What to know about Pelargonium graveolens (geranium) before using it medicinally

Pelargonium graveolens, commonly known as geranium, is a herb renowned for its therapeutic properties, which have been extensively studied and utilized to alleviate anxiety, depression, and stress, while also promoting relaxation and improving sleep quality.

As a versatile and low-maintenance herb, it is widely cultivated in gardens and indoor spaces, prized for its attractive foliage and vibrant flowers that add a pop of color to any setting. Botanically, Pelargonium graveolens is a member of the Geraniaceae family, characterized by its distinctive pungent scent and slightly bitter taste, which are attributed to the presence of essential oils such as geraniol and linalool.

Historically, the herb has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, with ancient Egyptians and Greeks citing its use for various health benefits, and more recently, it has gained popularity in aromatherapy and herbal medicine for its calming and soothing effects.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Pelargonium graveolens.

What are the medicinal properties of Pelargonium graveolens?

Pelargonium graveolens helps with anxiety, stress, and insomnia due to its calming and sedative properties. It has been traditionally used to treat nervous disorders, headaches, and skin conditions. Its aroma also has a decongestant effect.

The active constituents responsible for the medicinal properties of Pelargonium graveolens are geraniol, linalool, and limonene, which have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. These compounds are responsible for its anxiolytic, antiseptic, and antispasmodic properties.

The leaves and flowers of Pelargonium graveolens are primarily used for medicinal purposes, as they contain the highest concentration of essential oils. The leaves are often used for treating anxiety, insomnia, and headaches, while the flowers are used to soothe skin conditions and wounds.

When used improperly, Pelargonium graveolens can cause allergic reactions, skin irritation, and respiratory problems in some individuals. Excessive consumption may also lead to dizziness, nausea, and stomach upset.

When using Pelargonium graveolens medicinally, it is essential to follow proper precautions. Pregnant and breastfeeding women, as well as individuals with allergies or respiratory conditions, should use it under medical supervision. Additionally, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using it for medicinal purposes, especially when combined with other medications or treatments.

What are the horticulural aspects of Pelargonium graveolens?

Pelargonium graveolens grow well in temperate climates with moderate temperatures between 15-30°C. They thrive in full sun to partial shade, requiring at least 4-6 hours of direct sunlight. Soil should be well-draining and fertile with a pH between 6.0-7.0.

Planting Pelargonium graveolens in well-draining soil with a mix of compost and perlite can improve soil structure. Water thoroughly after planting and keep the soil consistently moist during the first few weeks. Space plants 30-60 cm apart to allow for proper air circulation and growth.

Harvesting the leaves and flowers of Pelargonium graveolens should be done regularly to promote new growth. Leaves can be harvested at any time, while flowers should be picked in the morning when they are fully open. Cut back the stems after flowering to encourage new growth and prevent seed production.

Common pests that affect Pelargonium graveolens include aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites. Fungal diseases such as root rot, leaf spot, and powdery mildew can also occur due to overwatering or poor air circulation. Regular monitoring and treatment can help prevent these issues and maintain healthy plants.

What are the botanical aspects of Pelargonium graveolens?

Pelargonium graveolens is a perennial shrub that grows up to 1 meter in height and 1.5 meters in width, with a woody stem and dark green leaves that are oval-shaped and pointed. The leaves are 5-10 cm long and have a soft, hairy texture.

Pelargonium graveolens belongs to the family Geraniaceae and is classified as a species of the genus Pelargonium. The species is further classified into two subspecies: Pelargonium graveolens subsp. graveolens and Pelargonium graveolens subsp. speciosum. The taxonomy is based on morphological characteristics and molecular analysis.

There are several variants of Pelargonium graveolens, including 'Attar of Roses', 'Mabel Grey', and 'Bourbon'. These variants are characterized by their unique leaf shape, flower color, and essential oil content. The variants are often used in perfumery and aromatherapy for their distinct fragrance and medicinal properties.

Pelargonium graveolens is native to South Africa and is widely cultivated in many parts of the world, including Europe, North America, and Asia. The plant thrives in well-drained soils and full sun, making it a popular choice for gardens and indoor containers.

The life cycle of Pelargonium graveolens involves a dormant period during winter, followed by new growth in spring. The plant produces white, pink, or red flowers from June to September, which are followed by seed production. The seeds are dispersed by wind and water, allowing the plant to spread and propagate in its natural habitat.

What are the historical aspects of Pelargonium graveolens?

Pelargonium graveolens is a plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine, perfumery, and culinary arts. It was used by ancient Greeks and Romans for its medicinal properties, including treating digestive issues and skin conditions.

In Greek mythology, geranium was associated with the goddess of love, Aphrodite, and was said to possess aphrodisiac properties. The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder also wrote about the plant's use in perfumes and aromatics.

In various cultures, geranium has been imbued with symbolic meanings, including purity, innocence, and love. In Victorian-era England, it was a popular symbol in floral language, representing secret love and admiration. In Africa, the plant is believed to ward off evil spirits.

The Greek physician Dioscorides wrote about the medicinal properties of geranium in his 5th-century text "De Materia Medica". Later, the 16th-century herbalist John Gerard included the plant in his book "Herball", describing its use in treating skin conditions and digestive issues.

Historical artifacts featuring geranium can be found in the form of ancient Greek and Roman artifacts, such as mosaics and pottery, which depict the plant in various contexts. The 17th-century Dutch artist still life paintings often featured geranium as a decorative element.