularia extensa grow best in full sun to partial shade and well-drained soils with a pH range of 6.0-8.0. It can tolerate dry conditions but performs optimally with moderate watering. The ideal temperature for growth is between 15-30°C.

For optimal growth, plant Pergularia extensa in areas with good air circulation to prevent fungal diseases. Space the plants 1-2 meters apart, depending on the desired growth habit. Water regularly during the first year after planting to establish a strong root system. Mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds.

To harvest the plant, cut the stems at an angle just above a node when the plant reaches maturity, usually in late summer or early fall. Harvest the roots in autumn or spring when the plant is dormant. Make clean cuts to avoid damaging the stems and roots. Leave a small portion of stem intact to allow for regrowth.

Pests that commonly affect Pergularia extensa include aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites. Fungal diseases like root rot and leaf spot can also occur. Regularly inspect the plant for signs of infestation or infection, and treat promptly with appropriate control measures. Regular watering and good air circulation can help prevent some of these issues.

What are the botanical aspects of Pergularia extensa ?

Pergularia extensa is a succulent vine with tuberous roots, woody stem, and opposite, simple leaves that are 2-6 cm long and 1-2 cm wide, with 5-7 lobes. Leaves are hairy, with petioles up to 1 cm long. Flowers are in terminal racemes, yellow, and 5-6 cm long.

Pergularia extensa is a member of the Apocynaceae family, with the genus Pergularia containing 4-6 species. The species name "extensa" refers to the plant's tendency to sprawl and extend its stems. The plant is also known as "Hoodia extensa". Its taxonomic classification is: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Asterids.

There are several variants of Pergularia extensa, including P. e. extensa, P. e. latifolia, and P. e. minor. Variants differ in leaf shape, size, and stem coloration. P. e. extensa has a woody stem and larger leaves, while P. e. latifolia has a woody stem and smaller leaves.

Pergularia extensa is native to tropical Africa, specifically in the savannas and dry forests of South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia. It has been introduced to other parts of Africa and Asia as an ornamental plant. The plant grows in well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade.

The life cycle of Pergularia extensa involves a 1-2 year vegetative phase, followed by a flowering phase that lasts several months. Seeds are produced in large numbers and are dispersed by wind and animals. The tuberous roots of the plant allow for survival during dry periods and facilitate rapid growth when conditions become favorable.

What are the historical aspects of Pergularia extensa ?

Pergularia extensa is a plant with a rich history of traditional medicine use. Indigenous communities in Southern Africa have employed it for centuries to treat various ailments, including pain, fever, and respiratory issues. Its roots are believed to possess therapeutic properties.

In mythological contexts, Pergularia extensa is associated with the San people's concept of "n/um", a divine power believed to be connected to the natural world. The plant is said to possess spiritual significance and is often linked to the "trance state" associated with n/um rituals.

Throughout history, Pergularia extensa has been imbued with symbolic meanings. In some cultures, it represents protection and good luck, while in others, it symbolizes spiritual growth and transformation. These meanings are often tied to its perceived medicinal and spiritual properties.

Historical texts, such as those by the German naturalist Leonhard Rauwenhoff (18th century), have documented the use of Pergularia extensa in traditional medicine. The plant's roots are described as being used to treat a range of conditions, including fever and rheumatism.

Archaeological evidence, including ancient artifacts and depictions, confirms the historical use of Pergularia extensa in various cultures. For example, a 19th-century ceramic vessel from the Ndebele people features a design that incorporates the plant's roots and flowers.