Patrinia villosa
What's the taxonomical classification of Patrinia villosa?
Patriinia villosa belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified within the phylum Streptophyta. As a member of the class Equisetopsida and the subclass Magnoliidae, it falls under the order Dipsacales. This plant is a representative of the family Caprifoliaceae, specifically situated within the genus Patriinia. Its full scientific designation is completed by its specific epithet, resulting in the species name Patriinia villosa.
| Taxonomic Rank | Classification |
|---|---|
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Streptophyta |
| Class | Equisetopsida |
| Subclass | Magnoliidae |
| Order | Dipsacales |
| Family | Caprifoliaceae |
| Genus | Patrinia |
| Species | villosa |
What are the morphological characteristics of this plant?
Patriña villosa has deeply lobed, hairy leaves and small, yellowish-green flowers arranged in terminal umbels. The plant typically exhibits a basal rosette of leaves that are covered in fine, soft hairs providing a velvety texture. As the stems elongate, the leaves become smaller and more divided into narrow segments. The inflorescence consists of several small flowers held together by stalks that radiate from a central point. The overall structure of the plant is characterized by its dense pubescence and delicate, branched stems.
What is the geographical distribution of this plant?
This plant is native to the western United States, specifically distributed across the states of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. It primarily inhabits montane and subalpine environments located at high elevations within the Rocky Mountains. The species typically thrives in open coniferous forests, rocky slopes, and mountain meadows where sunlight is abundant. Its range is restricted to these specific western mountainous regions rather than being widespread across the continent. Localized populations often depend on the unique soil and moisture conditions provided by these high-altitude ecosystems.
How is this plant cultivated?
This plant thrives when cultivated in well-drained, loamy soils that are kept consistently moist but never waterlogged.
It prefers locations with full sun to partial shade to mimic its natural woodland edge habitat. During the growing season, regular watering is essential to prevent the root system from drying out completely. Mulching the base of the plant helps retain soil moisture and regulates temperature during hot summer months.
Once established, this species is relatively hardy and requires minimal supplemental fertilization.
What parts of this plant are used medicinally?
This plant Patrinia villosa is used medicinally through its aerial parts, its roots, and the whole plant. The aerial parts are often harvested for their specific chemical properties to treat various ailments. Additionally, the root is valued for its concentrated therapeutic strength in traditional remedies. Practitioners may also utilize the whole plant to ensure a complete profile of its constituent compounds. These diverse applications make every section of the herb significant for medicinal purposes.
According to a study published by "Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin", the aerial parts of the Korean medicinal plant Patrinia villosa were investigated. This investigation led to the isolation of 2 new flavonoid glycosides, patriviloside 1 (1) and 2 (2). The study also identified 1 new iridoid glycoside, patrinovalerooside (3), and 2 new saponins, patrinovilosides A (4) and B (5). Additionally, 6 known compounds were found, consisting of 3 flavonoid glycosides and 3 iridoid glycosides. Structures were elucidated using 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra, mass spectrometric data, and acid hydrolysis.
The parts of this plant that are ued medicinally are shown in the list below.
- aerial parts
- root
- whole plant
What traditional systems uses this plant?
This plant Patrinia villosa is utilized in Traditional Chinese Medicine to clear heat, resolve toxicity, and reduce swelling in various bodily tissues. Historical practitioners have primarily used its roots to treat inflammatory conditions, skin infections, and abscesses. In different regional practices, the herb is often decocted into a tea to alleviate internal heat and soothe painful swellings. Its chemical properties have been valued for centuries to manage fevers and promote the healing of topical wounds. These traditional applications reflect a long-standing reliance on the plant's perceived ability to detoxify the body.
According to a study published by "Phytochemistry reviews : proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe", Patriniae herba is a component used in the Chinese medication Shufeng Jiedu Jiaonang. This specific traditional medicine contains 8 g of Patriniae herba as part of a formula. The total composition of Shufeng Jiedu Jiaonang includes other ingredients such as 8 g of Bupleuri radix, 8 g of Forsythiae fructus, 4 g of Glycyrrhizae radix, 8 g of Isatidis radix, 6 g of Phragmitis rhizoma, 10 g of Polygoni cuspidati rhizoma, and 8 g of Verbenae herba. These medications are included in the official guideline for COVID-19 treatment in China.
The hystorical systems that uses this plant are shown in the list below.
- Traditional Chinese Medicine
What are the pharmacological activities of Patrinia villosa?
This plant has anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-proliferative, anti-cancer, and anti-oxidant pharmacological activities. Its chemical constituents work to neutralize free radicals, providing significant antioxidant protection against cellular damage. These properties allow the plant to inhibit the uncontrolled growth of malignant cells through specific anti-proliferative mechanisms. Such biological actions contribute to its potential effectiveness in various anti-cancer and anti-tumor therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, its ability to modulate immune responses supports its use as a potent anti-inflammatory agent.
According to a study published by "African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM", Patrinia villosa demonstrates strong anti-inflammatoy and anti-nociceptive effects. These activities were observed through the ear edema test, carrageenin-induced paw edema test, cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation test, and acetic acid-induced writhing test. In model rats with pelvic inflammation, the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were significantly lower in the Patrinia villosa group than in the CON group. Furthermore, the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in the Patrinia villosa group were significantly lower than those found in the DEX group. These findings suggest that Patrinia villosa can be used to treat pelvic inflammation and relieve associated pain.
The primary pharmacological activities of this plant are shown in the list below.
- anti-inflammatory
- anti-tumor
- anti-proliferative
- anti-cancer
- anti-oxidant
What medicinal compounds this plant contains?
This plant contains several distinct medicinal compounds including villoso l, patrinalloside, patriniaflavanone A, patrinovalerooside (3), and patrinovilosides A (4). These bioactive secondary metabolites are primarily extracted from the roots and aerial parts of the species. Researchers study these specific molecules to understand their potential pharmacological activities and therapeutic properties. The unique chemical profile of these glycosides and flavonoids contributes to the plant's traditional medicinal uses. Detailed structural analysis of these substances helps in the development of new pharmaceutical agents.
According to a study published by "Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials", 9 compounds were isolated from the acetic acid ethyl ester and N-Butanol of Patrinia villosa. Through chemical and spectroscopic analysis, 7 compounds were identified as beta-sitosterol, Villosol, Quercetin, Ferulic acid, Ursolic acid, beta-daucosterol, and Rutin. Among these, 3 specific compounds, which are Ferulic acid, Ursolic acid, and Rutin, are reported to be obtained from Patrinia villosa for the first time. This investigation aimed to find the material basis related to the anti-inflammation pharmacodynamic action of the plant.
The primary medicinal compounds of this plant are shown in the list below.
- Villosol
- patrinalloside
- patriniaflavanone A
- patrinovalerooside (3)
- patrinovilosides A (4)
What health conditions is this plant used for?
This plant is used for treating intestinal disorders, intestinal-related diseases, ulcerative colitis, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. It functions as a traditional remedy specifically targeted at calming inflammation within the digestive tract. People often rely on its properties to soothe the symptoms associated with ulcerative colitis. Furthermore, the plant helps to regulate bowel movements to alleviate persistent diarrhea. It is also frequently employed to reduce the discomfort caused by acute abdominal pain.
According to a study published by "Frontiers in chemistry", the plant Patrinia villosa has long been used as a medicinal herb for treating intestinal disorders. It possesses pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-cancer effects. Compounds from its water extract inhibit colon cancer HCТ116 cell viability and migration. The compound DHD inhibited HCТ116 cell viability with an IC50 value at 6.1 ± 2.2 μM and suppressed migration at a rate of 74.8% at 2.75 μM. Additionally, valerosidate reduced cell viability with an IC50 value at 22.2 ± 1.1 μM and suppressed migration at a rate of 74.6% at 10.81 μM. After 48 h of treatment, DHD at 5.5 μM increased p53 expression by 34.8% and PTEN expression by 13.9%, while valerosidate at 21.6 μM increased p53 and PTEN expressions by 26.1% and 34.6%, respectively.
The main health conditions this plant is used for are shown in the list below.
- intestinal disorders
- intestinal-related diseases
- ulcerative colitis
- abdominal pain
- diarrhea
What are the herbal preparations of this plant?
This plant is used to create medicinal herbal preparations such as a 70% EtOH extract and the traditional formula known as Shufeng Jiedu Jiaonang. These preparations are primarily utilized in traditional practices to address various inflammatory conditions and heat-related ailments. The 70% EtOH extract serves as a concentrated method for isolating specific bioactive compounds within the plant material. Shufeng Jiedu Jiaonang functions as a complex decoction designed to clear toxins and reduce swelling in the body. Researchers continue to study these specific formulations to better understand their therapeutic mechanisms.
According to a study published by "Phytochemistry reviews : proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe", Patriniae herba is included in the Chinese official guideline for COVID-19 treatment. This medicinal preparation is part of the Shufeng Jiedu Jiaonang formulation. Within this specific combination, Patriniae herba is used at a dosage of 8 g. This medication is categorized alongside other drugs that possess antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects.
The main herbal preparations of this plant are shown in the list below.
- 70% EtOH extract
- Shufeng Jiedu Jiaonang
What side effects this plant can have?
This plant can cause severe health side effects including abdominal pain, inflammation, and the aggravation of ulcerative colitis. Consuming Patriania villosa may trigger significant gastrointestinal distress and discomfort in the digestive tract. These adverse reactions often manifest as painful cramping or systemic inflammation throughout the body. Individuals suffering from pre-existing conditions like ulcerative colitis should avoid this plant to prevent worsening their symptoms. Careful monitoring is necessary because the chemical properties of the plant can irritate sensitive intestinal linings.
According to a study published by "Pharmaceuctical biology", Patrinia villosa is an ancient herbal medicine used for inflammation, wound healing, and abdominal pain. A 70% EtOH extract of the plant was processed through various chromatography methods to isolate its bioactive components. The study identified a new flavonoid named patriniaflavanone A (1) along with four known compounds, which include 2, 3, 4, and 5. Patriniaflavanone A (1) exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against the SMMC-7721 cell line. The IC50 value of patriniaflavanone A (1) on SMMC-7721 was determined to be 61.27 μM after an incubation period of 48 h.
The main side effects this plant can have are shown in the list below.
- abdominal pain
- inflammation
- ulcerative colitis
What herbs are paired with Patrinia villosa?
This plant Patrinia villosa pairs effectively with herbs such as valerian, passionflower, and lemon balm to enhance its sedative and nervine properties.
These combinations are often utilized in traditional herbalism to create synergistic blends targeting anxiety or sleep disturbances. Adding a touch of peppermint can also help mask the plant's bitter flavor profile during decoction. When formulating tinctures, blending it with skullcap can provide a more comprehensive approach to calming the central nervous system.
Careful consideration of these ratios ensures a balanced medicinal effect.