Esfand

Names

Common Names

• African-rue
• Syrian-rue
• wild rue
• African rue
• Syrian rue
• aspand
• esfand
• harmal peganum

Regional and Traditional Names

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Peganon harmalum
• Harmala peganum

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified under the phylum Streptophyta within the class Equisetopsida. As a member of the subclass Magnoliidae and the order Sapindales, it is further categorized into the family Nitrariaceae. Ultimately, it is identified by the genus Peganum, specifically known as Peganum harmala.

Distribution

This plant exhibits a diverse geographical distribution across several European regions. In Middle Europe, it can be found growing in Hungary. Its presence extends into Southwestern Europe, where it inhabits the Baleares islands. Additionally, the species is located within the territories of France and Sardegna. Finally, it is also widely distributed throughout Spain.

Plant Parts

Chemicals

Peganum harmala has 84 reported phytochemicals identified across 27 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include HARMINE, harmaline, harmalol, HARMANE, Harmol.

HARMINE

1. Dr. Duke
2. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine
3. European journal of pharmacology
4. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association
5. Journal of chromatographic science

harmaline

1. Dr. Duke
2. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine
3. European journal of pharmacology
4. Metabolic brain disease
5. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association

harmalol

1. Dr. Duke
2. European journal of pharmacology
3. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association
4. Journal of chromatographic science
5. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

HARMANE

1. Journal of chromatographic science
2. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Neuroscience letters
4. Phytotherapy research : PTR
5. DNA and cell biology

Harmol

1. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association
2. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Phytotherapy research : PTR
4. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Peganine

1. Dr. Duke
2. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine
3. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
4. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association

Flavonoids

1. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology
2. Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening
3. Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets

Vasicine

1. European journal of pharmacology
2. Scientific reports
3. Journal of analytical methods in chemistry

Deoxypeganine

1. Dr. Duke
2. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association

Norharmane

1. Journal of chromatographic science
2. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C, Journal of biosciences

Activities

Peganum harmala has 119 reported activities identified across 27 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Antitumor, Anticancer.

Most Reported Activities

Medicinal Uses

Peganum harmala has 76 reported medicinal uses identified across 27 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported uses include inflammation, Staphylococcus aureus, oxidative stress, Alzheimer's disease, Candida albicans.

Most Reported Uses

Preparations