What to know about Paeonia × suffruticosa (tree peony) before using it medicinally

Paeonia × suffruticosa, commonly known as tree peony, is a herbaceous perennial with a multitude of health-promoting properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which have been shown to improve symptoms of arthritis and reduce oxidative stress.

In terms of horticultural aspects, Paeonia × suffruticosa requires a well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade, making it a versatile and adaptable addition to gardens and landscapes. Botanically, this herb belongs to the Paeoniaceae family and is known for its large, showy flowers and robust foliage.

Historically, Paeonia × suffruticosa has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, and is still highly prized for its medicinal and ornamental value.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Paeonia × suffruticosa.

What are the medicinal properties of Paeonia × suffruticosa?

Paeonia × suffruticosa helps with relieving pain and inflammation due to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used to treat arthritis, gout, and menstrual cramps. Its extracts are also used to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

The active constituents of Paeonia × suffruticosa include paeonol, paeonol glycosides, and benzaldehyde, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. These compounds have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardiovascular protective effects.

The most commonly used parts of the Paeonia × suffruticosa plant for medicinal purposes are the roots and flowers. The roots are rich in paeonol and are used to treat fever, rheumatism, and inflammation. The flowers are used to treat menstrual disorders, such as dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea.

Improper use of Paeonia × suffruticosa can cause side effects such as gastrointestinal upset, allergic reactions, and bleeding disorders. Prolonged use of high doses can lead to kidney and liver damage.

Precautions when using Paeonia × suffruticosa medicinally include consulting a healthcare professional, especially for pregnant or breastfeeding women, children, and individuals with bleeding disorders or taking anticoagulant medications. Dosage and preparation should also be carefully monitored to avoid adverse effects.

What are the horticulural aspects of Paeonia × suffruticosa?

Paeonia × suffruticosa grow best in full sun to partial shade and well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. They require a cool winter period to induce flowering and can tolerate temperatures as low as -20°C. Soil moisture should be consistent, but not waterlogged.

Planting should be done in fall or early spring, when the plant is dormant. Dig a hole twice as wide and as deep as the root system. Mix in compost or fertilizer to improve soil fertility. Plant the tree peony at the same depth as it was in the pot, and water well.

Harvesting tree peony flowers typically occurs in late spring, when the buds have opened fully. Cut off the stems at an angle, just above a leaf node, to encourage new growth. Deadhead spent flowers to promote further blooming. Cut flowers can be arranged in bouquets or used in floral arrangements.

Tree peony is susceptible to pests such as Japanese beetle, aphids, and caterpillars. Diseases that commonly affect tree peony include powdery mildew, botrytis, and root rot. Regular monitoring and treatment with insecticides or fungicides can help control these issues.

What are the botanical aspects of Paeonia × suffruticosa?

Paeonia × suffruticosa is a deciduous shrub that grows up to 2.5 meters tall, with a broad, rounded crown and thick, woody stems. Its leaves are pinnately compound, with 3-5 leaflets, and are a dark green color on the upper surface and pale green on the lower surface. The flowers are large and showy, with a diameter of up to 30 cm.

Paeonia × suffruticosa is a hybrid of Paeonia lactiflora and Paeonia officinalis, and is classified as a cultivar of the peony genus (Paeonia). The species name 'suffruticosa' refers to the shrubby habit of the plant. It is a member of the Paeoniaceae family, which is a small family of flowering plants. The species is also known as Paeonia tree peony.

There are several variants of Paeonia × suffruticosa, including 'Red Charm', 'Pink Hawaiian Dream', and 'Moon of Nippon', which vary in flower color and size. Some varieties are also known for their unique flower shapes and forms. These variants have been developed through breeding and selection, and are popular for their ornamental value.

Paeonia × suffruticosa is native to China and is widely cultivated in gardens and parks throughout Asia and North America. It is also naturalized in some parts of Europe and North America. The plant requires a cool, moist climate and well-drained soil to thrive.

The life cycle of Paeonia × suffruticosa involves a period of dormancy during the winter months, when the plant stops growing and the leaves die back. In the spring, new growth emerges from the roots, and the plant begins to produce buds and flowers. The flowers bloom in late spring, and are followed by seed pods that contain small, brown seeds. The seeds are dispersed in the fall, and the plant continues to grow and thrive in its new location.

What are the historical aspects of Paeonia × suffruticosa?

Paeonia × suffruticosa is an ornamental plant that has been cultivated for centuries in East Asian gardens for its vibrant flowers and robust stems. In traditional Chinese medicine, tree peony is used to treat fever, rheumatism, and other ailments.

In ancient Chinese mythology, the tree peony was associated with immortality and was said to be the favorite flower of the goddess of beauty, Xi Shi. The flower's large and showy blooms were believed to symbolize the goddess's divine beauty. In another myth, the tree peony was linked to the legendary Chinese hero, Qu Yuan.

The tree peony has been imbued with symbolic meanings across cultures. In China, the flower represents good fortune, prosperity, and a long life. In Japan, the tree peony is associated with the samurai class, while in the West, the flower is often seen as a symbol of romance and love. The tree peony's large, cup-shaped blooms are also reminiscent of the goddess Artemis.

The tree peony has been documented in numerous historical texts, including the Chinese classic, "Shennong Bencao Jing" (Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic), which describes the plant's medicinal properties. The Japanese "Honzo Wajin Koto" (Japanese and Chinese Medical Treatises) also contains references to the tree peony's uses in traditional medicine.

Several ancient artifacts, such as ceramics and sculptures, feature the tree peony as a decorative motif. The plant's image is also found in traditional Chinese art, including ink paintings and calligraphy. Examples of tree peony-adorned ceramics from the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) can be found in museums and collections in China.